Editing Neum

{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement-->
| name               = Neum
| native_name        = {{native name|sh|Općina Neum}}
| official_name      = 
| settlement_type    = [[List of cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Town]] and [[Municipalities of Bosnia and Herzegovina|municipality]]
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{BIH}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Entity]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Canton]]
| subdivision_name2  = {{flag|Herzegovina-Neretva}}
| subdivision_type3  = Geographical [[region]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Herzegovina]]
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| image_skyline      = File:Neum, Adriatic Sea, Bosnia and Herzegovina.jpg
| utc_offset         = +1
| map_caption        = Location of Neum municipality within Bosnia and Herzegovina
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +2
| area_total_km2     = 246.03
| population_total   = 4653
| population_as_of   = 2013 census
| population_density_km2 = 22
| pushpin_map        = 
| pushpin_label      = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| pushpin_mapsize    = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|42|55|30|N|17|37|00|E|region:BA|display=inline}}
| area_code          = +387 36
| leader_title       = Municipal&nbsp;mayor
| leader_name        = Dragan Jurković
| leader_party       = [[Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina|HDZ BiH]]
| website            = {{url|http://www.neum.ba}}
| image_map          = BiH municipality location Neum.svg
| image_flag         = Flag of Neum, Bosnia and Herzegovina.gif
| flag_size          = 150px
| image_shield       = Coat of Arms of Neum.svg
| image_caption      = Neum
| mapframe           = yes
}}

'''Neum''' ({{IPA|hr|něum|pron}}) is a town and municipality in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], located in [[Herzegovina-Neretva Canton]] of the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. It is the only town on the Bosnia and Herzegovina coastline, making it the country's only access to the [[Adriatic Sea]]. As of 2013, Neum municipality has a population of 4,653 inhabitants, while the town of Neum has a population of 3,013 inhabitants.

== Geography ==
Neum is the only town situated along Bosnia and Herzegovina's {{convert|20|km|mi|adj=on}} coastline,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-06-13 |title=CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Coastline |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |access-date=2023-11-16 |archive-date=13 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004524/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> making it the country's only access to the [[Adriatic Sea]].<ref name="Neum coastline">[http://www.britannica.com/place/Bosnia-and-Herzegovina Bosnia-and-Herzegovina Neum britannica.com], ''britannica.com'', 2015-09-09</ref> It is enclosed by the [[Klek (peninsula)|Klek Peninsula]], which itself is separated from the [[Adriatic Sea]] by the [[Pelješac]] peninsula.

Neum is {{convert|47|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Dubrovnik]], {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Mostar]], and {{convert|122|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of [[Sarajevo]], the country's capital. 

The Bosnia and Herzegovina coastal strip of Neum cuts off the southernmost Croatian [[exclave]] from the rest of [[Croatia]]. This is a result of the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]] of 1699. Since 1991 and the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]], the border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Neum region have been international borders.<ref name="ekonsultacije.gov.ba">{{cite book |author1=UNEP / PAP/RAC / Ministarstvo spoljne trgovine i ekonomskih odnosa BiH |url=https://ekonsultacije.gov.ba/legislationactivities/downloaddocument?documentId=12676 |title=Program upravljanja obalnim područjem (CAMP) Bosne i Hercegovine |publisher=ekonsultacije.gov.ba |edition=Studija izvodljivosti |chapter=4.1 Prijedlog za CAMP oblast |format=pdf |access-date=6 November 2022}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="80">
File:R0000460 Neum.jpg|Neum
File:AdriaticWar.jpg|Promenade along Neum's shoreline
File:Water polo court in Neum.jpg|Waterpolo court in Neum
File:Neum02450.JPG|Zenička beach in Neum
File:Neum-Bosnia.Herzegovina.jpg|Residential Neum
File:Lighthouse in Neum.jpg|Neum Lighthouse
File:Feral Beach on the souther side of Neum peninsula, 2024.jpg|Feral Beach on the southern side of Neum peninsula
</gallery>

===Subdivision===
The municipality includes the town of Neum (municipal seat) and several villages:<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Naseljena Mjesta 1991/2013|url=http://www.statistika.ba/?show=12&id=10685|publisher=[[Statistical Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]|accessdate=October 10, 2021|language=Bosnian}}</ref>

