Editing Neoptera

{{short description|Infraclass of insects}}
{{automatic taxobox
| fossil_range= {{Fossil range|Late Carboniferous|Present}}
| image = Agapostemon texanus.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| image_caption = Neopterans including bees (order [[Hymenoptera]]) can fold their wings over their abdomens.
| taxon = Neoptera
| authority = [[Andrey Vasilyevich Martynov|Martynov]], 1923
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision = * [[Eumetabola]]
** [[Holometabola]]
** [[Paraneoptera]]
* [[Polyneoptera]]
}}

'''Neoptera''' ([[Ancient Greek]] ''néos'' ("new") + ''pterón'' ("wing")) is a classification group that includes most orders of the winged [[insect]]s, specifically those that can flex their wings over their [[abdomen]]s. This is in contrast with the more [[basal (evolution)|basal]] [[order (biology)|order]]s of winged insects (the "[[Palaeoptera]]" assemblage), which are unable to flex their wings in this way.

==Classification==

The taxon Neoptera was proposed by [[Andrey Vasilyevich Martynov|А.М. Martynov]] in 1923 and 1924, in the following classification:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martynov |first1=A. V. |title=О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых |journal=Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15–21 December 1922 |date=1923 |pages=88–89 |url=http://www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/nom/~Martynov1923.htm |trans-title=On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martynov |first1=A. V. |title=О двух типах крыльев насекомых и их эволюции. |journal=Russian Zoological Journal |date=1924 |volume=4 |issue=1, 2 |pages=155–185 |url=http://www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/nom/~Martynov1924a.htm |trans-title=There are two types of drug addicts and evolutionists}}</ref>
  
[[Pterygota]]
*division [[Palaeoptera]]
**order [[Odonata]]
**order Agnatha (correct name: [[Ephemeroptera]])
**†order [[Dictyoneuridea]]
**†order [[Megasecoptera]]
**†order [[Meganisoptera]]
**†order [[Protephemeroidea]]
*division Neoptera
**superorder [[Endopterygota]]
***order [[Coleoptera]]
***order [[Strepsiptera]]
***order [[Neuroptera]]
***order [[Raphidioptera]]
***order [[Megaloptera]]
***order [[Diptera]]
***order [[Mecoptera]]
***order [[Trichoptera]]
***order [[Lepidoptera]]
***order [[Hymenoptera]]
**subdivision [[Polyneoptera]]
***superorder Orthopteroidea (Anartioptera)
****order [[Orthoptera]]
****order [[Plecoptera]]
****order [[Dermaptera]]
****order [[Embioptera]]
****order [[Phasmatodea]]
***superorder Blattopteroidea (senior name: Pan[[dictyoptera]])
****order [[Blattodea]]
****order [[Mantodea]]
***subdivision [[Paraneoptera]]
****order [[Hemiptera]] 
*****suborder [[Auchenorrhyncha]]
*****suborder [[Coleorrhyncha]]
*****suborder [[Heteroptera]]
*****suborder [[Sternorrhyncha]]
****subdivision [[Oligoneoptera]]
  
The order [[Thysanoptera]] originally had uncertain systematic position, and later was attributed to Paraneoptera.
Other classifications were proposed, subordinating Neoptera  either directly to Pterygota (as in Martynov's classification), or to Metapterygota:

* [[Pterygota]] Gegenbaur 1878 
** [[Ephemeroptera]] Hyatt & Arms 1890 
** [[Metapterygota]] Börner 1909 
*** [[Odonata]] Fabricius 1793 
*** Neoptera Martynov 1923

==Phylogeny==

The phylogeny of Neoptera is shown in the [[cladogram]], using the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019 for the [[Polyneoptera]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wipfler |first1=Benjamin |last2=Letsch |first2=Harald |last3=Frandsen |first3=Paul B. |last4=Kapli |first4=Paschalia |last5=Mayer |first5=Christoph |last6=Bartel |first6=Daniela |last7=Buckley |first7=Thomas R. |last8=Donath |first8=Alexander |last9=Edgerly-Rooks |first9=Janice S. |last10=Fujita |first10=Mari |last11=Liu |first11=Shanlin |display-authors=5 |date=February 2019 |title=Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=116 |issue=8 |pages=3024–3029 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1817794116 |pmid=30642969 |pmc=6386694 |bibcode=2019PNAS..116.3024W |doi-access=free }}</ref> Johnson et al 2018 for the [[Paraneoptera]] (where [[Psocomorpha]] contains [[Phthiraptera]]),<ref name="Johnson Dietrich Friedrich 2018">{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Kevin P. |last2=Dietrich |first2=Christopher H. |last3=Friedrich |first3=Frank |last4=Beutel |first4=Rolf G. |last5=Wipfler |first5=Benjamin |last6=Peters |first6=Ralph S. |last7=Allen |first7=Julie M. |last8=Petersen |first8=Malte |last9=Donath |first9=Alexander |last10=Walden |first10=Kimberly K. O. |last11=Kozlov |first11=Alexey M. |last12=Podsiadlowski |first12=Lars |last13=Mayer |first13=Christoph |last14=Meusemann |first14=Karen |last15=Vasilikopoulos |first15=Alexandros |last16=Waterhouse |first16=Robert M. |last17=Cameron |first17=Stephen L. |last18=Weirauch |first18=Christiane |last19=Swanson |first19=Daniel R. |last20=Percy |first20=Diana M. |last21=Hardy |first21=Nate B. |last22=Terry |first22=Irene |last23=Liu |first23=Shanlin |last24=Zhou |first24=Xin |last25=Misof |first25=Bernhard |last26=Robertson |first26=Hugh M. |last27=Yoshizawa |first27=Kazunori |display-authors=5 |title=Phylogenomics and the evolution of hemipteroid insects |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=115 |issue=50 |date=2018-12-11 |pmid=30478043 |pmc=6294958 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1815820115 |pages=12775–12780 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and Kjer et al 2016 for the [[Holometabola]].<ref name="Kjer Simon Yavorskaya 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Kjer |first1=Karl M. |last2=Simon |first2=Chris|author2-link=Chris Simon (biologist) |last3=Yavorskaya |first3=Margarita |last4=Beutel |first4=Rolf G. |date=2016 |title=Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |volume=13 |issue=121 |page=121 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 |pmid=27558853 |pmc=5014063 }}</ref>

