Editing Negative frequency

{{Short description|Indication of rate and sense of rotation}}
[[File:Unit_circle.svg|thumb|right|300px|The counterclockwise-rotating vector {{Math|(cos ''t'', sin ''t'')}} has a positive frequency of +1 [[radian]] per [[unit of time]]. Not shown is a clockwise-rotating vector {{Math|(cos (−''t''), sin (−''t''))}} which has a negative frequency of −1 radian per unit of time. Both go around a [[unit circle]] every {{Math|2''π''}} units of time, but in opposite directions.]]
In [[mathematics]], the concept of '''signed frequency''' ('''negative and positive frequency''') can indicate both the rate and sense of [[Rotation (mathematics)|rotation]]; it can be as simple as a wheel rotating clockwise or counterclockwise. The rate is expressed in units such as revolutions (a.k.a. ''cycles'') per second ([[hertz]]) or [[Radians per second|radian/second]] (where 1&nbsp;cycle corresponds to 2''π''&nbsp;[[Radian|radians]]). 

Example:  Mathematically, the [[Vector notation#Rectangular coordinates|vector]] <math>(\cos(t), \sin(t))</math> has a positive frequency of +1 [[radian]] per unit of time and rotates counterclockwise around a [[unit circle]], while the vector <math>(\cos(-t), \sin(-t))</math> has a negative frequency of −1 radian per unit of time, which rotates clockwise instead.

==Sinusoids==
Let {{Math|ω > 0}} be an [[angular frequency]] with units of radians/second.  Then the function {{Math|1=f(t) = −ωt + θ}} has slope {{Math|−ω}}, which is called a '''negative frequency'''.  But when the function is used as the argument of a cosine operator, the result is indistinguishable from {{Math|cos(''ωt'' − ''θ'')}}. Similarly, {{Math|sin(−''ωt'' + ''θ'')}} is indistinguishable from {{Math|sin(''ωt'' − ''θ'' + ''π'')}}. Thus any [[Sine wave|sinusoid]] can be represented in terms of a positive frequency. The sign of the underlying phase slope is ambiguous.

[[File:Negative frequency.svg|thumb|right|300px|A negative frequency causes the sin function (violet) to lead the cos (red) by 1/4 cycle.]]

The ambiguity is resolved when the cosine and sine operators can be observed simultaneously, because {{Math|cos(''ωt'' + ''θ'')}} leads {{Math|sin(''ωt'' + ''θ'')}} by {{Fraction|1|4}}&nbsp;cycle (i.e. {{Fraction|π|2}}&nbsp;radians) when {{Math|''ω'' > 0}}, and lags by {{Fraction|1|4}}&nbsp;cycle when {{Math|''ω'' < 0}}. Similarly, a vector, {{Math|(cos ''ωt'', sin ''ωt'')}}, rotates counter-clockwise if {{Math|''ω'' > 0}}, and clockwise if {{Math|''ω'' < 0}}.  Therefore, the sign of <math>\omega</math> is also preserved in the [[complex-valued function]]:
{{Equation box 1
|indent=:|cellpadding=0|border=0|background colour=white
|equation={{NumBlk||
<math>e^{i \omega t} = \underbrace{\cos(\omega t)}_{R(t)} + i \cdot \underbrace{\sin(\omega t)}_{I(t)},</math> &nbsp; &nbsp;
|{{EquationRef|Eq.1}} }} }}

whose corollary is:

{{Equation box 1
|indent=:|cellpadding=0|border=0|background colour=white
|equation={{NumBlk||
<math>\cos(\omega t) = \begin{matrix}\frac{1}{2}\end{matrix}\left(e^{i \omega t} + e^{-i \omega t}\right).</math> &nbsp; &nbsp;
|{{EquationRef|Eq.2}} }} }}

In {{EquationNote|Eq.1}} the second term is an addition to <math>\cos(\omega t)</math> that resolves the ambiguity.  In {{EquationNote|Eq.2}} the second term looks like an addition, but it is actually a cancellation that reduces a 2-dimensional vector to just one dimension, resulting in the ambiguity. {{EquationNote|Eq.2}} also shows why the Fourier transform has responses at both <math>\pm \omega,</math> even though <math>\omega</math> can have only one sign. What the false response does is enable the inverse transform to distinguish between a real-valued function and a complex one.