[[Babin Do, Neum|Babin Do]], [[Borut, Neum|Borut]], [[Brestica]], [[Broćanac, Neum|Broćanac]], [[Brštanica]], [[Cerovica, Neum|Cerovica]], [[Cerovo, Neum|Cerovo]], [[Crnoglav]], [[Dobri Do, Neum|Dobri Do]], [[Dobrovo, Neum|Dobrovo]], [[Donji Drijen]], [[Donji Zelenikovac]], [[Dubravica, Neum|Dubravica]], [[Duži, Neum|Duži]], [[Glumina, Neum|Glumina]], [[Gornje Hrasno]], [[Gradac, Neum|Gradac]], [[Hotanj Hutovski]], [[Hutovo]], [[Kiševo]], [[Moševići, Neum|Moševići]], [[Prapratnica]], [[Previš, Neum|Previš]], [[Rabrani]], [[Vinine, Neum|Vinine]] and [[Žukovica]].

===Border crossings===
Neum has two border crossing checkpoints with Croatia on the [[European route E65]] or [[Adriatic Highway]] which connects the two parts of Croatia's Dalmatian coast. Neum 1 is located to the northwest of the city, with the [[Klek, Croatia|Klek]] border checkpoint on the Croatian side. Neum 2 is located to the southeast, with the Croatian border checkpoint at [[Zaton Doli]].

==History==
{{See|Bosansko Primorje}}
The Neum corridor dates back to the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]] of 1699, whereby the [[Republic of Ragusa]] was separated from the [[Venetian Dalmatia|Dalmatian]] possessions of its rival [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] by two [[buffer zone]]s ceded by Ragusa to the [[Ottoman Empire]] to prevent the possibility of Venice invading via land:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/how-bosnia-ended-up-with-just-12-miles-of-coastline|title=This Country's Coastline Is So Short, You Could Walk It in A Day|first=Ken|last=Jennings|website=Condé Nast Traveler|date=19 September 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bigdatabih.com/blog/2018/12/24/why-does-bosnia-have-a-coast/|title=Why does Bosnia have a Coast?|date=December 24, 2018|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814060105/https://www.bigdatabih.com/blog/2018/12/24/why-does-bosnia-have-a-coast/|url-status=dead}}</ref> north of its territory is Neum and the bay of Klek, and south of its territory is [[Sutorina]] with the port of [[Herceg Novi]] on the [[Bay of Kotor]], part of [[Montenegro]] since 1947 (later the topic of the now-resolved [[Sutorina dispute]]).

The Karlowitz borders were reaffirmed in 1718 by the [[Treaty of Passarowitz]], but then the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], tired of negotiating in vain with [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] for a widening of their maritime access, simply usurped the territory of Gornji Klek and most of [[Klek (peninsula)|Klek]] from Ragusa, which it had bought from [[King of Bosnia|King]] [[Dabiša of Bosnia]] at the end of the 14th century. After the [[fall of the Republic of Venice]] in 1797, and the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, the [[Austrian Empire]], which had annexed both the [[Kingdom of Dalmatia|Dalmatian possessions of Venice and the territory of Ragusa]], tried to buy back the Neum and Sutorina enclaves from the Ottomans, but in vain. Instead, it stationed a warship to block access to the port of Neum until the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]], which gave the whole of [[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] to [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1878. Neum had been under [[Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina|Ottoman]] control for 179 years.

