Editing Neman

{{short description|River in Northeast Europe}}
{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|Nieman|the surname|Nieman (surname)}}
{{redirect|Niemen|other uses|Niemen (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Neman
| native_name = 
| name_other = Nemunas<br />Niemen
| name_etymology = possible Slavic word for monster
| image = Neman river.jpg
| image_size = 300
| image_caption = Neman near [[Alytus]]
| map = Nemunas-en.png
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Map highlighting Neman
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_size = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| mapframe          = yes
| mapframe-zoom     = 5
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Belarus]], [[Lithuania]], [[Russia]]
| subdivision_type2 = 
| subdivision_name2 = 
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Stowbtsy]], [[Grodno]], [[Druskininkai]], [[Alytus]], [[Birštonas]], [[Prienai]], [[Kaunas]], [[Jurbarkas]], [[Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast|Sovetsk]]
| length = {{convert|937|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min = 
| width_avg = 
| width_max = 
| depth_min = 
| depth_avg = 
| depth_max = 
| discharge1_location = [[Curonian Lagoon]], linked to the [[Baltic Sea]]
| discharge1_min = 
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|678|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.worldatlas.com/seas/baltic-sea.html | title=Baltic Sea | date=4 February 2021 }}</ref>
| discharge1_max = 
| source1 = 
| source1_location = Southwest of [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|53|15|10|N|27|18|21|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|176|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Curonian Lagoon]]
| mouth_location = West of [[Šilutė]], [[Lithuania]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|55|20|12|N|21|14|50|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}
| progression = 
| river_system = 
| basin_size = {{convert|98200|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left = 
| tributaries_right = 
| extra = 
}}

'''Neman''', '''Nemunas''' or '''Niemen'''<ref group="nb">{{bulleted list|{{langx|lt|Nemunas}}|{{langx|be|Нёман|Nioman}}, {{IPA|be|ˈnʲoman|pron}}|{{langx|ru|Неман|Neman}}|{{langx|de|Memel}}|{{langx|lv|Nemuna}}|{{langx|et|Neemen}}|{{langx|pl|Niemen}}|{{Langx|yi|נעמאן|Neman}}|{{langx|uk|Німан|Niman}}}}</ref> is a river in [[Europe]] that rises in central [[Belarus]] and flows through [[Lithuania]] then forms [[Lithuania–Russia border|the northern border]] of [[Kaliningrad Oblast]], [[Russia]]'s western [[exclave]], which specifically follows its southern channel. It drains into the [[Curonian Lagoon]], narrowly connected to the [[Baltic Sea]]. The {{convert|937|km|abbr=on}} long Neman is a major [[Eastern Europe]]an river. It flows generally west to [[Grodno]] within {{convert|12|km}} of the Polish border, north to [[Kaunas]], then westward again to the sea.

The largest river in Lithuania, and the third-largest in Belarus, it is navigable for most of its length. It starts from two small headwaters merging about {{convert|15|km|mi|sigfig=1|sp=us}} southwest of the town of [[Uzda]] &ndash; about {{convert|55|km|abbr=on}} southwest of capital city [[Minsk]]. Only {{convert|17|km}}, an eastward meander, contributes to the [[Belarus–Lithuania border]]. Thereafter the river includes notable loops along a minor tectonic fault.

Its [[drainage basin]] settled in the late [[Quaternary]] to be roughly along the edge of the last [[glacial]] sheet so dates to about 25,000 to 22,000 years BC. Its depth varies from {{convert|1|m|sp=us}} in its upper courses to {{convert|5|m|sp=us}} in the lower basin.

