Editing New Jewel Movement

{{Short description|Ruling party of Grenada from 1979 to 1983}}
{{Infobox political party
| name             = New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation
| native_name      = 
| native_name_lang = 
| abbreviation     = New JEWEL Movement
| logo             = New JEWEL Movement logo.png
| logo_size        = 
| colorcode        = #FF0000
| leader           = [[Maurice Bishop]]
| spokesperson     = 
| leader1_title    = 
| leader1_name     = 
| foundation       = {{Start date|1973|03|11|df=y}}
| dissolution      = {{End date|1983|10|29|df=y}}
| membership_year  = 
| membership       = 
| ideology         = {{ubl|class=nowrap
 | [[Communism]]
 | [[Marxism–Leninism]]
 | [[Revolutionary socialism]]
 | [[Pan-Africanism]]
}}
| merger           = {{ubl
 | Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation (JEWEL)
 | Organization for Revolutionary Education and Liberation (OREL)
 | Movement for Assemblies of the People (MAP)
}}
| successor        = [[Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement]]
| headquarters     = 
| position         = [[Far-left]]
| religion         = 
| wing1_title      = Military wing
| wing1            = [[People's Revolutionary Army (Grenada)|People's Revolutionary Army]]
| international    = 
| national         = People's Alliance (1976)
| newspaper        = ''The New Jewel''
| colours          = *Red and white<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schoenhals |first1=Kai P. |last2=Melanson |first2=Richard A. |title=Revolution and intervention in Grenada: the New Jewel movement, the United States, and the Caribbean |date=1985 |publisher=Westview press |location=Boulder |isbn=0-8133-0225-0 |page=33 |quote=identifying symbol of the NJM revolution appeared everywhere: a white flag containing a red disc.}}</ref>
*Red, green and gold ([[Rastafari|Rastafari colours]], only occasionally)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pool |first1=Gail R. |title=Culture, Language and Revolution in Grenada |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25605753 |journal=Anthropologica |publisher=JSTOR |access-date=14 October 2023 |page=89 |doi=10.2307/25605753 |date=1994|volume=36 |issue=1 |jstor=25605753 |url-access=subscription }} Pool mentions an NJM public event where the speaker's platform was painted [[Rastafari|Rastafari colours]] red, green and gold: "Since many members of the militia were youths who identified themselves with the Rastafarian movement, it was likely that the PRG [People's Revolutionary Government] was trying to associate the revolution with rasta ideology."</ref>
| slogan           = "Forward ever, backward never!<br />({{langx|fr|En avant jambes, en arrière jamais!}})
| seats1_title     = 
| seats1           = 
| flag             = Flag of the New Jewel Movement.png
| website          = 
| country          = Grenada
}}

The '''New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation''', or '''New JEWEL Movement''' ('''NJM'''), was a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[vanguard party]] in the [[Caribbean]] island nation of [[Grenada]] that was led by [[Maurice Bishop]]. 

Established in 1973, the NJM issued its manifesto prior to Grenada being [[History of Grenada#Independence|granted independence]] from the [[United Kingdom]] in 1974.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210916154603/http://www.thegrenadarevolutiononline.com/manifesto.html "The Manifesto of the New Jewel Movement"], The Grenada Revolution Online.</ref> The NJM took control of Grenada with a bloodless [[Coup d'état|coup]] in 1979 and [[Rule by decree|ruled by decree]] as the [[People's Revolutionary Government]] until 1983. In October of that year, Bishop and seven of his associates were killed by paramilitaries affiliated with [[Hardline|hard-line]] elements in his own party. Those elements formed a [[military government]], which was quickly deposed by a [[United States invasion of Grenada|U.S. invasion]] later in October.

== Origin ==
The New JEWEL Movement (NJM) was established on 11 March 1973 as an alliance of (1) the Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation (JEWEL); (2) the Organization for Revolutionary Education and Liberation (OREL); and (3) the Movement for Assemblies of the People (MAP).<ref name=N1>{{cite book |editor-link=Dieter Nohlen |editor-last=Nohlen |editor-first=Dieter |year=2005 |title=Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook |volume=1: North America, Central America, and the Caribbean |page=302 |isbn=978-0-19-928357-6}}</ref><ref name="Rojas_interview"/> Although "JEWEL" was originally an [[acronym]], since then NJM's name has generally been spelled out as "New Jewel Movement".

