Editing Neville Howse

{{short description|Australian Army general, politician, and recipient of the Victoria Cross}}
{{Use Australian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Major general (Australia)|Major General]] [[The Honourable]]
| name             = Sir Neville Howse
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100%|sep=,|VCi|KCB|KCMG|FRCS}}
| image            = Neville Howse - Fairfax (cropped).jpg
|office          = [[Minister for Defence (Australia)|Minister for Defence]]
|primeminister   = [[Stanley Bruce]]
|term_start      = 16 January 1925
|term_end        = 2 April 1927
|predecessor     = [[Eric Bowden]]
|successor       = [[William Glasgow (general)|William Glasgow]]
|office1          = [[Minister for Health (Australia)|Minister for Health]]
|primeminister1   = Stanley Bruce
|term_start1      = 24 February 1928
|term_end1        = 22 October 1929
|predecessor1     = Stanley Bruce
|successor1       = [[Frank Anstey]]
|primeminister2 = Stanley Bruce
|term_start2      = 16 January 1925
|term_end2        = 2 April 1927
|predecessor2     = [[Herbert Pratten]]
|successor2       = Stanley Bruce
| constituency_MP3  = [[Division of Calare|Calare]]
| parliament3       = Australian
| majority3         = 
| predecessor3      = [[Thomas Lavelle]]
| successor3        = [[George Gibbons]]
| term_start3       = 16 December 1922
| term_end3         = 12 October 1929
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=yes|1863|10|26}}
| birth_place      = [[Stogursey]], [[Somerset]], England
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=yes|1930|9|19|1863|10|26}}
| death_place      = [[London]], England
| restingplace     = [[Kensal Green Cemetery]], London
| spouse           = {{marriage|Evelyn Pilcher|1905}}
| party            = [[Nationalist Party (Australia)|Nationalist]]
| relations        =
| children         = Everil, Neville, Evelyn, [[John Howse|John]], Alison<ref>Braga 2000, p83.</ref>
| occupation       = Doctor, soldier, politician
| allegiance       = Australia
| branch           = [[Australian Army]]
| serviceyears     = 1900–22
| rank             = [[Major general (Australia)|Major General]]
| commands         = Director General of Medical Services<br/>[[Australian Army Medical Corps]]
| battles          = 
{{tree list}}
* [[Second Boer War]]
* [[First World War]]
** [[Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I|Asian and Pacific theatre]]
** [[Gallipoli campaign]]
** [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]
{{tree list/end}}
| mawards = [[Victoria Cross]]<br/>[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]]<br/>[[Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]<br/>[[Venerable Order of Saint John|Knight of the Order of Saint John]]<br/>[[Mentioned in Despatches]]
}}
[[Major general (Australia)|Major General]] '''Sir Neville Reginald Howse''', {{post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100%|sep=,|VCi|KCB|KCMG|FRCS}} (26&nbsp;October&nbsp;1863 – 19&nbsp;September&nbsp;1930) was an [[Australian Army]] officer, medical doctor, and politician. He was the [[List of Australian Victoria Cross recipients|first Australian recipient]] of the [[Victoria Cross]] (VC), the highest decoration for gallantry "in the face of the enemy" that can be awarded to members of the British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] armed forces.

Howse was born in [[Somerset]], England, and followed his father into the medical profession. He emigrated to Australia in 1889 and eventually settled in [[Orange, New South Wales]]. During the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], Howse served with the Australian medical corps. He was awarded the VC for his rescue of a wounded man at [[Vredefort]] in July 1900, while under heavy rifle fire. During the First World War, Howse served in New Guinea, Gallipoli, and on the Western Front. He oversaw the medical services of the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] (AIF) and finished the war with the rank of [[major-general]]. He was elected to parliament [[1922 Australian federal election|in 1922]], and was subsequently appointed to cabinet by [[Stanley Bruce]]. He served as [[Minister for Defence (Australia)|Minister for Defence]] (1925–1927), [[Minister for Health (Australia)|Health]] (1925–1927; 1928–1929), and [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)|Home and Territories]] (1928).