==Numbers==
{{stack|[[File:BelNeman river.jpg|thumb|The Neman near Grodno]]}}

* The total length of the Nioman/Nemunas/Neman is {{convert|937|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=statistics>{{cite web |url = http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/237-main-characteristics-of-the-largest-rivers.html |title = Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus. Main characteristics of the largest rivers of Belarus |publisher = Data of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus. |year = 2011 |website = Land of Ancestors |access-date = 27 September 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140115190617/http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/237-main-characteristics-of-the-largest-rivers.html |archive-date = 15 January 2014 |url-status = dead }}</ref> It is the 4th longest river in the [[Baltic Sea]] basin. Over its entire length, {{convert|436|km|abbr=on}} flows in [[Belarus]]<ref name=statistics /> and {{convert|359|km|mi|abbr=on}} in Lithuania. A {{convert|116|km|abbr=on}} stretch is the border between [[Lithuania]] and [[Russia]]'s [[Kaliningrad oblast]].
* Its greatest depth is {{convert|5|m|abbr=on}}, and at its widest it extends about {{convert|500|m|abbr=on}}.
* The Nioman/Nemunas/Neman is a slow river; it flows at about {{convert|1|to|2|m/s|abbr=on}}.
* During floods, water discharge can increase up to 11-fold, to more than {{convert|6800|m³/s|abbr=on}}. Severe floods occur on the lower reaches of the river about every 12 – 15 years, which sometimes wash out bridges.<ref>[http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/GMES/RISK_C1_Ph2_V4.1_10_01_05_validated.pdf Floods and fires in Lithuania]</ref>
[[File:Memel R..JPG|thumb|Neman opposite [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] (Russian exclave)]]
* The Nioman/Nemunas/Neman is an old river, dating back to the [[last glacial period]]. Its valley is now up to {{convert|60|m|sp=us}} deep and {{convert|5|km|mi|sp=us|abbr=on|0}} broad.
* It has about 105 first-class [[Tributary|tributaries]], the largest being the rivers [[Neris]] (Viliya) ({{convert|510|km|abbr=on}}), [[Shchara]] ({{convert|325|km|abbr=on}}), and [[Šešupė]] ({{convert|298|km|abbr=on}}). Fifteen of the [[tributaries]] are longer than {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}}.
* In the complete Nioman/Nemunas/Neman basin, there are tributaries extending to the 11th order.
* The Nemunas basin in Lithuania drains more than 20,000 rivers and [[rivulet]]s and covers 72% of Lithuania's territory.
* The total area of the Nioman/Nemunas/Neman basin is {{convert|98200|km²|mi2|abbr=on}},<ref name=statistics /> {{convert|34610|km²|mi2|abbr=on}} of which are within Belarus,<ref name=statistics /> the Lithuanian portion of this basin is 46,{{convert|695|km2|abbr=on}}.
* Valley of Neman in [[Grodno Region]] is the lowest point above sea level in Belarus at {{convert|80|to|90|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/235-coordinates-of-the-extreme-points-of-the-state-frontier.html |title = Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus |publisher = The Scientific and Production State Republican Unitary Enterprise "National Cadastre Agency" of the State Property Committee of the Republic of Belarus |year = 2011 |website = Land of Ancestors |access-date = 20 September 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053717/http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/235-coordinates-of-the-extreme-points-of-the-state-frontier.html |archive-date = 21 September 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==River course==
===Nemunas loops===
[[File:Liskiava Neman.jpg|thumb|left|Nemunas bend in [[Liškiava]]]]
[[File:Nemunas loops - 500 litai.jpg|thumb|right|500 [[Lithuanian litas|litas]] banknote featuring Nemunas loops]]
Due to their location, "the Nemunas loops" are often described using the Lithuanian name for the river. In 1992 [[Nemunas Loops Regional Park]] was founded. Its goal is to preserve the loops (Lithuanian: ''vingis'') that the river makes in the [[Punia, Lithuania|Punia]] forest. Near [[Prienai]], the river makes a {{convert|17|km|mi|sp=us|adj=mid|-long}} loop (like a teardrop) coming within {{convert|1.2|km|mi|frac=8|abbr=on}} of completing the loop. Nemunas flows along the double bend between [[Balbieriškis]] and [[Birštonas]] for {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}} and then moves in a northerly direction for only {{convert|4.5|km|mi|frac=8|abbr=on}}. The loops are not conventional river [[meander]]s; they follow underlying [[tectonic]] structures. The [[Fault (geology)|fault]]s are the source of local mineral springs.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Great Nemunas Loops |publisher=[[Nemunas Loops Regional Park]] |url=http://www.nemunokilpos.lt/?pg=112&lang=2&menu_id=13 |access-date=2009-01-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226064913/http://www.nemunokilpos.lt/?pg=112&lang=2&menu_id=13 |archive-date=February 26, 2008 }}</ref> The area is historically and culturally significant. Its castles served as the first line of defense against forays by the [[Teutonic knights]].

