Editing New Netherland

{{Short description|17th-century Dutch colony in North America}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name            = {{native name|nl|Nieuw Nederland|paren=omit}}
| conventional_long_name = New Netherland
| common_name            = New Netherland
| status                 = Colony
| empire                 = [[Dutch colonial empire]]
| established_event1     = Establishment of the first settlers
| established_date1      = 1614
| established_event2     = [[Conquest of New Netherland|Capture of New Amsterdam]]
| established_date2      = August 27, 1664
| established_event3     = [[Treaty of Breda (1667)|Treaty of Breda]]
| established_date3      = July 23, 1667
| established_event4     = [[Reconquest of New Netherland]]
| established_date4      = August 9, 1673
| established_event5     = [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]]
| established_date5      = February 19, 1674
| life_span              = 1614–1667<br>1673–1674
| p1                     = Lenapehoking
| s1                     = Province of New York
| s2                     = Province of New Jersey
| s3                     = Province of Pennsylvania
| s4                     = Delaware Colony
| s5                     = Connecticut Colony
| s6                     = Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
| image_flag             = Prinsenvlag.svg
| flag_caption           = [[Prince's Flag|Flag]] (1614–1652)
| image_coat             = Seal of New Netherland (Sigillum Novi Belgii) Bronze Cast Iron.png
| symbol_type            = Seal<ref group="nb">Inscribed around the [[heraldic]] beaver with a [[Neo-Latin]] translation of the name as ''Novum Belgium'' ("(New) [[Belgium]]" here [[Terminology of the Low Countries|referring to the original Dutch region]]). Also seen in Latin translations as ''Nova Belgica'' or ''Neerlandia''.</ref>
| image_map              = New Netherland 'NOVI BELGII NOVAEQUE ANGLIAE NEC NON PARTIS VIRGINIAE TABULA'.jpg
| image_map_caption      = New Netherland map published by [[Nicolaes Visscher II]] (1649–1702)
| capital                = [[New Amsterdam]]
| currency               = [[Dutch rijksdaalder]], [[Thaler|leeuwendaalder]]
| religion               = [[Dutch Reformed]]<ref name="Wentz 1955 6">{{cite book |last=Wentz |first=Abel Ross |title=A Basic History of Lutheranism in America |year=1955 |publisher=Muhlenberg Press |location=Philadelphia |chapter=New Netherland and New York |page=6}}</ref>
| leader_title1          = '''[[Directors of New Netherland|Director]]'''
| leader_name1           = ([[Directors of New Netherland|List]])
| official_languages     = [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<ref name="The New Netherland Dutch">{{cite web |title = The New Netherland Dutch |work = The People of Colonial Albany live here |date = Feb 2003 |url = http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/nnd.html |access-date = December 8, 2008 |archive-date = March 3, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185638/http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/nnd.html |url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="Un-Pilgrims">{{Cite news |edition = New York |issn = 0362-4331 |author-link = Russell Shorto |page = 39 |last = Shorto |first = Russell |title = The Un-Pilgrims  |work = The New York Times |access-date = March 6, 2009 |date = November 27, 2003 |url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00E0DA1F3BF934A15752C1A9659C8B63}}</ref>
| languages_type         = Minority languages
| languages              = [[Low Saxon]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]], [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]], [[Delaware languages|Delaware]]
| today                  = {{tree list}}
* [[United States]]
** [[Connecticut]]
** [[Delaware]]
** [[New Jersey]]
** [[New York (state)|New York]]
** {{nowr|[[Pennsylvania]]}}
{{tree list/end}}
| population_estimate    = 350 (in 1630)<ref name="popstats"/> <br> 4,301 (in 1650)<ref name="popstats"/> <br> 9,000 (in 1674)
| population_census      =
| demonym                = [[New Netherlander]]<br>New Dutch
| area_km2               =
| area_rank              =
| GDP_PPP                =
| GDP_PPP_year           =
| HDI                    =
| HDI_year               =
| flag_width             =
}}
{{New Netherland}}

'''New Netherland''' ({{langx|nl|Nieuw Nederland}}) was a [[colony]] of the [[Dutch Republic]] located on the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] of what is now the [[United States]]. The claimed territories extended from the [[Delmarva Peninsula]] to [[Cape Cod]]. Settlements were established in what became the states of [[New York (state)|New York]], [[New Jersey]], [[Delaware]], and [[Connecticut]], with small outposts in [[Pennsylvania]] and [[Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/geyl001gesc01_01/geyl001gesc01_01_0029.php | title=P. Geyl, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse stam · DBNL }}</ref>

The colony was originally conceived by the [[Dutch West India Company]] (GWC) in 1621 to capitalize on the [[North American fur trade]]. Settlement initially stalled because of policy mismanagement by the GWC and conflicts with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. The settlement of [[New Sweden]] by the [[Swedish South Company]] encroached on its southern flank, while its eastern border was redrawn to accommodate the English colonies of an expanding [[New England Confederation]]. 

The colony experienced dramatic growth during the 1650s and became a major center for trade across the [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic]]. The Dutch [[Conquest of New Sweden|conquered]] New Sweden in 1655 but, during the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]], surrendered New Netherland to the English following the capture of [[New Amsterdam]]. In 1673, the [[Reconquest of New Netherland|Dutch retook]] the colony but relinquished it under the [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)]] that ended the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]].

The inhabitants of New Netherland ([[New Netherlander]]s) were European colonists, [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], and Africans imported as slave laborers. Not including Native Americans, the colonial population, many of whom were not of Dutch descent,<ref>Peter Eisenstadt, ed. ''Encyclopedia of New York State'' (Syracuse UP, 2005) p. 1051.</ref><ref>Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen. Exploring Historic Dutch New York, 2013.</ref><ref>Oliver A. Rink, Holland on the Hudson: An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986, p. 156.</ref> was 4,301 in 1650<ref name="popstats"/> and 8,000 to 9,000 at the time of transfer to England in 1674.

==Origin==
[[File:Wpdms aq block 1614.jpg|thumb|A map based on [[Adriaen Block]]'s 1614 expedition to New Netherland, featuring the first use of the name. It was created by Dutch cartographers in the [[:Category:Dutch exploration in the Age of Discovery|Golden Age of Dutch exploration]] ({{Circa|1590s}}–1720s) and [[Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography|Netherlandish cartography]] ({{Circa|1570s}}–1670s).]]
[[File:Nova Belgica Et Anglia Nova (New Netherland and New England) Blaeu Map c1634.jpg|thumb|A map of New Netherland and [[New England Colonies|New England]], with north to the right]]
During the 17th century, Europe was undergoing expansive social, cultural, and economic growth, known as the [[Dutch Golden Age]] in the Netherlands. Nations vied for domination of lucrative trade routes around the globe, particularly those to Asia.<ref name="frontiers.loc.gov">{{cite web|title=The Dutch in America, 1609–1664|work=The Atlantic World|format=The Library of Congress Global Gateway|language=en, nl|url=http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/awkbhtml/kb-1/kb-1.html#track1|access-date=December 25, 2008|archive-date=May 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528132217/http://frontiers.loc.gov/intldl/awkbhtml/kb-1/kb-1.html#track1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Simultaneously, philosophical and theological conflicts were manifested in military battles throughout the European continent. The [[Dutch Republic]] had become a home to many intellectuals, international businessmen, and religious refugees. In [[the Americas]], the English had a settlement at [[Jamestown, Virginia]], the French had small settlements at [[Port-Royal (Acadia)|Port Royal]] and [[Quebec City|Quebec]], and the Spanish were developing colonies in South America and the Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sandler|first=Corey|title=Henry Hudson Dreams and Obsession|isbn=978-08065-2739-0|year=2007|publisher=Kensington Books |url=https://archive.org/details/henryhudsondream00sand}}</ref>

In 1609, English sea captain and explorer [[Henry Hudson]] was hired by the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) to find a [[Northeast Passage]] to Asia, sailing around Scandinavia and Russia. The ice of the Arctic turned him back in his second attempt, so he sailed west to seek a [[Northwest Passage]] rather than return home. He ended up exploring the waters off the northeast coast of [[North America]] aboard the [[flyboat]] ''[[Halve Maen]]''. His first landfall was at [[Newfoundland]] and the second at [[Cape Cod]].

Hudson believed that the passage to the Pacific Ocean was between the [[St. Lawrence River]] and [[Chesapeake Bay]], so he sailed south to the Bay, then turned northward, traveling close along the shore. From [[Delaware Bay]], he began to sail upriver looking for the passage. This effort was foiled by sandy shoals, and the ''Halve Maen'' continued north along the coast. After passing [[Sandy Hook, New Jersey|Sandy Hook]], Hudson and his crew entered [[the Narrows]] into the [[Upper New York Bay]].<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-01207-1|last=Wroth|first=Lawrence|title=The Voyages of Giovanni da Verrazzano, 1524–1528|location = New Haven|year=1970| url=https://archive.org/details/voyagesofgiovann0000wrot}}</ref> Hudson believed that he had found the continental water route, so he sailed up the [[Hudson River|major river]] that now bears his name. He found the water too shallow to proceed several days later at the site of [[Troy, New York]].<ref>[http://www.s4ulanguages.com/delaet.html ''Nieuwe Wereldt ofte Beschrijvinghe van West-Indien, uit veelerhande Schriften ende Aen-teekeningen van verscheyden Natien'' (Leiden, Bonaventure & Abraham Elseviers, 1625)] p. 84</ref>

Upon returning to the Netherlands, Hudson reported that he had found fertile land and amicable people willing to engage his crew in small-scale bartering of furs, trinkets, clothes, and small manufactured goods. His report was first published in 1611 by [[Emanuel van Meteren]], the Dutch Consul at London. This stimulated interest<ref>[http://www.s4ulanguages.com/delaet.html ''Nieuwe Wereldt ofte Beschrijvinghe van West-Indien, uit veelerhande Schriften ende Aen-teekeningen van verscheyden Natien (Leiden, Bonaventure & Abraham Elseviers, 1625)''] p. 84</ref> in exploiting this new trade resource, and it was the catalyst for Dutch merchant-traders to fund more expeditions. Merchants such as Arnout Vogels sent the first follow-up voyages to exploit this discovery as early as July 1610.