==Applications==

=== Simplifying the Fourier transform ===
Perhaps the best-known application of negative frequency is the formula:

:<math>\hat{f}(\omega) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty f(t) e^{-i \omega t} dt,</math>

which is a measure of the energy in function <math>f(t)</math> at frequency <math>\omega.</math> When evaluated for a continuum of argument <math>\omega,</math> the result is called the [[Fourier transform]].{{Efn-ua|There are several forms of the Fourier transform. This is the non-unitary form in angular frequency of time}}

For instance, consider the function:

:<math>f(t)= A_1 e^{i \omega_1 t}+A_2 e^{i \omega_2 t},\ \forall\ t \in \mathbb R,\ \omega_1 > 0,\ \omega_2 > 0.</math>

And:

:<math>
\begin{align}
\hat{f}(\omega) &= \int_{-\infty}^\infty [A_1 e^{i \omega_1 t}+A_2 e^{i \omega_2 t}] e^{-i \omega t} dt\\
 &= \int_{-\infty}^\infty A_1 e^{i \omega_1 t} e^{-i \omega t} dt + \int_{-\infty}^\infty A_2 e^{i \omega_2 t} e^{-i \omega t} dt\\
 &= \int_{-\infty}^\infty A_1 e^{i (\omega_1 -\omega) t}dt + \int_{-\infty}^\infty A_2 e^{i (\omega_2 -\omega) t} dt
\end{align}
</math>

Note that although most functions do not comprise infinite duration sinusoids, that idealization is a common simplification to facilitate understanding.

Looking at the first term of this result, when <math>\omega = \omega_1,</math> the '''negative frequency''' <math>-\omega_1</math> cancels the positive frequency, leaving just the constant coefficient <math>A_1</math> (because <math>e^{i 0 t} = e^0 = 1</math>), which causes the infinite integral to diverge.  At other values of <math>\omega</math> the residual oscillations cause the integral to converge to zero.  This ''idealized'' Fourier transform is usually written as:

:<math>\hat{f}(\omega) = 2\pi A_1 \delta(\omega - \omega_1) + 2\pi A_2 \delta(\omega - \omega_2).</math>

For realistic durations, the divergences and convergences are less extreme, and smaller non-zero convergences ([[spectral leakage]]) appear at many other frequencies, but the concept of negative frequency still applies.  [[Joseph Fourier|Fourier]]'s original formulation ([[Sine and cosine transforms|the sine transform and the cosine transform]]) requires an integral for the cosine and another for the sine.  And the resultant trigonometric expressions are often less tractable than complex exponential expressions.  (see [[Analytic signal]], {{Slink|Euler's formula|Relationship to trigonometry}}, and [[Phasor]])
{{clear}}

==Sampling of positive and negative frequencies and aliasing==
{{Main article|Aliasing#Complex sinusoids}}
[[File:Aliasing between a positive and a negative frequency.svg|frame|left|This figure depicts two complex sinusoids, colored gold and cyan, that fit the same sets of real and imaginary sample points.  They are thus aliases of each other when sampled at the rate (''f<sub>s</sub>'') indicated by the grid lines.  The gold-colored function depicts a positive frequency, because its real part (the cos function) leads its imaginary part by 1/4 of one cycle.  The cyan function depicts a negative frequency, because its real part lags the imaginary part.]]
{{clear}}

==See also==
*{{section link|Angle|Sign}}

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==Further reading==
* Lyons, Richard G. (Nov 11, 2010). Chapt 8.4. ''Understanding Digital Signal Processing'' (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. 944 pgs. {{ISBN|0137027419}}.
* {{Cite web |last=Lyons |first=Richard G. |date=Nov 2001 |title=Understanding Digital Signal Processing's Frequency Domain |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261779218 |access-date=Dec 29, 2022 |website=RF Design magazine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Negative Frequency}}
[[Category:Waves]]
[[Category:Concepts in physics]]