===Delta===
{{main|Nemunas Delta}}
At its [[river delta|delta]] Nemunas splits into a maze of river branches and canals mixing with [[polder]]s and [[wetlands]] and is a very attractive destination for [[eco-tourism]]. The four main [[distributary|distributaries]] are Atmata, Pakalnė, Skirvytė (the southern mouth, marking the international border) and Gilija. The river plays a crucial part in the ecosystem of the [[Curonian Lagoon]]. It provides the main water inflow to the lagoon and keeps the water almost fresh. This allows fresh water and [[brackish water]] animals to survive there. As the delta extends north the lagoon opposite narrows. Since the delta is in Lithuania, it is often referred to as ''Nemunas Delta''. [[Nemunas Delta Regional Park]] was created in the delta in 1992.

===Tributaries ===
The following rivers are tributaries to the river Neman/Nemunas (from source to mouth):

*Left: [[Servach]], [[Mowchadz’ River|Mowchadz’]], [[Shchara River|Shchara]], [[Zelvyanka River|Zelvyanka]], [[Svislach (Neman)|Svislach]], [[Lasosna]], [[Czarna Hańcza]], [[Zembrė]], [[Peršėkė]], [[Šešupė]], [[Tylzha]]
*Right: [[Western Berezina]], [[Gauja (Neman)|Gauja]], [[Kotra (river)|Kotra]], [[Haradnichanka]], [[Merkys]], [[Verknė]], [[Strėva]], [[Neris]], [[Nevėžis]], [[Dubysa]], [[Mituva]], [[Jūra]], [[Minija]]

===Largest settlements on the river===
From west to east, the largest settlements are [[Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast|Sovetsk/Tilsit]], [[Neman (town)|Neman]], [[Kaunas]], [[Alytus]], [[Druskininkai]], [[Grodno]], and [[Masty, Belarus|Masty]].

==Significance in culture==
[[Ptolemy]] referred to Neman as Chronos (although competing theories suppose Chronos was in fact [[Pregolya]]).

The river has lent its name to the [[Neman Culture]], a [[Neolithic]] archaeological subculture.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Rimutė |last=Rimantienė |title=The Neolithic of the eastern Baltic |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |publisher=Springer Netherlands |date=March 1992 |volume=6 |pages=97–143 |doi=10.1007/BF00997586|s2cid=162896841 }}</ref>
[[File:Crossing the Neman in Russia 1812 by Clark.jpg|Napoleon and his army crossing the Neman in June 1812, by [[John Heaviside Clark]]|thumb|right]]

In [[German language|German]], the part of the river flowing through historic [[Prussia]] has been called ''{{lang|de|die Memel}}'' at least since about 1250, when [[Teutonic Knights]] built ''{{lang|de|Memelburg}}'' castle and the town of ''{{lang|de|Memel}}'' at the mouth of the Curonian Lagoon, naming it after the indigenous name of the river, Memel. The city of Memel, now in Lithuania, is known today as [[Klaipėda]] (confusingly, another city of Memel was on the Dange River, now called the [[Danė]]). In German road maps and lexika, only the {{convert|112|km|sp=us|adj=on}} section within Prussia (starting at [[Schmalleningken]]) was named Memel; the bulk of the river was Niemen.

The border between the [[State of the Teutonic Order]] and Lithuania was fixed in 1422 by the [[Treaty of Lake Melno]] and remained stable for centuries. The [[Treaty of Tilsit]] between [[Napoleon]] and [[Tsar]] [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] was signed on a raft in the river in 1807.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McLynn |first=Frank |title=Napoleon: A Biography |year=1998 |publisher=Pimlico |url=https://archive.org/details/frank-mclynn-napoleon-a-biography-2003}}{{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref> Napoleon's crossing at the outset of the 1812 [[French invasion of Russia]] is described in ''[[War and Peace]]''<ref>{{cite book |title=War and Peace |url=https://archive.org/details/warandpeacevolu00tolsgoog |quote=niemen river war and peace. |publisher=J.M. Dent |year=1915 |author=Leo Tolstoy |page=[https://archive.org/details/warandpeacevolu00tolsgoog/page/n214 200] }}</ref> and also mentioned in ''[[Pan Tadeusz]]''. In 1919, the [[Treaty of Versailles]] made the river the border separating the [[Memel Territory]] from German [[East Prussia]] as of 1920. At that time, Germany's [[Weimar Republic]] adopted the ''{{lang|de|[[Deutschlandlied]]}}'' as its official [[national anthem]]. In the first stanza of the song, written in 1841, the river is mentioned as the eastern border of a (then politically yet-to-be united) [[Germany]]:
[[File:Druskininkai Neman.jpg|thumb|right|The Nemunas in [[Druskininkai]]]]
{|
! width=250px | German lyrics !! Approximate English translation
|-
| ''{{lang|de|Von der Maas bis an die Memel,<br />Von der Etsch bis an den Belt}}''
| From the [[Meuse]] to the Memel,<br />From the [[Adige]] to the [[Little Belt|Belt]]
|}