In 1611–1612, the [[Admiralty of Amsterdam]] sent two covert expeditions to find a passage to China with the yachts ''Craen'' and ''Vos'', captained by Jan Cornelisz Mey and Symon Willemsz Cat respectively. [[Adriaen Block]], [[Hendrick Christiaensen]], and [[Cornelius Jacobsen May|Cornelius Jacobsen Mey]] explored, surveyed, and mapped the area between [[Maryland]] and [[Massachusetts]] in four voyages made between 1611 and 1614. These surveys and charts were consolidated in Block's map, which used the name ''New Netherland'' for the first time; it was also called ''Nova Belgica'' on maps. During this period, there was some trading with the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] population.

Fur trader [[Juan (Jan) Rodriguez|Juan Rodriguez]] was born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent. He arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–1614, trapping for pelts and trading with the Indians as a representative of the Dutch. He was the first recorded non-native inhabitant of New York City.<ref>[http://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/juan-rodriguez-monograph.cfm Juan Rodriguez monograph]. Ccny.cuny.edu. Retrieved on July 23, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/02/honoring-a-very-early-new-yorker/ Honoring Juan Rodriguez, a Settler of New York – NYTimes.com]. Cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved on July 23, 2013.</ref><ref name="Paumgarten 56">{{Cite news | edition = LXXXV, No 26 | issn = 0028-792X | page = 56 | last = Paumgarten | first = Nick | title = Useless Beauty – What is to be done with Governors Island? | magazine = The New Yorker | access-date = September 5, 2015 | date = August 31, 2009 | url = http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/08/31/090831fa_fact_paumgarten }}</ref>

==Development==
===Chartered trading companies===
[[File:West-Indisch Huis.jpg|thumb|The [[West-Indisch Huis (Amsterdam)|West India House]] in [[Amsterdam]], headquarters of the [[Dutch West India Company]] from 1623 to 1647]]
[[File:Het West Indisch Huys - Amsterdam 1655.png|thumb|The storehouse of the Dutch West India Company in Amsterdam, built in 1642, became the headquarters of the board in 1647 because of financial difficulties after the loss of [[Dutch Brazil]].]]

The immediate and intense competition among Dutch trading companies in the newly charted areas led to disputes in Amsterdam and calls for regulation. The [[States General of the Netherlands|States General]] was the governing body of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, and it proclaimed on 17 March 1614, that it would grant an exclusive patent for trade between the 40th and 45th parallels. This monopoly would be valid for four voyages, and all four voyages had to be undertaken within three years of the award. The [[New Netherland Company]] was an alliance of trading companies, and they used [[Adrian Block]]'s map to win a patent that expired on 1 January 1618.<ref>{{cite web| title = Grant of Exclusive Trade to New Netherland by the States-General of the United Netherlands; October 11, 1614| year = 2008| url = http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/charter_011.asp}}</ref>

The New Netherland Company also ordered a survey of the [[Delaware Valley]], and [[Cornelius Hendrickson|Cornelis Hendricksz]] of [[Monnickendam]] explored the [[Delaware River|''Zuyd Rivier'']] (South River) in 1616 from its bay to its northernmost navigable reaches. His observations were preserved in a map drawn in 1616. Hendricksz made his voyages aboard the ''IJseren Vercken'' (Iron Hog), a vessel built in America. Despite the survey, the company was unable to secure an exclusive patent from the States General for the area between the 38th and 40th parallels.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jaap Jacobs|year=2005|title=New Netherland: A Dutch Colony In Seventeenth-Century America|publisher=Leiden: Brill|isbn=90-04-12906-5|page=35}}</ref>

The States General issued patents in 1614 for the development of New Netherland as a private, commercial venture. Soon after, traders built [[Fort Nassau (North River)|Fort Nassau]] on [[Castle Island (New York)|Castle Island]] in the area of [[Albany, New York|Albany]] up Hudson's river. The fort was to defend river traffic against interlopers and to conduct [[North American fur trade|fur trading]] operations with the Indians. The location of the fort proved to be impractical, however, due to repeated flooding of the island in the summers, and it was abandoned in 1618<ref>{{cite web| title = A Virtual Tour of New Netherland: Fort Nassau| work = The New Netherland Institute| access-date = June 9, 2009| url = http://www.nnp.org/vtour/regions/Albany/fortnassau.html| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120905204757/http://www.nnp.org/vtour/regions/Albany/fortnassau.html| url-status = usurped| archive-date = September 5, 2012}}</ref> when the patent expired.

The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands granted a charter to the [[Dutch West India Company]] (GWC) (''Geoctroyeerde Westindische Compagnie'') on 3 June 1621,<ref name="WestIndiaCompanyCharter">{{Citation| title = Charter of the Dutch West India Company: 1621| year = 2008| url = http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/westind.asp}}</ref> which gave the company the exclusive right to operate in West Africa (between the [[Tropic of Cancer]] and the [[Cape of Good Hope]]) and the Americas.<ref name="WestIndiaCompanyCharter"/>

[[Willem Usselincx]] was one of the founders of the GWC, and he promoted the concept that the company's main goal should be to establish colonies in the New World. In 1620, Usselincx made a last appeal to the States General, which rejected his principal vision as a primary goal. The legislators preferred the formula of trading posts with small populations and a military presence to protect them, which was working in the East Indies, versus encouraging mass immigration and establishing large colonies. The company did not focus on colonization in America until 1654 when it was forced to surrender [[Dutch Brazil]] and forfeit the richest sugar-producing area in the world.

===Indigenous population===
{{euromericas}}

The first trading partners of the [[New Netherlander]]s were the [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquins]] who lived in the area.<ref>[http://www.lowensteyn.com/iroquois/ Lowensteyn]. Lowensteyn (November 3, 2006). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.</ref> The Dutch depended on the native nations to capture, skin, and deliver pelts to them, especially beaver. It is likely that Hudson's peaceful contact with the [[Mahican]]s encouraged them to establish [[Fort Nassau (North River)|Fort Nassau]] in 1614, the first of many garrisoned trading stations. In 1628, the [[Mohawk nation|Mohawk]]s (members of the [[Iroquois|Iroquois Confederacy]]) conquered the Mahicans, who retreated to Connecticut. The Mohawks gained a near-monopoly in the fur trade with the Dutch, as they controlled the upstate [[Adirondack Mountains|Adirondacks]] and [[Mohawk Valley]] through the center of New York.<ref name="ruttenber910746">{{Cite book
| edition = 3rd
| publisher = Hope Farm Press
| isbn = 0-910746-98-2
| last = Ruttenber
| first = E.M.
| title = Indian Tribes of Hudson's River
| year = 2001
}}</ref>

The Algonquin [[Lenape]] population around [[New York Bay]] and along the lower [[Hudson River]] were seasonally migrational people. The Dutch called the numerous band collectively the River Indians,<ref name="ruttenber910746"/><ref>{{cite web
| title = Dutch Colonization
| work = Kingston: A national register of historic places travel itinerary
| url = http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm}}
</ref> known the exonyms associated with place names as the [[Wecquaesgeek]], [[Hackensack (Native Americans)|Hackensacks]], [[Raritan (Native Americans)|Raritans]], [[Canarsee]], and [[Tappan (Native Americans)|Tappans]]. These groups had the most frequent contact with the New Netherlanders. The Munsee inhabited the [[New York-New Jersey Highlands|Highlands]], Hudson Valley, and [[Skylands region|northern New Jersey]],<ref name="ruttenber910746"/> while the [[Susquehannock]]s lived west of the [[Delaware River]] along the Susquehanna River, which the Dutch regarded as their boundary with Virginia.

Company policy required land to be purchased from the Indians. The Dutch West India Company would offer a land patent, and the recipient would be responsible for negotiating a deal with representatives of the local tribes, usually the ''sachem'' or high chief. The Indians referred to the Dutch colonists as ''Swannekins'', or ''salt water people''; they had vastly different conceptions of ownership and use of land than the colonists did, and difficulties sometimes arose concerning the expectations on both sides.<ref name="ruttenber910746"/> The colonists thought that their proffer of gifts in the form of ''[[sewant]]'' or manufactured goods was a trade agreement and defense alliance, which gave them exclusive rights to farming, hunting, and fishing. Often, the Indians did not vacate the property or reappeared seasonally according to their migration patterns. They were willing to share the land with the colonists, but the Indians did not intend to leave or give up access. This misunderstanding and other differences led to violent conflict later. At the same time, such differences marked the beginnings of a multicultural society.<ref name="Shorto">{{cite book |title=The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America |last=Shorto |first=Russell |author-link=Russell Shorto |year=2004 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=1-4000-7867-9 }}{{page?|date=October 2024}}</ref>

===Early settlement===
{{Main|Governors Island}}
{{See also|Fortifications of New Netherland|New Netherland settlements}}
[[File:Nieuw Nederland.png|thumb|A map showing the area claimed by the Dutch in [[North America]] and several Dutch settlements compared to present-day boundaries]]
Like the French in the north, the Dutch focused their interest on the [[fur trade]]. To that end, they cultivated contingent relations with the Five Nations of the Iroquois to procure greater access to key central regions from which the skins came.