Consideration was given to a plan to build a new advanced naval base at Neum-Klek by the [[Austro-Hungarian Navy]]. General [[Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf]] considered fortifying Neum with coastal batteries and torpedo craft to supplement seafront defenses (in order to prevent [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian]] raids, or worse a large scale Italian landing). The project never got past the planning stage prior to the [[Outbreak of World War One|outbreak]] of [[World War I]] in 1914.<ref name="Austro-Hungarian naval policy, 1904-14 Book by Milan Vego">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qU4MJvR_yUAC|title=Austro-Hungarian Naval Policy, 1904-14|first=Milan N.|last=Vego|date=July 1, 1996|publisher=Frank Cass|isbn=9780714642093|via=Google Books}}</ref> 

[[File:Memorial to Croatian veterans (Spomen obilježje hrvatskim braniteljima) Neum 2024 1.jpg|thumb|Memorial to Croatian veterans in Neum.]]
In 1918, as a consequence of [[Dissolution of Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian defeat]], Neum joined the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] which would become the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. Under the [[Karađorđević dynasty]], the Yugoslav Government ignored the historical borders twice: in 1929, when the Neum area was included in the [[Littoral Banovina]], and in 1939 when, following the [[Cvetković–Maček Agreement]], it was included in the [[Banovina of Croatia]]. [[Josip Broz Tito]]'s [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|federal Yugoslavia]] was founded on the principle, declared at the [[Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia#Second session|1943 AVNOJ session]] in [[Jajce]] and comparatively well-respected by the ''Đilas commission'' in 1945, of establishing the federative republics in their borders of 1878, which is why the Neum enclave is now part of independent Bosnia and Herzegovina, including most of Klek (Ponta Kleka, Rep Kleka), the two islets [[Veliki Školj|Veliki]] and [[Mali Školj]] and the rock of Lopata in the Bay of Klek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://poskok.info/wp/?p=28311|title="Neum i granični problemi", ''Poskok.info'', December 14th, 2012|access-date=28 October 2013|archive-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075305/https://poskok.info/wp/?p=28311|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since the 1990s, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have been in negotiations on how to handle traffic across the Neum region, including signing a [[Neum Agreement]]. When [[2013 enlargement of the European Union|Croatia was admitted]] to the [[European Union]] in 2013, the border crossings in the Neum region became governed as [[External border of the European Union|external borders of the EU]].{{Citation needed|reason=I want to read more about this|date=August 2019}} The construction and opening in 2022 of the [[Pelješac Bridge]], which bypasses Neum entirely, has significance for Croatia's integrity and also for its [[Schengen Area]] membership and the EU as a whole. It significantly improves traffic flow and the traffic connection of [[Dubrovnik]] to the rest of mainland Croatia, avoiding negotiating long, costly queues at Neum, and strict customs checks twice within the space of {{convert|20|km|mi}}.

Encouraged by the recent developments in [[Croatia–Slovenia border disputes]] (June 2017), the ruling [[Bosniaks|Bosniak]] [[Party of Democratic Action]] (SDA) and other Bosniak political parties decided to obstruct {{citation needed|date=August 2022}} the construction.
[[File:BiH Coast Guard.jpg|thumb|BiH coast guard / border police]]
The construction cost was €420 million, to which the EU contributed by allocating €357 million from Cohesion Policy funds. The bridge is among the largest infrastructures in Croatia currently and one of the most substantial EU infrastructural investment ever. The work was completed in mid 2022. The EU is also funding supporting infrastructure, such as the construction of access roads, including tunnels, bridges and viaducts, the building of an 8 km-long bypass near the town of Ston and upgrading works on the existing road D414.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/newsroom/panorama/2022/07/27-07-2022-bridging-gaps-with-eu-funds-the-inauguration-of-the-peljesac-bridge-in-croatia|title=Inforegio - Bridging gaps with EU-funds: The Inauguration of the Pelješac Bridge in Croatia|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>

There are Bosniak plans to convert Neum to a freight port, contrary to the wishes of the local population and international laws and agreements concerning the ecologically significant and protected [[Bay of Mali Ston]], of which Bay of Neum is a part. There are plans to build a seaport, rail and a motorway and thus the Croatian bridge must have a high clearance according to the view of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Bosniak political parties. Due to the above, the Republic of Croatia has significantly increased the height of the bridge by adapting it to ships whose dimensions cannot enter the Bay of Neum at all. Today the main freight port for Bosnia and Herzegovina is [[Ploče]] (in Croatia) farther north, which has a [[Rail transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina|railway]] to Bosnia and Herzegovina.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==Climate==

The climate of the area is Mediterranean, characterized by mild winters and dry summers, with three times more rain in the rainier than in the drier months, during which the mean precipitation does not exceed {{cvt|40|mm|in}}. The mean yearly precipitation observed is of {{cvt|1316|mm|in}}. The dominant winds come from the north, north-east and north-west. The average sea temperature (as observed in Neum) ranges from {{cvt|13|°C}} in January to {{cvt|28|°C}} in July and August.