Lithuanians refer to Nemunas as "the father of rivers" (''Nemunas'' is a masculine noun in Lithuanian). Countless companies and organizations in Lithuania have "Nemunas" in their name, including a [[folklore]] ensemble, a weekly magazine about art and culture, a [[sanatorium]], and numerous guest houses and hotels. Lithuanian and Polish literature often mention the Nemunas. One of the most famous poems by [[Maironis]] starts:
{|
! width=250px | Lithuanian lyrics !! Approximate English translation
|-
| ''{{lang|lt|Kur bėga Šešupė, kur Nemunas teka}}'' || Where the [[Šešupė]] runs, where the Nemunas flows
|-
| ''{{lang|lt|Tai mūsų tėvynė, graži Lietuva}}'' || That's our homeland, beautiful Lithuania
|}

Smaller rivers and rivulets in Lithuania with names [[morphological derivation|morphologically derived]] or [[cognate (linguistics)|cognate]] are the Nemunykštis, Nemuniukas, Nemunynas, Nemunėlis and Nemunaitis.

The [[etymology]] is disputed: some say that "Nemunas" is an old word meaning "a damp place",<ref>Aleksandras Vanagas. Lietuvių hidronimų etimologinis žodynas. 227 psl., – Vilnius: Mokslas, 1981.</ref> while others that it is "mute, soundless river" (from ''nemti, nėmti'' "to become silent", also ''memelis, mimelis, mėmė'' "slow, worthless person").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ve.lt/naujienos/kultura/kultura/memelis-ar-klaipeda-1481368/ |website=[[Vakarų ekspresas]] |title=Mėmelis ar Klaipėda? |first=Jurga |last=Petronytė |date=2016-08-02 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-08-04 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160804000208/http://www.ve.lt/naujienos/kultura/kultura/memelis-ar-klaipeda-1481368/ }}</ref> The name is possibly derived from the Finnic word ''niemi'' "cape".<ref>Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński. O pochodzeniu i praojczyźnie Słowian. – Poznań, 1946.</ref>

Art critics praised its depiction in the paintings by [[Michał Kulesza]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Pejzaż, Michał Kulesza |journal=Tygodnik Petersburski |year=1847 |first=Józef Ignacy |last=Kraszewski |volume=18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Grabowski |first1=Michał |title=Artykuły literackie, krytyczne, artystyczne. (Dalszy ciąg Literatury, Krytyki, Korespondencyi itd.) |chapter=5 |publisher=S. Orgelbrand |year=1849 |location=Warsaw }}</ref>

==Economic significance==
[[File:Kaunas lagoon map.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Schematic map of Kaunas Reservoir area]]
Much of the river is used for fishing, hydropower generation, water supply, industry, agriculture, recreation, tourism, and water transport.

Lithuania has tabled local plans to dredge it, below Kaunas, to make it more consistently usable.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jura.lt/contents/article_eng.php?id_year_issue=200602&id_num=15 |title=Transportation initiatives in the Baltic states |access-date=2006-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925071954/http://www.jura.lt/contents/article_eng.php?id_year_issue=200602&id_num=15 |archive-date=2006-09-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The largest cities on the river are [[Grodno]] in Belarus, [[Alytus]] and [[Kaunas]] in Lithuania, and [[Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast|Sovetsk]] in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. The river basin has a population of 5.4 million inhabitants. Industrial activities in the [[Belarus]]ian section include metal processing, chemical industries, pulp and paper production, and manufacturing of building materials, as well as food-processing plants. In Lithuania, the city of Kaunas, with about 400,000 inhabitants, is the country's principal user of the river; the local industries that impact the river are hydropower generation, machinery, chemical, [[wood processing]] and paper production, furniture production, textile and food-processing. In Kaliningrad, industrial centers near the river include Sovetsk and Neman, which have large pulp and paper production facilities.