[[Maurice Bishop]], a young lawyer who had returned to Grenada after being educated in England, and [[Unison Whiteman]], the founder of JEWEL, were elected NJM's Joint Coordinating Secretaries.<ref name="Nandwani_article">{{cite web |last=Nandwani |first=Ravi |year=2013 |title=The Rise and Fall of the New Jewel Movement in Grenada |url=https://www.academia.edu/8012682}}</ref> The party's manifesto was largely drafted by MAP's prominent intellectual, [[Franklyn Harvey]], who had been influenced by the writings of [[C.L.R. James]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Marable |first=Manning |title=African and Caribbean Politics: From Kwame Nkrumah to the Grenada Revolution |page=208 |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |date=1987 |isbn=978-0-860-91884-4}}</ref>

In its early days, Bishop described the NJM as "a political party aimed at raising consciousness and taking political power if the accepted processes didn’t allow for electoral change."<ref name="Grenada_Revo_article">{{cite web |url=https://grenadarevo.com/glossary/new-jewel-movement/ |date=10 March 2019 |title=New Jewel Movement (NJM) - Caribbean Glossary |website=Grenada Revo}}</ref> The ''New Jewel'' newspaper, the party's principal publication, featured the motto: "Not Just Another Society – But a Just Society; Let Those who Labour Hold the Reins."<ref name="Grenada_Revo_article"/>

From 1973 to 1979, the NJM functioned as an opposition party. During those years, the country's political situation became increasingly polarized and violent. For the [[1976 Grenadian general election|1976 general election]], the NJM forged an electoral coalition, known as the People's Alliance, with the [[Grenada National Party]] and United People's Party. However, the coalition lost to [[Eric Gairy|Prime Minister Eric Gairy]]'s ruling [[Grenada United Labour Party]]. Many international observers branded the 1976 election as fraudulent.<ref name=N1 /> In the late 1970s, the NJM became more militant and formed the National Liberation Army (NLA), also known as "the 12 Apostles".

== Revolution ==
On 13 March 1979, the NJM launched a revolutionary coup against the government of Prime Minister Gairy while he was away visiting the U.S.<ref name="Sunkara_article">{{cite news |last=Sunkara |first=Bhaskar |title=The US invaded the island of Grenada 40 years ago. The legacy of revolution lives on
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/oct/25/the-us-invaded-the-island-of-grenada-40-years-ago-the-legacy-of-revolution-lives-on 
|date=25 October 2023 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Within hours, the NJM gained control of the country's military barracks, radio stations, government buildings, and police stations.<ref name="Sunkara_article"/> Maurice Bishop then suspended the constitution and announced that the NJM was now a provisional revolutionary government, the [[People's Revolutionary Government]] (PRG), with himself as Prime Minister.

Shortly after taking power, the NJM created the [[People's Revolutionary Army (Grenada)|People's Revolutionary Army]], granting them "the powers of arrest and search as are vested in the members of the [[Royal Grenada Police Force]]."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dx-PAgAAQBAJ&dq=1979+People%27s+Revolutionary+Army+(Grenada)&pg=PA183 |isbn=9781135338053 |title=Commonwealth Caribbean Constitutional Law |date=4 March 2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

After the revolution, the NJM described itself as a Marxist–Leninist vanguard party, but not a communist party because it didn't believe it had advanced sufficiently to earn that label. According to the NJM, it "practiced policies to reach a point where a communist party could be formed, but considered themselves unready, due to the party not being led by a proletarian class, and due to the low level of education in Marxist-Leninist politics."<ref name="Nandwani_article">{{cite web |last=Nandwani |first=Ravi |year=2013 |title=The Rise and Fall of the New Jewel Movement in Grenada |url=https://www.academia.edu/8012682}}</ref>

== Foreign policy ==
The new government looked to [[Cuba]] for aid since the PRG had a "strained relationship with the United States" right from the outset.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Gary |date=August 2002 |title=Brief Encounter: Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop's Visit to Washington |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3875464 |journal=Journal of Latin American Studies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=659–685 |doi=10.1017/S0022216X02006478 |jstor=3875464|url-access=subscription }}</ref> One of Bishop's first major projects was to supersede the small [[Pearls Airport]] on the north end of the island with a large, modern [[Point Salines International Airport]] on the south end. Over 600 Cuban construction workers were brought in to assist in the project.<ref name="Sunkara_article"/>

The NJM also worked closely with Cuba to provide assistance to left-wing revolutionary movements around the world, such as the [[South West African People's Organization]] (SWAPO) in [[Namibia]] and the [[Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front]] (FMLN) in [[El Salvador]].<ref name="Demographic">{{cite book |last=Domínguez |first=Jorge I. |date=1989 |title=To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0-674-89325-5 |pages=165–166}}</ref>

== Bishop's fall and the American intervention ==
The leaders of the U.S. government, and several other Caribbean nations, expressed concerns about the NJM government because of its close ties with Cuba, its alleged military expansion, and its new airport that could be repurposed as a Soviet-Cuban airbase.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/26/us/briefing-058430.html|title=Briefing|last1=Gailey|first1=Phil|last2=Weaver Jr.|first2=Warren|date=26 March 1983|work=The New York Times|access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the NJM ruling party started showing signs of internal dissension as early as July 1982. That's when [[Bernard Coard|Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard]], who was also the country's finance minister, resigned from the Political Bureau of the NJM Central Committee. According to the recollections of Bishop's press secretary Don Rojas, Coard's reason for resigning was that "he was not satisfied with the style of work and the priorities the Central Committee was addressing itself to. He was not more concrete than that."<ref name="Rojas_interview">{{cite web |last=Wattenmaker |first=Steve |year=1984  |title=Interview with Don Rojas: Grenada - What Went Wrong? |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/grenada/1984/don-rojas.htm |via=Grenadian Revolution Archive}}</ref> When several Central Committee members pressured Coard to be specific, he refused. Other members—who all came out of the OREL organization and were loyal to Coard (Rojas referred to them as the "OREL clique")—backed his decision and allowed him to resign his party posts while retaining his state posts.<ref name="Rojas_interview"/>