Vegetation is the evergreen Mediterranean type, and subtropical flora ([[palm tree]]s, [[agave]]s, [[cactus|cacti]]) grow in Neum and its surroundings.
{{Weather box
| location     = Neum
| metric first = yes
| single line  = yes
| Jan high C   =  9.7
| Feb high C   = 11.3
| Mar high C   = 14.3
| Apr high C   = 17.5
| May high C   = 22.5
| Jun high C   = 26.2
| Jul high C   = 29.7
| Aug high C   = 29.4
| Sep high C   = 25.9
| Oct high C   = 20.6
| Nov high C   = 14.8
| Dec high C   = 11.2
| Jan mean C   =  6.6
| Feb mean C   =  7.9
| Mar mean C   = 10.2
| Apr mean C   = 13.0
| May mean C   = 17.6
| Jun mean C   = 21.2
| Jul mean C   = 24.4
| Aug mean C   = 24.2
| Sep mean C   = 20.9
| Oct mean C   = 16.3
| Nov mean C   = 11.4
| Dec mean C   =  8.2
| year mean C  = 15.2
| Jan low C    =  3.6
| Feb low C    =  4.5
| Mar low C    =  6.1
| Apr low C    =  8.6
| May low C    = 12.7
| Jun low C    = 16.3
| Jul low C    = 19.2
| Aug low C    = 19.0
| Sep low C    = 16.0
| Oct low C    = 12.1
| Nov low C    =  8.0
| Dec low C    =  5.2
| Jan precipitation mm  =  135
| Feb precipitation mm  =  123
| Mar precipitation mm  =  106
| Apr precipitation mm  =  100
| May precipitation mm  =   75
| Jun precipitation mm  =   59
| Jul precipitation mm  =   38
| Aug precipitation mm  =   52
| Sep precipitation mm  =   88
| Oct precipitation mm  =  127
| Nov precipitation mm  =  174
| Dec precipitation mm  =  172
| year precipitation mm = 1249
| date = October 2020
}}

==Demographics==
The settlement is predominantly [[Croats]].

=== Population ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="6" |Population of settlements – Neum municipality
|-
|
|Settlement
|1971.
|1981.
|1991.
|2013.
|-
|
|Total
|4,781
|4,030
|4,325
|4,960
|-
|1
|Gradac
|
|
|345
|234
|-
|2
|Hutovo
|
|
|319
|201
|-
|3
|'''Neum'''
|360
|602
|1,651
|3,013
|}

=== Ethnic composition ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" |Ethnic composition – Neum town
|-
|
|2013.
|1991.
|1981.
|1971.
|-
|Total
|3,013 (100%)
|1,651 (100%)
|602 (100%)
|360 (100%)
|-
|Croats
|2,938 (97.51%)
|1,338 (81.04%)
|499 (82.89%)
|335 (93.06%)
|-
|Bosniaks
|33 (1.161%)
|89 (5.391%)
|17 (2.824%)
|3 (0.833%)
|-
|Serbs
|21 (0.697%)
|98 (5.936%)
|25 (4.153%)
|10 (2.778%)
|-
|Unaffiliated
|6 (0.199%)
|
|
|
|-
|Albanians
|3 (0.1%)
|
|4 (0.664%)
|
|-
|Unknown
|3 (0.1%)
|
|
|
|-
|Others
|3 (0.100%)
|36 (2.180%)
|3 (0.498%)
|5 (1.389%)
|-
|Yugoslavs
|2 (0.066%)
|90 (5.451%)
|47 (7.807%)
|7 (1.944%)
|-
|Montenegrins
|2 (0.066%)
|
|6 (0.997%)
|
|-
|Macedonians
|
|
|1 (0.166%)
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="8" |Ethnic composition – Neum municipality
|-
|
|2013.
|1991.
|1981.
|-
|Total
|4,960 (100%)
|4,325 (100%)
|4,030 (100%)
|-
|Croats
|4,543 (97.64%)
|3,792 (87.68%)
|3,575 (88.71%)
|-
|Bosniaks
|63 (1.397%)
|190 (4.393%)
|157 (3.896%)
|-
|Serbs
|21 (0.451%)
|207 (4.786%)
|179 (4.442%)
|-
|Unaffiliated
|7 (0.15%)
|
|
|-
|Unknown
|7 (0.15%)
|
|
|-
|Albanians
|3 (0.064%)
|
|5 (0.124%)
|-
|Others
|3 (0.064%)
|46 (1.064%)
|17 (0.422%)
|-
|Yugoslavs
|2 (0.043%)
|90 (2.081%)
|89 (2.208%)
|-
|Montenegrins
|2 (0.043%)
|
|7 (0.174%)
|-
|Macedonians
|
|
|1 (0.025%)
|}