The Dutch encouraged a kind of feudal aristocracy over time to attract settlers to the region of the Hudson River in what became known as the system of the [[Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions]]. Further south, a Swedish trading company that had ties with the Dutch tried to establish its first settlement along the Delaware River three years later. Without resources to consolidate its position, [[New Sweden]] was gradually absorbed by New Holland and later in Pennsylvania and Delaware.

In 1613, temporary camp comprising a number of small huts was built by the crew of the "''Tijger''" (''Tiger''), a Dutch ship under the command of Captain [[Adriaen Block]], which had caught fire while sailing on the Hudson.<ref>{{cite web|last=Welling|first=George M.|title=The United States of America and the Netherlands: The First Dutch Settlers|work=From Revolution to Reconstruction|date=November 24, 2004|url=http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/E/newnetherlands/nl2.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206204325/http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/E/newnetherlands/nl2.htm| archive-date = February 6, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Soon after, the first of two [[Fort Nassau (North River)|Fort Nassau]]s was built  at the confluence of the Hudson (North River) and Mohawk rivers, and small ''factorijen'' or trading posts went up, where  commerce could be conducted with the [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian]] and [[Iroquois]] population, possibly at [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], [[Esopus, New York|Esopus]], [[Quinnipiac River|Quinnipiac]], [[Communipaw]], and elsewhere.

In 1624, New Netherland became a province of the Dutch Republic, which had lowered the northern border of its North American dominion to [[42nd parallel north|42 degrees latitude]] in acknowledgment of the claim by the English north of Cape Cod.<ref group="nb">See John Smith's 1616 map as self-appointed Admiral of New England.</ref> The Dutch named the three main rivers of the province the ''Zuyd Rivier'' ([[Delaware River|South River]]), the ''Noort Rivier'' ([[North River (Hudson River)|North River]]), and the ''Versche Rivier'' ([[Connecticut River|Fresh River]]). Discovery, charting, and permanent settlement were needed to maintain a territorial claim. To this end in May 1624, the GWC landed 30 families at [[Fort Orange (New Netherland)|Fort Orange]] and ''Noten Eylant'' (today's [[Governors Island]]) at the mouth of the North River. They disembarked from the ship ''Nieu Nederlandt'', under the command of [[Cornelius Jacobsen May|Cornelis Jacobsz May]], the first [[Director of New Netherland|Director of the New Netherland]]. He was replaced the following year by [[Willem Verhulst]].

In June 1625, 45 additional colonists disembarked on ''Noten Eylant'' from three ships named ''Horse'', ''Cow'', and ''Sheep'', which also delivered 103 horses, steers, cows, pigs, and sheep. Most settlers were dispersed to the various garrisons built across the territory: upstream to [[Fort Orange (New Netherland)|Fort Orange]], to ''[[Old Saybrook, Connecticut|Kievits Hoek]]'' on the Fresh River, and [[Fort Wilhelmus]] on the South River.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Empire State: A History of New York|last=Rink|first=Oliver A.|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8014-3866-0|editor-last=Klien|editor-first=Milton M.|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last        =Bert van Steeg|title=Walen in de Wildernis|work=De wereld van Peter Stuyvesant|language=nl|url=http://stuyvesant.library.uu.nl/kaarten/steegessay.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517171002/http://stuyvesant.library.uu.nl/kaarten/steegessay.htm|archive-date=May 17, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1624 In the Unity (Eendracht)|work=Rootsweb Ancestry.com|url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nycoloni/shfrsten.html}}</ref> Many of the settlers were not Dutch but [[Walloons]], French [[Huguenot]]s, or [[African Americans|Africans]] (most as enslaved labor, some later gaining "half-free" status).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slavenorth.com/newyork.htm|title=Slavery in New York|website=www.slavenorth.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Slavery in New Netherland / De slavernij in Nieuw Nederland|work=The Atlantic World / De Atlantische Wereld|format=The Library of Congress Global Gateway|language=en, nl|url=http://international.loc.gov/intldl/awkbhtml/kb-1/kb-1-2-3.html#track1}}</ref>

===North River and the Manhattan===
{{Main|New Amsterdam}}
{{See also|History of Brooklyn|History of Albany, New York|Rondout, New York|Bergen, New Netherland}}
[[File:Manatvs gelegen op de Noot Riuier.jpg|thumb|A {{Circa|1639}} map, ''Manatvs gelegen op de Noot Riuier'' ([[Manhattan]] situated on the North River) with the north arrow pointing to the right]]
[[Peter Minuit]] became [[Director of New Netherland|Director of the New Netherland]] in 1626 and made a decision that greatly affected the new colony. Originally, the capital of the province was to be located on the South River,<ref name="Rink">{{cite book
|last=Rink
|first=Oliver
|title=Dutch New York:The Roots of Hudson Valley Culture
|year=2009
|publisher=Fordham University Press; Hudson River Museum
|location=Yonkers, NY
|isbn=978-0-8232-3039-6
|chapter=Seafarers ad Businessmen
|page=20}}
</ref> but it was soon realized that the location was susceptible to mosquito infestation in the summer and the freezing of its waterways in the winter. He chose instead the island of [[Manhattan]] at the mouth of the river explored by [[Henry Hudson|Hudson]], at that time called the [[North River (Hudson River)|North River]].

Minuit traded some goods with the local population and reported that he had purchased it from the natives, as was company policy. He ordered the construction of [[Fort Amsterdam]] at its southern tip, around which grew the heart of the province called [[New York Harbor|The Manhattoes]] in the vocabulary of the day, rather than New Netherland.<ref>{{Cite book
| publisher = Macmillan
| volume = 1
| last = van Rensselaer
|author2=Mariana Schulyer
 | title = The History of the city of New York
| location = New York
| year = 1909
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Gibson Burton|title=The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record|year=1937|page=6|publisher=The New York Genealogical & Biographical Society}}Cornelis Meyln: "I was obliged to flee for the sake of saving my life, and to sojourn with wife and children at the Menatans till the year 1647."</ref> According to a letter by Pieter Janszoon Schagen, [[Peter Minuit]] and Walloon colonists of the [[Dutch West India Company|West India Company]] acquired the island of Manhattan on May 24, 1626, from unnamed native people, who are believed to have been [[Metoac|Canarsee Indians]] of the [[Manhattoe]], in exchange for traded goods worth 60 [[guilder]]s,<ref name="New Netherland Institute">{{cite web|url=http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/additional-resources/dutch-treats/peter-schagen-letter/|title=Peter Schaghen Letter with transcription|publisher=New Netherland Institute|date=November 7, 1626|access-date=February 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324021546/http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/additional-resources/dutch-treats/peter-schagen-letter|archive-date=March 24, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> often said to be worth US$24. The figure of 60 guilders comes from a letter by a representative of the [[Dutch Estates General]] and member of the board of the [[Dutch West India Company]], Pieter Janszoon Schagen, to the Estates General in November 1626.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/ |title=Peter Schaghen Letter with transcription. New Netherland Institute (1626-11-07). Retrieved on 2015-02-16. |access-date=May 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206015837/https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/ |archive-date=February 6, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1846, New York historian [[John Romeyn Brodhead]] converted the figure of Fl 60 (or 60 guilders) to [[United States dollar|US$]]24 (he arrived at $24 = Fl 60/2.5, because the US dollar was erroneously equated with the [[Dutch rijksdaalder]] having a standard value of 2.5 guilders).<ref name="NeviusNevius2009">{{cite book|last1=Nevius|first1=Michelle|last2=Nevius|first2=James|title=Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8K5OCC4CMwC&pg=PA9|date=2009|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4165-8997-6|page=9}}</ref> "[A] variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars," as authors [[Edwin G. Burrows]] and [[Mike Wallace (historian)|Mike Wallace]] remarked in their history of New York.<ref name=":0">[[Edwin G. Burrows]] and [[Mike Wallace (historian)|Mike Wallace]], ''[[Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898]]'', (1999: xivff)</ref>

In 1626, sixty guilders were valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006 and $963 in 2020, according to the Institute for Social History of Amsterdam.<ref>The International Institute for Social History, Amsterdam [http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate.php calculates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902122555/http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate.php |date=September 2, 2017 }} its value as 60 guilders (1626) = [[Euro|€]]678.91 (2006), equal to about $1,000 in 2006 and $963 in 2020. However, these are underestimates because of the immediate devaluation of the euro at its introduction.</ref> Based on the [[silver standard|price of silver]], "[[The Straight Dope]]" [[Column (periodical)|newspaper column]] calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992.<ref name="straightdope.com">[http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/715/how-much-would-the-24-paid-for-manhattan-be-worth-in-todays-money How much would the $24 paid for Manhattan be worth in today's money?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209194849/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/715/how-much-would-the-24-paid-for-manhattan-be-worth-in-todays-money/ |date=February 9, 2019 }}. [[The Straight Dope]] (July 31, 1992). Retrieved on July 23, 2013.</ref> Historians James and Michelle Nevius revisited the issue in 2014, suggesting that using the prices of beer and brandy as monetary equivalencies, the price Minuit paid would have the purchasing power of somewhere between $2,600 and $15,600 in current dollars.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nevius|first1=James|last2=Nevius|first2=Michelle|title=Footprints in New York: Tracing the Lives of Four Centuries of New Yorkers|location=Guilford, Conn.|publisher=Lyons Press|date=2014|isbn=978-0-7627-9636-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y70AgAAQBAJ}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> According to the writer [[Nathaniel Benchley]], Minuit conducted the transaction with Seyseys, chief of the [[Canarsee Indian|Canarsee]], who were willing to accept valuable merchandise in exchange for the island that was mostly controlled by the [[Wappinger#Wecquaesgeek|Weckquaesgeeks]], a band of the [[Wappinger]].<ref>[http://www.americanheritage.com/content/24-swindle Benchley, Nathaniel. "The $24 Swindle: The Indians who sold Manhattan were bilked, all right, but they didn't mind — the land wasn't theirs anyway."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128115246/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/24-swindle |date=November 28, 2018 }} ''American Heritage'', Vol. 11, no. 1 (December 1959).</ref>