Above [[Kaunas]] a [[dam]] was built in 1959 to serve the [[Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant]]. The resulting [[Kaunas Reservoir]] ({{langx|lt|Kauno marios}}) is the largest such lake in Lithuania. It occupies {{convert|63.5|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|frac=2}}; its length is {{convert|93|km|mi|abbr=on}}; its greatest depth is {{convert|22|m|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}. The reservoir is a popular destination for Lithuanian [[yacht]]ing.

The [[Augustów Canal]], built in the 19th century, connects Neman to [[Vistula]] river.

==Biological communities==
Fish found include the: [[European perch|perch]], [[Northern pike|pike]], [[zander]], [[Rutilus|roach]], [[tench]], [[bream]], [[rudd]], [[ruffe]], and [[Common Bleak|bleak]].

Its tributaries have borne stone [[Loach (fish)|loach]], three-spined [[stickleback]], [[Cyprinid|minnow]]s, [[Brown trout|trout]], [[sculpin]]s, [[gudgeon (fish)|gudgeon]], [[Common dace|dace]] and [[European chub|chub]].

[[Atlantic salmon]] migrated upstream to spawn; however, dams on the river, most of them built in the 20th century, have depleted them. The dam at Kaunas does not provide [[fish ladders]]. The spawning season took place in the fall. Ethnographic studies, from before the dams, state night fishing, using torches and [[harpoon]]s, was a common technique.

==Environmental issues==
[[File:WIKINEMAnBeSunSet.jpg|thumb|right|Neman sunset]]
A report by the [[Swedish EPA]] (Environmental Protection Administration) rates the river's quality in Lithuania as moderately polluted to polluted. High concentrations of organic pollutants, [[nitrate]]s and [[phosphate]]s occur in parts of the river. Environmental issues include water quality ([[eutrophication]] and pollutants largely due to outdated technology sewage treatment works), changes in the hydrological regime, and flooding control. The environmental problems in each of the countries that make up the basin are slightly different. In Belarus, the main problems are oil products as well as nitrogen and [[Biochemical oxygen demand|BOD]] (biological oxygen demand). The environmental issues in the Kaliningrad section include high concentrations of BOD, lignosulphates, and [[nitrogen]]. In Lithuania, the [[Kaunas Hydroelectric Power Plant]] barrage affects the [[riparian]] [[ecosystem]].<ref>[http://www.naturvardsverket.se/bokhandeln/pdf/620-5280-2.pdf Report on the Neman basin issued by the Swedish EPA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218165746/http://www.naturvardsverket.se/bokhandeln/pdf/620-5280-2.pdf |date=February 18, 2006 }}</ref>

Co-operation which would be beneficial is complicated by the geographical split between three nations but water quality improvement initiatives are underway.

==See also==
* [[List of rivers of Europe]]
* [[Normandie-Niemen]] (a fighter squadron, later regiment (of three squadrons) of the French Air Force)
* [[Memelland]]
* [[East Prussia]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Neman}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110519211806/http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_VII/82 Niemen] (the Neman or Nemunas) in the [[Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland]] (1886) {{in lang|pl}}
* [http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_55269.htm Glaciation in Lithuania]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629221036/http://www.ekoi.lt/uploads/docs/StakenasAZL%209(1)_155-163.pdf Biotopes in the Neman and its tributaries]
* [http://www.ccb.se/documents/AtlanticSalmoninRiversofBelarus.pdf Atlantic salmon in the Neman River]
* [http://www.znadwiliiwilno.lt/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Znad-Wilii-3-79m-1.pdf Agata Lewandowski, Łosośna - the Unknown Valley. Not the Last Arrival for...Puciłki, "Znad Wilii", nr 3(79) z 2019 r., p.&nbsp;58–64] {{in lang|pl}}
* [http://193.0.118.54/search/query?term_1=Antologia+Doliny+%C5%81oso%C5%9Bny&theme=nukat Helena i Leonard Drożdżewiczowie, Antologia Doliny Łosośny] {{in lang|pl}}

{{Rivers of Russia}}
{{Tributaries of the Neman}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Neman basin| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Grodno region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Minsk region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Lithuania]]
[[Category:Rivers of Kaliningrad Oblast]]
[[Category:International rivers of Europe]]
[[Category:Lithuania–Russia border]]
[[Category:Belarus–Lithuania border]]
[[Category:Rivers of Belarus]]
[[Category:Lowest points of countries]]