{{clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1='''Neoptera''' <!--Martynov 1923-->
|1={{clade
   |label1=[[Polyneoptera]]
   |1={{clade
     |1={{clade
        |1=[[Zoraptera]] (angel insects) [[File:Zorotypus guineensis (white background).jpg|60px]]
        |2=[[Dermaptera]] (earwigs) [[File:Earwig on white background.jpg|60px]]
        }}
     |2={{clade
        |1=[[Plecoptera]] (stoneflies) [[File:Neoperla_clymene_hor.png|70px]]
        |2={{clade
           |1=[[Orthoptera]] (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids) [[File:Gryllidae_usda.png|50px]]
           |2={{clade
              |1={{clade
                 |1={{clade
                    |1=[[Grylloblattodea]] (ice crawlers) [[File:Grylloblattidae (white background).jpg|70px]]
                    |2=[[Mantophasmatodea]] (gladiators) [[File:Mantophasma zephyra (white background).jpg|70px]]
                    }}
                 |2={{clade
                    |1=[[Phasmatodea]] (stick insects) [[File:Stick insect line diagram.png|70px]]
                    |2=[[Embioptera]] (webspinners) [[File:Embia_major_hor.png|80px]]
                    }}
                 }}
              |label2=[[Dictyoptera]]
              |2={{clade
                 |1=[[Mantodea]] (mantises) [[File:Stagmomantis carolina usda hor.png|80px]]
                 |2=[[Blattodea]] (cockroaches and termites) [[File:Temnopteryx species Zebra Cockroach (white background).jpg|60px]]
                }}
             }}
          }}
       }}
    }}

   |label2=[[Eumetabola]] <!--Hennig 1953-->
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Paraneoptera]]<!-- Martynov 1923, s.l.)-->
      |1={{clade
         |label1=[[Condylognatha]] <!--Borner 1904-->
         |1={{clade
            |1=[[Thysanoptera]] <!--Haliday 1836-->(thrips) [[File:Thrips (PSF) (white background).png|40px]]
            |2=[[Hemiptera]] (true bugs) [[File:Dorisiana bicolor MHNT, Montsinéry, Guyane dos vol 2.jpg|75px]]
            }}
         |2=[[Psocodea]] (barklice inc. [[Phthiraptera|lice]]) [[File:Psocoptera (white background).jpg|45px]] [[File:Lipeurus forficulatus f.png|40px]]
         }}

      |label2=[[Holometabola]]
      |sublabel2=(Endopterygota)
      |2={{clade
         |label1=[[Hymenopterida]]
         |1=[[Hymenoptera]] (sawflies, wasps) [[File:European wasp white bg.jpg|70px]]
         |label2=[[Aparaglossata]]
         |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Neuropteroidea]]      
            |1={{clade
               |label1=[[Neuropterida]]
               |1={{clade
                  |1=[[Raphidioptera]] (snakeflies) [[File:Raphidia icon.png|70px]]
                  |label2=
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[[Megaloptera]] (alderflies and allies) [[File:Corydalus cornutus illustration (rotated).png|70px]]
                     |2=[[Neuroptera]] (lacewings and allies) [[File:Osmylus_(white_background).jpg|70px]]
                     }}
                  }}
               |label2=[[Coleopterida]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Coleoptera]] (beetles) [[File:Pseudacrossus przewalskyi (Reitter, 1887).jpg|50px]]
                  |2=[[Strepsiptera]] (twisted-wing parasites) [[File:Elenchus koebelei.jpg|70px]]
                  }}
               }}
            |label2=[[Panorpida]]
            |2={{clade
               |label1=[[Amphiesmenoptera]]
               |1={{clade
                  |1=[[Trichoptera]] (caddisflies) [[File:RHYACOPHILA DORSALIS Male Pont Forge de Sailly Watigny 02 MHNT.jpg|70px]] 
                  |2=[[Lepidoptera]] (butterflies, moths) [[File:Arctia villica SLU.JPG|70px]]
                  }}
               |label2=Antliophora
               |2={{clade 
                 |1=[[Diptera]] (true flies) [[File:Common house fly, Musca domestica.jpg|70px]] 
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=[[Mecoptera]] (scorpionflies)  [[File:Scorpionfly (white background).jpg|70px]]
                     |2=[[Siphonaptera]] (fleas) [[File:Pulex irritans female ZSM (white background).jpg|40px]]
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Neoptera}}

{{Orders of Insects}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q23005}}

[[Category:Insect taxonomy]]
[[Category:Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances]]
[[Category:Neoptera| ]]