== Culture and sport ==
The [[linđo]] is traditionally danced in the Neum region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=50. Split Summer |url=http://www.splitsko-ljeto.hr/50splitskoljeto/koncertni_program/lado/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610135613/http://www.splitsko-ljeto.hr/50splitskoljeto/koncertni_program/lado/index.htm |archive-date=2008-06-10 |access-date=2008-09-02}}</ref> Neum celebrates the feast of [[Our Lady of Good Health]] as its municipal day. As part of the celebrations, Neum hosts the Music Festival Etnofest Neum. The town also hosts the Neum Animated Film Festival.<ref>[http://www.rfaf.ba Neum Animated Film Festival] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916194527/http://www.rfaf.ba/ |date=2008-09-16 }}</ref>

Neum is home to local branches of the cultural organizations [[Matica hrvatska]] and [[HKD Napredak]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.matica.hr/ogranci/|title=Matica hrvatska|website=www.matica.hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://napredak.com.ba/nova/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=49&Itemid=39&limit=1&limitstart=8|title=HKD Napredak}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{Clear}}
Popular activities include [[human swimming|swimming]] and [[sun bathing]], beach-going, boating, and various other water-sports. Neum has a water polo club VK Jadran Neum, which is a member of the [[Croatian Water Polo Federation]].

There is also an association football club HNK Neum. 
{{Clear}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
File:Narodna nošnja iz Neuma.jpg|Folk costumes from Neum
File:Nova crkva u Neumu i Hotel "Sunce".JPG|Roman Catholic church in Neum
File:Catholic Church of Our Lady of Health ("Crkva Gospe od Zdravlja") in Neum.jpg|Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of Health
File:Hutovo, trosky.jpg|[[Hutovo fortress]] ruins
File:Neum02465.JPG|[[Stećak]] from Neum
</gallery>

==Tourism==
Neum area has steep hills, stone-sandy beaches, and several large tourist hotels. Neum has about 5,000 beds for tourists, 1,810 in hotels with the remaining capacity in motels, villas, and private accommodation. [[Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Tourism]] in Neum is active only in the coastal region. Prices tend to be lower than in neighbouring [[Croatia]], making it popular with shoppers. Tourism, and the commerce it brings, is the leading contributor to the economy of the area.

The inland area behind Neum has a rich [[Archaeology|archeological]] history and [[wilderness]] with centuries-old olive groves.

==See also==
* [[Bosnia and Herzegovina–Croatia relations]]
* [[List of lighthouses in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
* [[Pelješac Bridge]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Neum}}
*{{official}}  (in Croatian and English)
* [https://www.naff.ba/default_x.asp Neum Animated Film Festival]
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|255533266}}

{{Neum municipality}}
{{Herzegovina-Neretva Canton}}
{{Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
{{coord|42|55|30|N|17|37|00|E|region:BA_type:city|display=title}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Neum| ]]<!--DO NOT REMOVE CATEGORY, THE PAGE NOW CORRESPONDS TO THE MUNICIPALITY-->
[[Category:Populated places in Neum]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Adriatic Sea]]
[[Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina–Croatia border crossings]]
[[Category:Lighthouses in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]