==Early life==
Howse was born in [[Stogursey]], [[Somerset]], England, the son of Lucy Elizabeth (née Conroy) and Alfred Howse. He was educated at Fullard's House School in [[Taunton]]. He chose to follow his father (a surgeon) into the medical profession, studying medicine at [[London Hospital]]. He attained the qualifications [[Membership of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland|MRCS]] and [[LRCP]] in 1886, and subsequently became a demonstrator in anatomy at the [[University of Durham]].<ref name=adb>{{cite journal|first=Alec|last=Hill|author-link=Alec Hill|title=Howse, Sir Neville Reginald (1863–1930)|journal=[[Australian Dictionary of Biography]]|year=1983}}</ref>

In 1889, Howse immigrated to Australia for health reasons. He initially settled in [[Newcastle, New South Wales]], but later moved to [[Taree]]. He returned to England in 1895 for further studies, obtaining the rank of [[FRCS]] in 1897.<ref name=adb/> He moved back to Australia in 1899 and bought a medical practice in [[Orange, New South Wales|Orange]], which would remain his primary residence for the next 30 years except during his overseas military service.<ref>Braga 2000, p34.</ref>

==Military service==
===Boer War===
Howse served in the [[Second Boer War]] with the Second Contingent of the [[New South Wales Army Medical Corps]], [[Australian Forces]], arriving at [[East London, Eastern Cape]], in February 1900<ref>Braga 2000, p53.</ref> as a [[first lieutenant|lieutenant]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27863 |page=8902 |date=12 December 1905 }}</ref>

On 24 July 1900, during the action at [[Vredefort]], South Africa, Howse saw a trumpeter fall, and went through very heavy cross-fire to rescue the man. His horse was soon shot from under him, but he continued on foot, reached the casualty, dressed his wound, and then carried him to safety. For this action, Howse was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]. The award was [[London Gazette|gazetted]] on 4 June 1901 and the original citation reads:
{{Quote|[[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|The King]] has been graciously pleased to signify His intention to confer the decoration of the Victoria Cross on the undermentioned Officers, Non-Commissioned Officer, and Soldier, for their conspicuous bravery in South Africa, as stated against their names :—

New South Wales Medical Staff Corps, Captain N. R. House{{sic}}

During the action at Vredefort on 24 July 1900, Captain House went out under a heavy cross fire and picked up a wounded man, and carried him to a place of shelter.<ref name='GazetteVC'>{{London Gazette |issue=27320 |page=3769 |date=4 June 1901 }}</ref>}}

He thus became the first recipient of the Victoria Cross serving in the Australian armed forces; his medal is on display at the [[Australian War Memorial]] in [[Canberra]].<ref name="Lindsay 2003, p52">Lindsay 2003, p52.</ref> Howse was subsequently promoted to [[captain (OF-2)|captain]] on 15 October 1900.<ref name="Braga 2000, p59">Braga 2000, p59.</ref>

The Second Contingent left South Africa via [[Cape Town]] on 13 December 1900 on the S.S. ''Orient'',<ref name="Murray 1911, p16">Murray 1911, p16.</ref> however Howse had been invalided to Britain on 28 November 1900.<ref name=ShippingDec1900>{{cite web |url=http://www.angloboerwar.com/Other/shipping/190012.htm |title=Shipping Records Dec 1900 |access-date=15 September 2008 |work=Anglo Boer War.com |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201150011/http://www.angloboerwar.com/Other/shipping/190012.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref> Howse subsequently returned to Australia at the end of February 1901.<ref name="Braga 2000, p59"/> Following the gazetting of his VC, Howse was presented with the medal in a ceremony at [[Victoria Barracks, Sydney]] on 4 December 1901. Also at the ceremony were Captain [[Alfred Spencer Heathcote|A. Heathcote]] and Sergeant [[John Paton (VC)|J. Paton]], prior recipients of the VC for actions during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], who had subsequently migrated to New South Wales.<ref>Tyquin 1999, p24.</ref>

Howse returned to South Africa as a major with the [[Australian Army Medical Corps]] (AAMC) in command of the Bearer Company, arriving at Durban in Natal on 17 March 1902. Following service in Natal, Orange River Colony and Western Transvaal (attached to Colonel A.W. Thornycroft's Mounted Infantry Column), at the conclusion of the war he became seriously ill. He was again invalided to Britain on 6 July 1902,<ref name=ShippingJul1902>{{cite web |url=http://www.angloboerwar.com/Other/shipping/190207.htm |title=Shipping Records Jul 1902 |access-date=15 September 2008 |work=Anglo Boer War.com |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201133918/http://www.angloboerwar.com/Other/shipping/190207.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref> with the remainder of the AAMC contingent departing for Australia on 8 July 1902.<ref name="Murray 1911, p16"/> Howse eventually returned to Australia in November 1902.