The port city of [[New Amsterdam]] outside the fort walls became a major hub for trade between North America, the Caribbean, and Europe, and where raw materials were loaded, such as pelts, lumber, and tobacco. Sanctioned [[privateer]]ing contributed to its growth. It was given its municipal charter in 1653,<ref>[http://www.council.nyc.gov/html/about/history.shtml] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620053608/http://www.council.nyc.gov/html/about/history.shtml|date=June 20, 2012}}</ref> by which time the [[New Amsterdam|Commonality of New Amsterdam]] included the isle of Manhattan, [[Staten Island|Staaten Eylandt]], [[Pavonia, New Netherland|Pavonia]], and the [[History of Brooklyn|Lange Eylandt]] towns.<ref>Map of Long Island Townshttp://www.bklyn-genealogy-info.com/Town/OldBklyn.html</ref>

In the hope of encouraging immigration, the Dutch West India Company established the [[Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions]] in 1629, which gave it the power to offer vast land grants and the title of ''[[patroon]]'' to some of its invested members.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web
 |last        = Johan van Hartskamp
 |title       = De West-Indische Compagnie En Haar Belangen in Nieuw-Nederland Een Overzicht (1621–1664)
 |work        = De wereld van Peter Stuyvesant
 |url         = http://stuyvesant.library.uu.nl/kaarten/wic.htm
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20051202143144/http://stuyvesant.library.uu.nl/kaarten/wic.htm
 |archive-date = December 2, 2005
 |df          = mdy-all
}}</ref> The vast tracts were called ''patroonships'', and the title came with powerful [[Manorialism|manorial]] [[rights]] and [[Privilege (legal ethics)|privilege]]s, such as the creation of [[Civil law (common law)|civil]] and [[criminal law|criminal]] [[court]]s and the appointing of local officials. In return, a ''patroon'' was required by the [[Dutch West India Company|Company]] to establish a settlement of at least 50 families within four years<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4066/ |title = Conditions as Created by their Lords Burgomasters of Amsterdam |website = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1656 |access-date = July 28, 2013 }}</ref> who would live as tenant farmers. Of the original five patents given, the largest and only truly successful endeavor was [[Manor of Rensselaerswyck|Rensselaerswyck]],<ref name="wellingnieuwnl">{{cite web
| last = Welling
| first = George M.
| title = The United States of America and the Netherlands: Nieuw Nederland&nbsp;— New Netherland
| work = From Revolution to Reconstruction
| date = March 6, 2003
| url = http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/E/newnetherlands/nl4.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100226130736/http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/E/newnetherlands/nl4.htm
| archive-date = February 26, 2010
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> at the highest navigable point on the North River,<ref>{{cite web
| title = The Patroon System / Het systeem van patroonschappen
| work = The Atlantic World / De Atlantische Wereld
| format = The Library of Congress Global Gateway
| access-date = March 6, 2009
| url = http://international.loc.gov/intldl/awkbhtml/kb-1/kb-1-2-2.html#track1
}}</ref> which became the main thoroughfare of the province. [[Beverwyck|Beverwijck]] grew from a trading post to a bustling, independent town in the midst of Rensselaerwyck, as did [[Kingston, New York|Wiltwyck]], south of the ''patroonship'' in [[Esopus, New York|Esopus]] country.

===Kieft's War===
{{Main|Kieft's War}}
[[Willem Kieft]] was [[Director of New Netherland]] from 1638 until 1647. The colony had grown somewhat before his arrival, reaching 8,000 population in 1635. Yet it did not flourish, and Kieft was under pressure to cut costs. At this time, Indian tribes that had signed mutual defense treaties with the Dutch were gathering near the colony due to widespread warfare and dislocation among the tribes to the north. At first, he suggested collecting tribute from the Indians,<ref>{{cite book |last=Jacobs  |first=Jaap  |title=New Netherland: A Dutch Colony In Seventeenth-Century America |year=2005  |publisher= Brill|quote=Both in the way it was set up and in the extent of its rights, the council of Twelve Men, as did the two later advisory bodies ... | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uex2budtSOUC&pg=RA1-PA136 |isbn=90-04-12906-5 |location=Leiden }}</ref> as was common among the various dominant tribes, but his demands were simply ignored by the [[Tappan (Native Americans)|Tappan]] and [[Wappinger#Wecquaesgeek|Wecquaesgeek]]. Subsequently, a colonist was murdered in an act of revenge for some killings that had taken place years earlier and the Indians refused to turn over the perpetrator. Kieft suggested that they be taught a lesson by ransacking their villages. In an attempt to gain public support, he created the Citizens Commission the [[Twelve Men|Council of Twelve Men]].

The Council did not rubber-stamp his ideas, as he had expected them to, but took the opportunity to mention grievances that they had with the company's mismanagement and its unresponsiveness to their suggestions. Kieft thanked and disbanded them and, against their advice, ordered that groups of Tappan and Wecquaesgeek be attacked at [[Pavonia, New Netherland|Pavonia]] and [[Lower East Side|Corlear's Hook]], even though they had sought refuge from their more powerful [[Mohicans|Mohican]] enemies per their treaty understandings with the Dutch. The massacre left 130 dead. Within days, the surrounding tribes united and rampaged the countryside, in a unique move, forcing settlers who escaped to find safety at Fort Amsterdam. For two years, a series of raids and reprisals raged across the province, until 1645 when [[Kieft's War]] ended with a treaty, in a large part brokered by the [[Hackensack (Native Americans)|Hackensack]] [[sagamore (title)|sagamore]] [[Oratam]].<ref name="ruttenber910746"/>

The colonists were disenchanted with Kieft, his ignorance of Indigenous peoples, and the unresponsiveness of the GWC to their rights and requests, and they submitted the Remonstrance of New Netherland to the [[States General of the Netherlands|States General]].<ref>{{Cite news| issn = 1086-6728| volume = 5| issue = 4| pages = 28–33| last = de Koning| first = Joep M.J.| title = From Van der Donck to Visscher: A 1648 View of New Amsterdam| work = Mercator's World| date = August 2000| url = http://www.mercatorsworld.com/504visscher.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20000816185818/http://www.mercatorsworld.com/504visscher.html| archive-date = August 16, 2000}}</ref> This document was written by [[Leiden University|Leiden-educated]] New Netherland lawyer [[Adriaen van der Donck]], condemning the GWC for mismanagement and demanding full rights as citizens of the province of the Netherlands.<ref name="Shorto" />

===Director-General Stuyvesant===
[[File:St Mark's Church - New York City.jpg|thumb|[[St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery]], site of [[Peter Stuyvesant]]'s grave]]
[[Peter Stuyvesant]] arrived in New Amsterdam in 1647, the only [[governor]] of the colony to be called [[Director of New Netherland|Director-General]].
Some years earlier, land ownership policy was liberalized, and trading was somewhat deregulated, and many [[New Netherlander]]s considered themselves [[entrepreneur]]s in a [[free market]]. The population had reached about 15,000, including 500 on Manhattan Island.<ref name="Shorto" />

During the period of his governorship, the province experienced exponential growth.<ref name="wellingnieuwnl"/> Demands were made upon Stuyvesant from all sides: the GWC, the States General, and the New Netherlanders. The English were nibbling at Dutch territory to the north and the [[New Sweden|Swedes]] to the south, while in the heart of the province, the [[Lenape|Esopus]] were trying to contain further Dutch expansion. Discontent in New Amsterdam led locals to dispatch Adriaen van der Donck back to the United Provinces to seek redress. After nearly three years of legal and political wrangling, the Dutch Government came down against the GWC, granting the colony a measure of self-government and recalling Stuyvesant in April 1652. However, the orders were rescinded with the outbreak of the [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] a month later.<ref name="Shorto" />  Military battles were occurring in the [[Caribbean]] and along the [[Atlantic Ocean|South Atlantic]] coast. In 1654, the Netherlands lost [[Dutch Brazil|New Holland]] in Brazil to Portugal, encouraging some of its residents to emigrate north and making the North American colonies more appealing to some investors. The [[Esopus Wars]] are so named for the branch of [[Lenape]] that lived around Wiltwijck, today's [[Kingston, New York|Kingston]], which was the Dutch settlement on the west bank of [[Hudson River]] between [[Albany, New York|Beverwyk]] and [[New Amsterdam]]. These conflicts were generally over settlement of land by New Netherlanders for which contracts had not been clarified, and were seen by the natives as an unwanted incursion into their territory. Previously, the Esopus, a clan of the [[Munsee]] Lenape, had much less contact with the [[Hackensack (Native Americans)|River Indians]] and the [[Mohawk nation|Mohawks]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Otto, Paul |title=The Dutch-Munsee Encounter in America: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Hudson Valley|year=2006|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=1-57181-672-0|author-link=Paul Otto (historian)}}</ref>
According to historian Eleanor Bruchey:
:Peter Stuyvesant was essentially a difficult man thrust into a difficult position. Quick tempered, self-confident, and authoritarian, he was determined...to rule firmly and to repair the fortunes of the company. The company, however, had run the colony solely for trade profits, with scant attention to encouraging immigration and developing local government. Stuyvesant's predecessors...had been dishonest or, at best, inept, so there was no tradition of respect and support for the governorship on which he could build. Furthermore, the colonists were vocal and quick to challenge authority....Throughout his administration there were constant complaints to the company of his tyrannical acts and pressure for more local self-government....His religious intolerance also exacerbated relations with the colonists, most of whom did not share his narrow outlook.<ref>Eleanor Bruchey, "Stuyvesant, Peter" in John A. Garraty, ed. ''Encyclopedia of American Biography'' (2nd ed. 1996) p. 1065 [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062700179/page/94/mode/2up online]</ref>