During the next year, Coard worked behind the scenes "to advance the OREL people within the Central Committee to very influential positions. Three of them were elevated to the Political Bureau."<ref name="Rojas_interview"/> By September 1983, the schism in NJM leadership had reached a crisis point. The "Coard faction" voiced their doubts about Prime Minister Bishop's continuing effectiveness and attempted to convince him to accept a power-sharing arrangement with Coard, wherein the two men would be co-equal leaders of the country.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fletcher, Jr. |first=Bill |date=December 4, 2023 |website=The Real News Network |title=Remembering the Rise and Fall of Grenada's New Jewel Movement |url=https://therealnews.com/remembering-the-rise-and-fall-of-grenadas-new-jewel-movement}}</ref> After a couple weeks of consideration, Bishop rejected the idea, which precipitated a disastrous sequence of events.<ref name="Jacobin_article">{{cite magazine |last=Burtenshaw |first=Ronan |date=2 September 2019 |url=https://jacobin.com/2019/09/grenada-revolution-maurice-bishop-reagan |title=Grenada's Revolution Should Never Be Forgotten |magazine=Jacobin}}</ref>

On 13 October, Coard took control of the PRG and placed Bishop under house arrest.<ref name="Amnesty_Intl_Article">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/amr320012003en.pdf |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]
|title=The Grenada 17: Last of the cold war prisoners? |date=October 2003}}</ref> Bishop's arrest, once it became known, triggered demonstrations and strikes throughout the country. On 19 October, Bishop was freed by a crowd estimated at 15,000 to 30.000 supporters.<ref name="Amnesty_Intl_Article"/> Bishop led the crowd to army headquarters at Fort Rupert. Eventually a military force from Fort Frederick (under Coard’s direction) arrived at the headquarters and fighting broke out. Many civilians were killed.<ref name="Sunkara_article"/> Bishop and seven others—[[Jacqueline Creft]], education minister; Norris Bain, housing minister; [[Unison Whiteman]], foreign minister; and close supporters Fitzroy Bain, Keith Hayling, Evelyn Bullen and Evelyn Maitland—were lined up against a Fort Rupert courtyard wall and executed by firing squad.<ref name="WaPo_article">{{cite news |last1=Powers |first1=Martine |last2=Muldoon |first2=Ted |last3=Svirnovskiy |first3=Rennie |date=8 December 2023 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2023/12/08/grenada-maurice-bishop-missing-remains/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=U.S. may hold key to finding remains of Grenada's prime minister}}</ref> The military transported the bodies to an isolated peninsula known as Calivigny. "Their remains were put in a pit with tires and other debris, and set on fire."<ref name="WaPo_article"/> The remains of Bishop and the others have never been found.

[[File:Grenada Revolution.jpg|thumb|Banner of the Grenada Revolution, located in Grenada National Museum]]

Immediately after Bishop's execution, [[Hudson Austin]] formed a military government. He instituted a 24-hour curfew for four consecutive days under which anyone who left home without authorization would be shot on sight.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burrowes |first=Reynold |title=Revolution and Rescue in Grenada: An Account of the U.S.-Caribbean Invasion |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-313-26066-7 |page=63 |year=1988 |access-date=15 August 2024 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGsYAAAAYAAJ&q=twenty-four-hour%20curfew}}</ref><ref name="Forward_ever_article">{{cite web |last=Boulby |first=Luke |title="Forward ever, backward never": the tragedy of the Grenadian Revolution |url=https://www.marxist.com/forward-ever-backward-never-the-tragedy-of-the-grenadian-revolution.htm |date=30 March 2020 |publisher=In Defence of Marxism}}</ref> Six days later, the [[U.S. invasion of Grenada|United States invaded Grenada]] and overthrew the Austin government. As a consequence of the successful U.S. invasion and occupation, the NJM ceased to exist.<ref name="Grenada_Revo_article"/> 

In 1986, eighteen people involved in the murders of Bishop and the seven others were arrested and tried. Seventeen of them (they came to be known as the [[Grenada 17]]), including Coard and Austin, were found guilty and given lengthy prison sentences.<ref name="Amnesty_Intl_Article"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204905/http://sdonline.org/69/5358/ Shalini Puri, The Grenada Revolution in the Caribbean Present: Operation Urgent Memory]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080212060822/http://therealrevo.com/blog/?page_id=85 The Lost Bishop Photos]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020704050151/http://www.thegrenadarevolutiononline.com/slogans.html The Grenada Revolution Online – Revolutionary Slogans]

{{Grenadian political parties}}
{{Eastern Bloc parties}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Communist parties in Grenada]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Grenada]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1973]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1983]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Grenada]]
[[Category:1983 disestablishments in Grenada]]
[[Category:Formerly ruling communist parties]]