In 1905 Howse married Evelyn Pilcher in [[Bathurst, New South Wales|Bathurst]], and was twice elected to serve as mayor of the [[City of Orange (New South Wales)|City of Orange]].

===First World War===
[[File:Neville Howse - Anglo-Swiss (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Portrait of Howse in uniform taken by a studio in Cairo]]
When the First World War began, Howse was appointed principal medical officer to the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force to [[German New Guinea]], with the rank of lieutenant colonel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discoveringanzacs.naa.gov.au/browse/person/219218 |title=First World War Service Record – Neville Reginald Howse |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref>

[[File:1st Division Staff.jpg|thumb|left|Group portrait of 1st Division staff officers at Mena Camp, December 1914. Howse, then a lieutenant colonel, is in the front row, fifth from the left.]]

Following his time in New Guinea, he was appointed Assistant Director of Medical Services [[1st Division (Australia)|1st Australian Division]]. During the [[Gallipoli campaign]] he took charge of evacuating wounded men from the beach in the campaign’s opening days. In 1917 at the Dardanelles commission, he described the arrangements for dealing with wounded men at Gallipoli as inadequate to the point of 'criminal negligence'.  He was [[Mentioned in Despatches]] for his service in this campaign.<ref name='GazetteMID'>{{London Gazette |issue=29251 |supp=y |page=7668 |date=3 August 1915 }}</ref>

In September 1915 he was given command of [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps|ANZAC]] medical services and in November became director of the AIF’s medical services, with the rank of surgeon-general.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29393 |page=12199 |date=7 December 1915 }} ''Surgeon-general''.</ref> When the [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] moved to France, Howse took up a position in London, overseeing medical services in France, Egypt and Palestine. At the beginning of 1917 he was promoted to [[major general (Australia)|major general]].<ref>Braga 2000, p240.</ref>

Howse was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] (CB) in the 1915 [[King's Birthday Honours]],<ref name='GazetteCB'>{{London Gazette |issue=29202 |supp=y |page=6112 |date=22 June 1915 }}</ref> was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) on 22 January 1917,<ref name='GazetteKCB'>{{London Gazette |issue=29916 |supp=y |page=923 |date=23 January 1917 }}</ref> and appointed [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem]]<ref name='GazetteKStJ'>{{London Gazette|issue=31380|page=7064|date=3 June 1919}}</ref> and [[Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (KCMG) in 1919.<ref name='GazetteKCMG'>{{London Gazette|issue=31395|page=7425|date=6 June 1919}}</ref> From 1921 to 1925 he was Director-General of Medical Services.

==Politics==
[[File:Neville Howse - Lafayette (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Undated photo, c. 1920s]]
In 1922, Howse resigned his army commission to enter politics, as regulations at the time forbade political campaigning by members of the regular army. He was elected to the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], standing for the [[Nationalist Party (Australia)|Nationalist Party]] in the [[Division of Calare]]. He subsequently represented Australia at the [[Organisation of the League of Nations|League of Nations Assembly]] in 1923. In January 1925, Howse was elevated to cabinet by Prime Minister [[Stanley Bruce]] as [[Minister for Defence (Australia)|Minister for Defence]] and [[Minister for Health (Australia)|Minister for Health]]. In the defence portfolio his primary responsibility was for [[repatriation]]. He was a member of the Australian delegation to the [[1926 Imperial Conference]] in London, but was taken ill and had to resign his portfolios in April 1927. He was kept on in the ministry as an honorary minister without portfolio.<ref name=adb/>

In February 1928, Howse was reappointed Minister for Health and also made [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)|Minister for Home and Territories]]. He relinquished the latter portfolio in November 1928 after [[1928 Australian federal election|that year's election]]. Howse made a significant impact during his two periods as health minister. He helped establish the Federal Health Council of Australia, supported the formation of the [[Royal Australasian College of Surgeons|Australian College of Surgeons]] and the first conference of Australian cancer organisations, and was instrumental in the decision to site the [[Australian Institute of Anatomy]] in Canberra. In 1928, he convinced cabinet to spend the considerable sum of £100,000 to establish one of the world's first [[radium]] banks, allowing Australia to become a centre of radiological research. He was also credited with inspiring public confidence in [[Commonwealth Serum Laboratories]] and the government's immunisation programs, at a time when a series of fatalities – including the [[Bundaberg tragedy]] of 1928 – had led to a distrust of immunisation among the general population.<ref name=adb/>