==Society==
{{Historical populations
|type= USA
|1630|350
|1640|2030
|1650|4301
|1660|5476
|footnote=Source: 1630–1660<ref name="popstats">{{cite book|first=Thomas L.|last=Purvis|editor-first=Richard|editor-last=Balkin|title=Colonial America to 1763|year=1999|place=New York|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]]|isbn=978-0816025275|pages=[https://archive.org/details/colonialamericat00purv_0/page/128 128–129]|url=https://archive.org/details/colonialamericat00purv_0/page/128}}</ref>
}}

[[New Netherlander]]s were not necessarily Dutch, and New Netherland was never a homogeneous society.<ref name="Un-Pilgrims"/> Governor [[Peter Minuit]] was a [[Walloons|Walloon]] born in what is now Germany who also spoke English and worked for a Dutch company.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Goodwin|first=Maud Wilder|editor=Allen Johnson|title=Dutch and English on the Hudson|url=http://www.kellscraft.com/DutchEnglishOnHudson/DutchEnglishOnHudsonContentPage.html|series=The Chronicles of America|publisher=Yale University Press
|chapter=Patroons and Lords of the Manor|chapter-url=http://www.kellscraft.com/DutchEnglishOnHudson/DutchEnglishOnHudsonCh03.html|year=1919}}</ref> The term [[New Netherland Dutch]] generally includes all the Europeans who came to live there,<ref name="The New Netherland Dutch" /> but may also refer to Africans, [[Indo-Caribbean]]s, South Americans, and even the Indians who were integral to the society. Dutch was the official language and likely the lingua franca of the province, although other languages were also spoken.<ref name="Un-Pilgrims" /> There were various [[Algonquian languages]]; Walloons and [[Huguenots]] tended to speak French, and Scandinavians and Germans brought their own tongues. It is likely that the Africans in Manhattan spoke their mother tongues but were taught Dutch from 1638 by Adam Roelantsz van Dokkum.<ref>Jacobs, J. (2005) ''New Netherland: a Dutch colony in seventeenth-century America'', p. 313. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Uex2budtSOUC&q=van+Dokkum]</ref> The arrival of refugees from [[Dutch Brazil|New Holland]] in Brazil may have brought speakers of Portuguese, Spanish, and [[Ladino language|Ladino]] (with Hebrew as a liturgical language). Commercial activity in the harbor could have been transacted simultaneously in any of a number of tongues.<ref>{{cite web
 |title       = A Brief Outline of the History of New Netherland
 |work        = New Netherland History
 |access-date  = July 8, 2009
 |date        = February 2003
 |url         = http://www.coins.nd.edu/ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/Netherlands.html
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090713064126/http://www.coins.nd.edu/ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/Netherlands.html
 |archive-date = July 13, 2009
 |df          = mdy-all
}}</ref>

The Dutch West India Company introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of 11 black slaves who worked as farmers, fur traders, and builders. They had a few basic rights and families were usually kept intact. They were admitted to the Dutch Reformed Church and married by its ministers, and their children could be baptized. Slaves could testify in court, sign legal documents, and bring civil actions against whites. Some were permitted to work after hours earning wages equal to those paid to white workers. When the colony fell, the company freed the slaves, establishing early on a nucleus of free blacks.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Hodges |first = Russel Graham | title = Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613–1863 | place = Chapel Hill | publisher = University of North Carolina Press | year = 1999}}</ref>

The [[Union of Utrecht]] is the founding document of the Dutch Republic, signed in 1579, and it stated "that everyone shall remain free in religion and that no one may be persecuted or investigated because of religion". The [[Dutch West India Company]], however, established the Reformed Church as the official religious institution of New Netherland.<ref name="Wentz 1955 6">{{cite book |last=Wentz |first=Abel Ross |title=A Basic History of Lutheranism in America |year=1955 |publisher=Muhlenberg Press |location=Philadelphia |chapter=New Netherland and New York |page=6}}</ref> Its successor church is the Reformed Church in America. The colonists had to attract the Indians and other non-believers to God's word, "through attitude and by example" but not "to persecute someone by reason of his religion, and to leave everyone the freedom of his conscience." In addition, the laws and ordinances of the states of Holland were incorporated by reference in those first instructions to the Governors Island settlers in 1624. There were two test cases during Stuyvesant's governorship in which the rule prevailed: the official granting of full residency for both [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] and [[Sephardi Jews]] in New Amsterdam in 1655, and the [[Flushing Remonstrance]] involving [[Quakers]] in
1657.
It was located in areas of [[Canada]] all the way to [[Delaware]]<ref name=NYT1>
{{cite news|author=Glenn Collins |title=Precursor of the Constitution Goes on Display in Queens |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/05/nyregion/05remonstrance.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 5, 2007 |access-date=December 5, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Liberty Mag">
{{cite news |author=Michael Peabody |title=The Flushing Remonstrance |url=http://www.libertymagazine.org/article/articleview/532/1/86/ |publisher= Liberty Magazine |date=November–December 2005  |access-date=December 5, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071204215137/http://www.libertymagazine.org/article/articleview/532/1/86/ <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = December 4, 2007}}</ref>

==Expansion and incursion==

===South River and New Sweden===
Apart from the second [[Fort Nassau (South)|Fort Nassau]], and the small community that supported it, settlement along the [[Delaware River|Zuyd Rivier]] was limited. The settlement sponsored by the ''patroons'' of [[Zwaanendael Colony|Zwaanendael]], [[Samuel Blommaert]] and [[Samuel Godijn]] was destroyed by the local Indigenous population soon after its founding in 1631 during the absence of their agent, [[David Pietersen de Vries]].<ref name="Jacobs">{{cite book |last1=Jacobs |first1=Jaap |title=The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America |date=2009 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |isbn=978-0801475160}}{{page?|date=October 2024}}</ref>

[[Peter Minuit]], who had obtained a deed for [[Manhattan]] from the Lenape (and was soon after dismissed as director), knew that the Dutch would be unable to defend the southern flank of their North American territory and had not signed treaties with or purchased land there from the [[Lenape]]. After gaining support from the Queen of [[Sweden]], Minuit chose the west bank of the [[Delaware River]] to establish a colony there in 1638, calling it [[New Sweden]]. As expected, the government in New Amsterdam took no action other than to protest. Small settlements centered on [[Fort Christina]] sprang up as the colony slowly grew, mostly populated by [[Swedes]], [[Finns]], and [[Dutch people|Dutch]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Covart |first1=Elizabeth |title=New Sweden: A Brief History |date=September 16, 2016 |url=https://libraries.psu.edu/about/collections/unearthing-past-student-research-pennsylvania-history/new-sweden-brief-history |publisher=Penn State University Libraries |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

In 1651, the Dutch dismantled Fort Nassau and constructed [[Fort Casimir]] on the west bank in an attempt to disrupt trade and reassert control. Three years later, Fort Casimir was seized by the Swedes, who renamed it Fort Trinity. In 1655, [[Peter Stuyvesant|Stuyvesant]] led a military expedition and regained control of the region, naming its main settlement "[[New Amstel]]" (''Nieuw-Amstel'').<ref>*{{cite book| first =Alan |last = Taylor |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America | url =https://archive.org/details/americancolonies00tayl | url-access =registration |publisher=Penguin|year=2001|isbn = 9780142002100 }}</ref> While Stuyvesant was conquering New Sweden, some villages and farms at the [[New York Harbor|Manhattans]] ([[Pavonia, New Netherland|Pavonia]] and [[Staten Island]]) were attacked in an incident that is known as the [[Peach War]]. These raids are sometimes considered revenge for the murder of a Munsee woman attempting to pluck a peach, though it is possible that they were an attempt to disrupt the attack on New Sweden.<ref name="Shorto"/><ref name="Trelease">{{cite book |last1=Trelease |first1=Allan W. |title=Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century |date=1960 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |url=https://archive.org/details/indianaffairsinc0000alle |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Van Zandt |first1=Cynthia Jean |title=Brothers among Nations: The Pursuit of Intercultural Alliances in Early America, 1580-1660 |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford New York |isbn=978-0195181241}}</ref>

A new experimental settlement on [[Delaware Bay]] was begun in 1663, just before the [[British people|British]] takeover in 1664. [[Franciscus van den Enden]] had drawn up a charter for a utopian society that included equal education of all classes, joint ownership of property, and a democratically elected government.<ref name="Shorto" /> [[Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy]] attempted such a settlement near the site of Zwaanendael, but it was largely destroyed in 1664 by the British.<ref>{{cite web
 |last        = Plantenga
 |first       = Bart
 |title       = The Mystery of the Plockhoy Settlement in the Valley of Swans
 |work        = Historical Committee & Archives of the Mennonite Church: Mennonite Historical Bulletin
 |date        = 2001
 |url         = http://www.mcusa-archives.org/MHB/Plantenga-Plockhoyt.htm
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20101221043517/http://www.mcusa-archives.org/mhb/Plantenga-Plockhoyt.htm
 |archive-date = December 21, 2010
 |df          = mdy-all
}}</ref>

===Fresh River and New England===
[[File:Map-Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ (Amsterdam, 1685).jpg|thumb|[[Nicolaes Visscher I]]'s ''Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ'', a reprint of 1685, which is not a completely accurate map, since the border with [[New England]] was adjusted to {{convert|50|mi|km}} west of the Fresh River, and the Lange Eylandt towns west of [[Oyster Bay, New York]] on present-day [[Long Island]] were under Dutch jurisdiction.]]
[[File:GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg|thumb|Image of ''Nieuw Amsterdam'' made in 1664, the year that it was surrendered to English forces under Richard Nicolls]]
A few Dutch settlers to New Netherland made their home at [[Fort Goede Hoop]] on the [[Connecticut River|Fresh River]]. As early as 1637, English settlers from the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] began to settle along its banks and on [[Long Island|Lange Eylandt]], some with permission from the colonial government and others with complete disregard for it. The English colonies grew more rapidly than New Netherland as they were motivated by a desire to establish communities with religious roots, rather than for trade purposes. The ''wal'' or rampart at New Amsterdam ([[Wall Street]]) was originally built due to fear of an invasion by the English.<ref name="Jacobs" />

There initially was limited contact between New Englanders and New Netherlanders, but the two provinces engaged in direct diplomatic relations with a swelling English population and territorial disputes. The [[New England Confederation]] was formed in 1643 as a political and military alliance of the English colonies of [[Massachusetts Bay Colony|Massachusetts]], [[Plymouth Colony|Plymouth]], [[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut]], and [[New Haven Colony|New Haven]].<ref>{{cite web
| last = Welling
| first = George M.
| title = New England Articles of Confederation (1643)
| work = From Revolution to Reconstruction
| access-date = March 6, 2009
| date = May 25, 2006
| url = http://www.let.rug.nl/~usa/D/1601-1650/england/neartconf.htm
| archive-date = August 1, 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090801083657/http://www.let.rug.nl/~usa/D/1601-1650/england/neartconf.htm
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Connecticut and [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] were on land claimed by the United Provinces. Still, the Dutch could not populate or militarily defend their territorial claim and, therefore, could do nothing but protest the growing flood of English settlers. With the 1650 [[Treaty of Hartford (1650)|Treaty of Hartford]], Stuyvesant provisionally ceded the Connecticut River region to New England, drawing New Netherland's eastern border 50 Dutch miles (approximately [[Dutch units of measurement|250 km]]) west of Connecticut's mouth on the mainland and just west of [[Oyster Bay (hamlet), New York|Oyster Bay]] on Long Island. The Dutch West India Company refused to recognize the treaty but failed to reach any other agreement with the English, so the Hartford Treaty set the ''de facto'' border. Connecticut was mostly assimilated into New England.<ref name="Jacobs" />

==Capitulation, restitution, and concession==
In March 1664, [[Charles II of England]], Scotland, and Ireland resolved to annex New Netherland and "bring all his Kingdoms under one form of government, both in church and state, and to install the Anglican government as in old England". The Dutch West India Company directors concluded that the religious freedom they offered in New Netherland would dissuade English colonists from working toward their removal. They wrote to Director-General [[Peter Stuyvesant]]:

<blockquote>[W]e are in hopes that as the English at the north (in New Netherland) have removed mostly from old England for the causes aforesaid, they will not give us henceforth so much trouble, but prefer to live free under us at peace with their consciences than to risk getting rid of our authority and then falling again under a government from which they had formerly fled.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Jameson |editor-first=J. Franklin |editor-link=J. Franklin Jameson |date=1909 |title=Narratives of New Netherland 1609–1664 |url=https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/narrativesofnew00jame |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |page=461 }}</ref></blockquote>

On 27 August 1664, four English frigates led by [[Richard Nicolls]] sailed into [[New York Harbor|New Amsterdam's harbor]] and demanded New Netherland's surrender.<ref>{{cite web|title=Articles about the Transfer of New Netherland on the 27th of August, Old Style, Anno 1664|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4062|publisher=[[World Digital Library]]|access-date=February 8, 2013|date=27 August 1664}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal   | editor-last = Versteer   | editor-first = Dingman   | title = New Amsterdam Becomes New York   | publisher = New Netherland Register   | date = April 1911   | volume = 1   | number = 4 & 5   | pages = 49–64   | url = https://archive.org/stream/newnetherlandreg00vers/newnetherlandreg00vers_djvu.txt   | quote = date <nowiki>=</nowiki> April and May 1911 }}</ref> They met no resistance to the [[capture of New Amsterdam]], since requests for troops to protect the Dutch colonists from their English neighbors and [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] had been ignored. This left New Amsterdam effectively defenseless, but Stuyvesant negotiated good terms from his "too powerful enemies".<ref name="articlesofcap">{{cite web
 |title       = Articles of Capitulation on the Reduction of New Netherland
 |work        = New Netherland Museum and the Half Moon
 |url         = http://www.newnetherland.org/history.html#AoC
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130619102936/http://www.newnetherland.org/history.html
 |archive-date = June 19, 2013
 |df          = dmy-all
}}</ref>

Article VIII of these [[Articles of Surrender of New Netherland|terms]] confirmed that [[New Netherlander]]s "shall keep and enjoy the liberty of their consciences in religion" under English rule. The Articles were largely observed in New Amsterdam and the Hudson River Valley, but were violated in another part of the [[conquest of New Netherland]] along the Delaware River, where [[Colonel]] Sir Robert Carr expropriated property for his own use and sold Dutch [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] into slavery. Nicolls eventually forced Carr to return some of the confiscated property.<ref name="WeRelate">{{cite web
 | title = Sir Robert Carr, Kt.
 | url = http://www.werelate.org/wiki/Person:Robert_Carr_(55)
 | website = WeRelate
 | access-date = 16 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Beck">{{cite web
 | last = Beck
 | first = Sanderson
 | title = New York under James 1664–88
 | url = http://www.san.beck.org/11-8-NYtoPenn1664-1744.html
 | access-date = 16 January 2016
 | archive-date = December 8, 2015
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208055932/http://www.san.beck.org/11-8-NYtoPenn1664-1744.html
 | url-status = dead
 }}</ref> In addition, a [[Mennonite]] settlement led by [[Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy]] near [[Lewes, Delaware]] was destroyed.<ref name=Plantenga2001>{{cite web|last=Plantenga|first=Bart|title=The Mystery of the Plockhoy Settlement in the Valley of Swans|url=http://www.mcusa-archives.org/MHB/Plantenga-Plockhoyt.htm|work=Mennonite Historical Bulletin (April 2001)|accessdate=13 March 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221043517/http://www.mcusa-archives.org/mhb/Plantenga-Plockhoyt.htm|archivedate=21 December 2010}}</ref> The 1667 [[Treaty of Breda (1667)|Treaty of Breda]] ended the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]]; the Dutch did not press their claims on New Netherland, and the ''status quo'' was maintained, with the Dutch occupying [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Suriname]] and the nutmeg island of [[Run (island)|Run]].

Within six years, the nations were again at war. The Dutch [[Reconquest of New Netherland|recaptured]] New Netherland in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships led by Vice Admiral [[Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest]] and Commodore [[Jacob Binckes]], then the largest ever seen in America.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.zeeuwsarchief.nl/en/zeeland-stories/people-from-zeeland-all-over-the-world/zeeuw-verovert-new-york-in-1673/ | title='Zeeuw' conquers New York }}</ref> They chose [[Anthony Colve]] as governor and renamed the city New Orange, reflecting the installation of [[William III of England|William of Orange]] as [[Stadtholder]] of Holland in 1672; he became King [[William III of England]] in 1689. Nevertheless, the Dutch Republic needed money after the conclusion of the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] in 1672–1674, the historic [[Rampjaar|"disaster years"]] in which the French simultaneously attacked the republic under [[Louis XIV]], the English, the [[Prince-Bishop of Münster]], and [[Archbishop-Elector of Cologne]]. The [[States of Zeeland]] had tried to convince the [[States of Holland and West Friesland|States of Holland]] to take on the responsibility for the New Netherland province, but to no avail. In February 1674, the [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]] concluded the war. It took until 10 November 1674 for the new English governor [[Edmund Andros]] to take over from governor Anthony Colve.<ref>{{cite web
 |last        = Westdorp
 |first       = Martina
 |title       = Behouden of opgeven ? Het lot van de nederlandse kolonie Nieuw-Nederland na de herovering op de Engelsen in 1673.
 |work        = De wereld van Peter Stuyvesant
 |access-date  = 1 November 2008
 |language    = nl
 |url         = http://stuyvesant.library.uu.nl/kaarten/zeeuwseexpeditie2.htm
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080630054643/http://stuyvesant.library.uu.nl/kaarten/zeeuwseexpeditie2.htm
 |archive-date = 30 June 2008
 |df          = dmy-all
}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Downtown Manhattan From Aeroplane.jpg|thumb|The original New Netherland settlements at Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Jersey City have grown into the [[New York metropolitan area]], the largest [[Metropolitan statistical area|metropolitan area]] in the United States]]
New Netherland grew into the largest [[Metropolitan statistical area|metropolitan area]] in the United States, and it left an enduring legacy on American cultural and political life,<ref>{{cite news      | last = Roberts   | first = Sam   | title = 350 Years Ago, New Amsterdam Became New York. Don't Expect a Party   | newspaper = The New York Times   | date = August 25, 2014   | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/26/nyregion/new-yorks-350th-birthday-party-your-invitation-isnt-lost-in-the-mail.html   | access-date = 19 September 2017}}</ref> "a secular broadmindedness and mercantile pragmatism"<ref name="Paumgarten 56"/> greatly influenced by the social and political climate in the [[Dutch Republic]] at the time, as well as by the character of those who immigrated to it.<ref>
{{Cite news
  | last = Roberts
  | first = Sam
  | title = Henry Hudson's View of New York: When Trees Tipped the Sky
  | newspaper = New York Times
  | date = January 24, 2009
  | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/25/nyregion/25manhattan.html?scp=4&sq=north%20hudson%20visions&st=cse
  | access-date = December 12, 2010}}</ref> It was during the early [[British Empire|British colonial period]] that the [[New Netherland Dutch|New Netherlanders]] actually developed the land and society that had an enduring impact on the [[Capital District, New York|Capital District]], the [[Hudson Valley]], [[North Jersey]], western [[Long Island]], [[New York City]], Fairfield County, and ultimately the United States.<ref name="Paumgarten 56"/>

===Political culture===
The concept of tolerance was the mainstay of the province's Dutch mother country. The [[Dutch Republic]] was a haven for many religious and intellectual refugees fleeing oppression, as well as home to the world's major ports in the newly developing [[economic globalization|global economy]]. Concepts of religious freedom and free trade (including a stock market) were [[Netherlands]] imports.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.groene.nl/artikel/de-hollandse-fundamenten-van-new-york | title=De Hollandse fundamenten van New York | date=November 19, 2004 }}</ref> In 1682, visiting Virginian William Byrd commented about New Amsterdam that "they have as many sects of religion there as at Amsterdam".