Howse lost his seat in parliament in the Labor landslide at the [[1929 Australian federal election|1929 election]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Members of the House of Representatives since 1901 |work=Parliamentary Handbook |publisher=[[Parliament of Australia]] |url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;db=HANDBOOK;id=handbook%2Fnewhandbook%2F2008-12-19%2F0077;query=Id%3A%22handbook%2Fnewhandbook%2F2008-12-19%2F0071%22 |access-date=11 November 2010}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
[[File:NevilleHowseKensalGreen01.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Howse's resting place in [[Kensal Green Cemetery]]]]
In February 1930, Howse travelled to England for medical treatment for cancer, but died on 19 September 1930, and is buried at [[Kensal Green Cemetery]], London. His son, [[John Howse]], was member for Calare from 1946 to 1960.

A statue by [[Peter Dornan]] depicting Howse's act of bravery is on display at the [[Royal Australasian College of Surgeons]], Melbourne.

A [[postage stamp]] commemorating Howse was issued by [[Australia Post]] in 2000.

A one dollar coin designed by [[Wojciech Pietranik]] commemorating the centenary of Howse's feat of arms was issued by the [[Royal Australian Mint]] in 2000.

He was a freemason.<ref>[http://www.lodgedevotion.net/devotionnews/famous-australian-freemasons/large-list-of-notable-and-famous-australian-freemasons/Famous%20Australian%20Freemasons%202015%2001%2009%20with%20index.pdf Famous &/or Notable Australian Freemasons]</ref>

==Honours and awards==
<div class="center">
[[File:UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg|100px|Ribbon for Victoria Cross]]<!-- 100x30px -->
[[File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|100px|Ribbon for the Order of the Bath]]<!-- 100x30px -->
[[File:Ord.St.Michele-Giorgio.png|100px|Ribbon for the Order of St Michael and St George]]<!-- 100x30px -->
[[File:Order of St John (UK) ribbon -vector.svg|100px|Ribbon for the Order of St John]]<!-- 100x30px -->