The Dutch Republic was one of the first [[nation-state]]s of Europe where [[citizenship]] and [[civil liberties]] were extended to large segments of the population. The framers of the [[U.S. Constitution]] were influenced by the Constitution of the [[Republic of the United Provinces]], though that influence was more as an example of things to avoid than of things to imitate.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alexander Hamilton, James Madison|title=Federalist Papers no. 20| date=December 11, 1787| url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext91/feder16.txt | access-date=January 15, 2008}}</ref>  

The [[United States Declaration of Independence]] (1776), is strikingly similar to the [[Act of Abjuration]] (1581), which is essentially a declaration of independence of the United Provinces from the Spanish throne,<ref name = "UWM06291998">{{cite news|author=Barbara Wolff |title=Was Declaration of Independence inspired by Dutch? |url=http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] |date=June 29, 1998 |access-date=December 14, 2007}}</ref> though there is no concrete evidence that the one influenced the other. [[John Adams]] went so far as to say that "the origins of the two Republics are so much alike that the history of one seems but a transcript from that of the other."<ref>{{cite web
| last = Reagan| first = Ronald| title = Remarks at the Welcoming Ceremony for Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands| work = Public Papers of Ronald Reagan| access-date = March 6, 2009| date = April 19, 1982| url = http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/41982a.htm| archive-date = September 24, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080924112821/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/41982a.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>
The [[Articles of Capitulation]] (outlining the terms of transfer to the English) in 1664<ref name="articlesofcap"/> provided for the right to worship as one wished, and were incorporated into subsequent city, state, and national constitutions in the United States, and are the legal and cultural code that lies at the root of the [[Tri-State Region|New York Tri-State]] traditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/14980.html|title=New Netherland and the Dutch Origins of American Religious Liberty – Evan Haefeli|website=www.upenn.edu}}</ref>

The [[Flushing Remonstrance]] was a 1657 [[petition]] to Director-General Peter Stuyvesant, in which some thirty residents of the small settlement at [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] requested an exemption to his ban on [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]] worship. It is considered a precursor to the United States Constitution's provision on [[freedom of religion]] in the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thirteen.org/dutchny/interactives/document-the-flushing-remonstrance/|title=Document: The Flushing Remonstrance, 1657|date=August 17, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/flushing-remonstrance.htm|title=Document that inspired Bill of Rights on display at Federal Hall National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)|website=www.nps.gov}}</ref>

Many prominent U.S. citizens are [[Dutch American]] directly descended from the Dutch families of New Netherland.<ref>*{{cite web
| last = Welling
| first = George M.
| title = The United States of America and the Netherlands
| work = From Revolution to Reconstruction
| date = March 6, 2003
| url = http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/E/newnetherlands/nlxx.htm
| access-date = December 10, 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110518074217/http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/E/newnetherlands/nlxx.htm
| archive-date = May 18, 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> The [[Roosevelt family]] produced two [[President of the United States|Presidents]] and are descended from Claes van Roosevelt, who emigrated around 1650.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oudvossemeer.com/index.htm |access-date=February 28, 2008 |title=Oud Vossemeer&nbsp;– The cradle of the U.S.A. Roosevelt presidents and family |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019101657/http://www.oudvossemeer.com/index.htm |archive-date=October 19, 2007 }}</ref> The Van Buren family of President [[Martin Van Buren]], who even spoke Dutch as his first language, also originated in New Netherland.<ref name="frontiers.loc.gov"/> The [[Bush family]] descendants from Flora Sheldon are descendants from the [[Schuyler family]].

===Lore===
[[File:Prinsenvlag.svg|thumb|''Prinsenvlag'', or "[[Prince's Flag]]", featuring the blue, white, and orange of some flags in the region]]
The blue, white, and orange on the flags of [[flag of New York City|New York City]], [[Albany, New York|Albany]] and [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]] are those of the ''Prinsenvlag'' ("[[Prince's Flag]]"), introduced in the 17th century as the ''[[Statenvlag]]'' ("States Flag"), the naval flag of the [[States General of the Netherlands]].{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} The flag and seal of [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] depicting the arms of the [[House of Nassau]] in the middle. The seven arrows in the lion's claw in the Dutch Republic's coat of arms was a precedent for the thirteen arrows in the eagle's claw in the [[Great Seal of the United States]].<ref>{{citation| last = Velde| first = François| title = Official Heraldry of the United States| date = December 8, 2003}}</ref>

[[Washington Irving]]'s satirical ''[[A History of New York]]'' and its famous fictional author [[Diedrich Knickerbocker]] had a large impact on the popular view of New Netherland's legacy.  Irving's romantic vision of a Dutch yeomanry dominated the popular imagination about the colony since its publication in 1809.<ref>Bradley, Elizabeth L. (2009). ''Knickerbocker: The Myth Behind New York''. Rutgers University Press.</ref> The tradition of [[Santa Claus]] is thought to have developed from a gift-giving celebration of the feast of [[Saint Nicholas]] on December 5 each year by the settlers of New Netherland.<ref name="Shorto" /><ref name=jona>{{cite web| last = Jona Lendering| author-link1 = Jona Lendering| title = Saint Nicholas, Sinterklaas, Santa Claus: New York 1776| work = livius.org| date = November 20, 2008| url = https://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nicholas/nicholas_of_myra3.html| access-date = March 26, 2020| archive-date = May 13, 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513114942/https://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nicholas/nicholas_of_myra3.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> The Dutch [[Sinterklaas]] was changed to "Santa Claus", a name first used in the American press in 1773,<ref>"Last Monday, the anniversary of St. Nicholas, otherwise called Santa Claus, was celebrated at Protestant Hall, at Mr. Waldron's; where a great number of sons of the ancient saint, the "Sons of Saint Nicholas", celebrated the day with great joy and festivity." ''Rivington's Gazette'' (New York City), December 23, 1773.</ref> when Nicholas was used as a symbol of New York's non-British past.<ref name=lendsantaclaus>{{cite web |last1=Lendering |first1=Jona |author-link1=Jona Lendering |title=Santa Claus |url=https://www.livius.org/articles/person/nicholas-of-myra/nicholas-of-myra-4/ |website=www.livius.org |publisher=Livius |access-date=7 February 2020 |date=23 November 2018 <!-- Created in 2006; last modified on 23 November 2018 -->}}</ref> However, many of the "traditions" of Santa Claus may have simply been invented by Irving in his 1809 ''Knickerbocker's History of New York from The Beginning of the World To the End of The Dutch Dynasty''.<ref name=jona/>

===Language and place names===
{{see|List of New Netherland placename etymologies}}
{{see also|Yankee}}
[[File:North River Gutenberg jeh.JPG|thumb|The ''[[North River (New York-New Jersey)|Noort Rivier]]'' was one of the three main rivers in New Netherland.]]
Dutch continued to be spoken in the region for some time. President [[Martin Van Buren]] grew up in [[Kinderhook (town), New York|Kinderhook, New York]] speaking only Dutch, becoming the only president not to have spoken English as a first language.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sturgis|first=Amy H.|author-link=Amy Sturgis|title=The Trail of Tears and Indian Removal|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2007|page=93|isbn=978-0-313-33658-4}}</ref> A dialect known as [[Jersey Dutch]] was spoken in and around rural [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen]] and [[Passaic County, New Jersey|Passaic]] counties in New Jersey until the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mencken|first=H.L.|author-link=H. L. Mencken|title=The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States|url=http://www.bartleby.com/185/|edition=2nd revised and enlarged|orig-year=1921|year=2000|publisher=bartleby.com|location=New York|chapter=Dutch|chapter-url=http://www.bartleby.com/185/a12.html}}</ref> [[Mohawk Dutch]] was spoken around [[Albany, New York|Albany]].<ref>{{Cite book
| publisher = Munsell's Sons
| last = Pearson
| first = Jonathan
|author2=Junius Wilson MacMurray
 | title = A History of the Schenectady Patent in the Dutch and English Times
| location =  Schenectady (NY)
| others = Original from Harvard University, Digitized May 10, 2007.
| year = 1883
}}</ref>

Early settlers and their descendants gave many place names that are still in use throughout the region of New Netherland.<ref name="frontiers.loc.gov"/> They adapted [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] names for locations such as [[Manhattan]], [[Hackensack, New Jersey|Hackensack]], [[Sing-Sing]], and [[Canarsie]]. [[Peekskill]], [[Catskill (village), New York|Catskill]], and [[Cresskill]] all refer to the streams, or ''kils'', around which they grew. Among those that use ''hoek'', meaning ''corner'',<ref name="Voorhees">{{cite book
|last=Voorhees
|first=David William
|title=Dutch New York:The Roots of Hudson Valley Culture
|year=2009
|publisher=Fordham University Press; Hudson River Museum
|location=Yonkers, NY
|isbn=978-0-8232-3039-6
|chapter=The Dutch Legacy in America
|page=418}}
</ref> are [[Constable Hook]], [[Kinderhook (town), New York|Kinderhook]], [[Paulus Hook]], [[Red Hook, New York|Red Hook]], and [[Sandy Hook, New Jersey|Sandy Hook]].