[[File:Queens South Africa Medal 1899-1902 ribbon.png|100px]]<!-- 100x30px -->
[[File:1914 Star BAR.svg|100px]]<!-- 100x30px -->
[[File:British War Medal BAR.svg|100px]]<!-- 100x30px -->
[[File:Victory Medal MID ribbon bar.svg|100px]]<!-- 100x30px -->
</div>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|bgcolor="silver" align="center"|Ribbon ||bgcolor="silver" align="center"|Description ||bgcolor="silver" align="center"|Notes
|-
|[[File:UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg|80px]] || [[Victoria Cross]] (VC) || gazetted 1901<ref name='GazetteVC'/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|80px]] || [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (KCB) || gazetted 1917<ref name='GazetteKCB' />
|-
| Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) || gazetted 1915<ref name='GazetteCB'/>
|-
|[[File:Ord.St.Michele-Giorgio.png|80px]] || [[Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (KCMG) || gazetted 1919<ref name='GazetteKCMG'/>
|-
|[[File:Order of St John (UK) ribbon -vector.svg|80px]] || Knight of Grace of the [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Order of St John]] || gazetted 1919<ref name='GazetteKStJ'/>
|-
|[[File:Queens South Africa Medal 1899-1902 ribbon.png|80px]] || [[Queen's South Africa Medal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-vc/howse-vc.htm|title=Howse VC|publisher=Digger history|access-date=6 July 2009}}</ref> || with 6 clasps:<ref>Braga 2000, p76.</ref> CAPE COLONY, JOHANNESBURG, DIAMOND HILL, WINTERBERGEN, SOUTH AFRICA 1901 and SOUTH AFRICA 1902
|-
|[[File:1914 Star BAR.svg|80px]] || [[1914–15 Star]]<ref name=servicerecord>{{cite web|url=http://naa12.naa.gov.au/scripts/imagine.asp?B=6994845&I=1&SE=1|title=First World War service record of Neville Reginald Howse|publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]]|page=2|access-date=30 June 2009}}</ref> ||
|-
|[[File:British War Medal BAR.svg|80px]] || [[British War Medal]]<ref name=servicerecord /> || 
|-
|[[File:Victory Medal MID ribbon bar.svg|80px]] || [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]]<ref name=servicerecord /> || with Oak Leaf for [[Mentioned in Despatches]]<ref name='GazetteMID'/>
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book | last = Braga | first = Stuart | title = ANZAC doctor: the life of Sir Neville Howse, Australia's first VC | publisher = Hale & Iremonger Pty Ltd | year = 2000| location = Alexandria, NSW, Australia | isbn = 978-0868066943  }}
*{{cite book| first=David| last=Harvey| author-link = David Charles Harvey| year=1999| title=[[Monuments to Courage]] : Victoria Cross headstones and memorials. Vol.1, 1854–1916| publisher= K & K Patience| oclc=59437297}}
*{{cite book| first=Patrick| last=Lindsay| year=2003| title=The Spirit of the Digger&nbsp;– Then & Now | publisher= Macmillan, Sydney}}
*{{Australian Dictionary of Biography|last=Hill|first=A. J.|author-link= Alec Hill|year=1967|id=A090387b|title= Howse, Sir Neville Reginald (1863–1930)|access-date=16 November 2008 }}
*{{cite book | last = Murray | first = Lt. Col P.L. | title = Official Records of the Australian Military Contingents to the War in South Africa 1899–1902 | publisher = Albert J. Mullett, Government Printer | year = 1911 | location = Melbourne | url =https://archive.org/details/officialrecordso00murr | isbn = 978-1-921175-26-8}}
*{{Dictionary of Australian Biography|First=Neville Reginald|Last=Howse|shortlink=0-dict-biogHi-Hu.html#howse1|access-date=27 October 2008}}
*{{cite book | last = Tyquin | first = Michael B. | title = Neville Howse: Australia's First Victoria Cross Winner | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1999 | location = Melbourne, Australia | isbn = 0-19-551190-5 }}
*{{cite book | last = Tyquin | first = Michael B. | title = Little by Little: a Centenary History of the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps | publisher = Australian Military History Publications | year = 2003 | location = Loftus, NSW, Australia | isbn = 1-876439-15-7 }}
*[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]] (This England, 1997)
*[[Victoria Crosses of the Anglo-Boer War]] (Ian Uys, 2000)
*[http://www.awm.gov.au/people/220.asp Who’s who in Australian Military History]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sir Neville Reginald Howse}}
* {{cite web|url=http://discoveringanzacs.naa.gov.au/browse/person/219218 |title=First World War Service Record – Neville Reginald Howse |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |access-date=8 October 2014}}
* [http://www.defence.gov.au/health/infocentre/journals/ADFHJ_apr02/ADFHealthApr02_3_1_36-39.pdf "The emerging office of the Surgeon General"], Lieutenant Colonel Robert L Pearce, ''[[Australian Defence Force]] Health Journal'', April 2002
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041011030710/http://www.unsw.adfa.edu.au/~rmallett/Generals/howse.html Biographical Notes] by Ross Mallett on his [[First Australian Imperial Force|AIF]] Order of Battle pages.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041213093156/http://www.pm.gov.au/news/speeches/2000/Stamp_23-7.htm Speech at launch of commemorative stamp issue] by [[John Howard]], [[Prime Minister of Australia]] in [[Orange, New South Wales]], 23 July 2000.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041209182727/http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-nurses/boer_war.htm Australian Nurses] in the Second Boer War – notes on the New South Wales Medical Corps in South Africa.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722135637/http://deepthought.hass.adfa.edu.au:8080/showPerson?pid=70833 Record on AIF Project database]

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{{succession box | title=[[Minister for Defence (Australia)|Minister for Defence]] | before=[[Eric Bowden]]| after= [[Thomas William Glasgow|William Glasgow]]| years=1925–1927}}
{{succession box | title=[[Minister for Health and Ageing (Australia)|Minister for Health]] | before=[[Herbert Pratten]]| after= [[Stanley Bruce]]| years=1925–1927}}
{{succession box | title=[[Minister for Health and Ageing (Australia)|Minister for Health]] | before=Stanley Bruce| after= [[Frank Anstey]]| years=1928–1929}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Charles Marr]] }}
{{s-ttl|title= [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)|Minister for Home and Territories]] |years= 1928}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Aubrey Abbott]] }}
{{s-par|au}}
{{succession box | title=Member for [[Division of Calare|Calare]] | before=[[Thomas Lavelle]] | after=[[George Gibbons]] | years=1922–1929}}
{{s-end}}

{{Australian Generals of World War I}}

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