==See also==
{{New Netherland}}
* [[Fortifications of New Netherland|New Netherland fortifications]]
* [[New Netherland settlements]]
* [[New Holland (Acadia)]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AICWljujdg/ New Netherland 1614–1667 – Documentary]
* [[New Netherland Project]] to translate and publish 17th century Dutch documents about the colony
* [[Congregation Shearith Israel]], Jewish synagogue founded in the colony in 1655
* [[First Shearith Israel Graveyard]], the only remaining 17th century structure in Manhattan.
* [[Dutch American]], an inhabitant of the United States of whole or partial Dutch ancestry
* [[Dutch Colonial]], an architectural revival movement
* [[Holland Society of New York]]
* [[List of English words of Dutch origin]]
* [[List of place names of Dutch origin]]
* [http://www.archives.nysed.gov/research/research-guide-dutch/ Records of the Dutch West India Company at the New York State Archives]
* [[Zwaanendael Colony]]

==References==
===Explanatory notes===
<references group="nb"/>

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Thomas J. Archdeacon|Archdeacon, Thomas J.]] ''New York City 1664–1710. Conquest and Change'' (1976).
* Bachman, V.C. ''Peltries or Plantations. The Economic Policies of the Dutch West India Company in New Netherland 1633–1639'' (1969).
* Balmer, Randall H.  "The Social Roots of Dutch Pietism in the Middle Colonies," ''Church History'' Volume: 53. Issue: 2. 1984. pp 187+ [https://web.archive.org/web/20120623151454/http://www.questia.com/read/95146886?title=The%20Social%20Roots%20of%20Dutch%20Pietism%20in%20the%20Middle%20Colonies online edition]
* Barnouw, A.J. "The Settlement of New Netherland," in A.C. Flick ed., ''History of the State of New York'' (10 vols., New York 1933), 1:215–258.
* Bruchey, Eleanor. "Stuyvesant, Peter" in  John A. Garraty, ed. ''Encyclopedia of American Biography'' (2nd ed. 1996) p.&nbsp;1065 [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062700179/page/94/mode/2up online]
* Burrows, Edward G. and Michael Wallace. ''Gotham. A History of New York City to 1898'' (1999) pp 14–74.
* Cohen, Ronald D. "The Hartford Treaty of 1650: Anglo-Dutch Cooperation in the Seventeenth Century." ''New-York Historical Society Quarterly'' 53#4 (1969): pp. 310–332.
* Condon, Thomas J. ''New York Beginnings. The Commercial Origins of New Netherland'' (1968) [https://archive.org/details/newyorkbeginning0000cond online].
* De Jong, Gerald Francis. "Dominie Johannes Megapolensis: Minister to New Netherland." '' New York Historical Society Quarterly'' (1968) 52#1 pp. 6–47; the Dutch Reformed minister 1642 to 1670.
* DeJong, Gerald Francis. "The Formative Years of the Dutch Reformed Church on Long Island," ''Journal of Long Island History'' (1968)  8#2 pp. 1–16. covers 1636 to 1700.
* Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. ''Encyclopedia of New York State'' (Syracuse UP, 2005) pp. 1048–1053..
* Fabend, Firth Haring. 2012. ''New Netherland in a nutshell: a concise history of the Dutch colony in North America''. Albany, NY: New Netherland Institute; 139pp
* {{cite book |last=Goodwin |first=Maud |title=Dutch and English on the Hudson : a chronicle of colonial New York |volume= |author-link= |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1921 |url=https://archive.org/details/dutchenglishonhu0000good/page/n9/mode/2up |ref=goodwin1921}}
* Griffis, William E. ''The Story of New Netherland''. (1909) [https://archive.org/details/ldpd_6201466_000 online]
* Jacobs, Jaap. ''The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America'' (2nd ed. Cornell U.P. 2009) 320pp; scholarly history  to 1674 [https://www.questia.com/read/109275503/new-netherland-a-dutch-colony-in-seventeenth-century online 1st edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525213649/https://www.questia.com/read/109275503/new-netherland-a-dutch-colony-in-seventeenth-century |date=May 25, 2017 }}
* Jacobs, Jaap, L. H. Roper, eds. ''The Worlds of the Seventeenth-Century Hudson Valley. An American Region'' (State University of New York Press, 2014), 277 pp. specialized essays by scholars. [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=44018 online review]
* Kessler, Henry K., and Eugene Rachlis. ''Peter Stuyvesant and His New York'' (1959). [https://archive.org/details/peterstuyvesanth00kess online]
* Kilpatrick, William Heard. ''The Dutch schools of New Netherland and colonial New York'' (1912) [https://archive.org/details/dutchschoolsofne00kilp2 online]
* Krizner, L. J., and Lisa Sita. ''Peter Stuyvesant: New Amsterdam and the Origins of New York'' (Rosen, 2000) for middle schools. {{ISBN?}}
*  McKinley, Albert E.  "The English and Dutch Towns of New Netherland."  ''American Historical Review'' (1900) 6#1 pp 1–18 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834686 in JSTOR]
* McKinley, Albert E.  "The Transition from Dutch to English Rule in New York: A Study in Political Imitation."  ''American Historical Review''  (1901) 6#4 pp: 693–724. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1834176 in JSTOR]
* [[Donna Merwick|Merwick, Donna]]. ''Possessing Albany, 1630–1710: The Dutch and English Experiences'' (1990) [https://www.amazon.com/Possessing-Albany-1630-1710-English-Experiences/dp/0521373867/ excerpt]
* Merwick, Donna. ''The Shame and the Sorrow: Dutch-Amerindian Encounters in New Netherland'' (2006) 332 pages [https://www.amazon.com/Shame-Sorrow-Dutch-Amerindian-Encounters-Netherland/dp/0812222725/ excerpt]
* Merwick, Donna. ''Stuyvesant Bound: An Essay on Loss Across Time'' (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2013) 212 pp [https://www.amazon.com/Stuyvesant-Bound-Across-American-Studies/dp/0812245032/ excerpt]
** Shaw Romney, Susanah. "Peter Stuyvesant: Premodern Man" ''Reviews in American History'' (2014) 42#4 pp 584–589. review of Merwick.
* Rink, Oliver A. ''Holland on the Hudson. An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York'' (Cornell University Press, 1986)
* Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.), ''Exploring Historic Dutch New York''. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York (2011). {{ISBN|978-0-486-48637-6}}
* Schmidt, Benjamin, ''Innocence Abroad: The Dutch Imagination and the New World, 1570–1670'', Cambridge: University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-521-80408-0}}
* Shorto, Russell. ''[[The Island at the Center of the World|The Island at the Center of the World: the epic story of Dutch Manhattan and the forgotten colony that shaped America]]'' (New York: Doubleday, 2004).
* Venema, Janny, ''Beverwijck: a Dutch village on the American frontier, 1652–1664'', (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003).
* Venema, Janny, ''Kiliaen van Rensselaer (1586–1643): designing a new world''. (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2010).
* Woodard, Colin,  ''American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America''',''''' Penguin Random House, 2011/2022
* Wright, Langdon G. "Local Government and Central Authority in New Netherland." ''New York Historical Society Quarterly'' (1973) 37#1 pp 6–29; covers  1624 to 1663.

===Primary sources===
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3161 ''Narratives of New Netherland, 1609–1664''] (1909), edited by J.F. Jameson, at the [[Project Gutenberg]]
** [https://books.google.com/books?id=VAYTAAAAYAAJ online edition ''Narratives of New Netherland, 1609–1664'' from Google Books]
*  Van Der Donck, Adriaen. ''A Description of New Netherland'' (1655; new ed. 2008) 208 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|978-0-8032-1088-2}}.
** [https://www.questia.com/SM.qst?act=adv&contributors=BayrdStill&dcontributors=Bayrd%20Still online edition of ''A Description of New Netherland'']{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Still, Bayrd, ed. ''Mirror for Gotham: New York as Seen by Contemporaries from Dutch Days to the Present'' (1956) [https://archive.org/details/mirrorforgothamn0000stil_h4w1 online] pp 3–14.
* Several primary sources (both translated and in the original Dutch) can be found in [http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/research/online-publications/ Online Publications] at the website of the New Netherland Institute. Also included on the NNI site is a [http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/research/new-netherland-bibliography/ comprehensive list of scholarly, nonfiction publications] broadly related to the seventeenth-century Dutch colony and its legacy in America.

==External links==
{{commons|Nieuw Nederland|New Netherland}}
* [http://themannahattaproject.org/ The Mannahatta Project]
* [http://www.slavenorth.com/newyork.htm Slavery in New York]
* [http://www.Newnetherland.org The New Netherland Museum and the Half Moon]
* [https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/ The New Netherland Institute]
* [http://www.colonialvoyage.com/ Dutch Portuguese Colonial History]
* [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nycoloni/ New Netherland and Beyond]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090502003037/http://www.coins.nd.edu/ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/NNHistory.html A Brief Outline of the History of New Netherland] at the [[University of Notre Dame]]
* [http://www.heardutchhere.net/OldNewYork.html Old New York: Hear Dutch names of New York]

{{Dutch colonies|West India}}
{{European Colonization of North America}}
{{Thirteen Colonies}}
{{Portal bar|Netherlands|Connecticut|Delaware|New Jersey|New York City|New York (state)}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:New Netherland| ]]
[[Category:1614 establishments in the Dutch Empire]]
[[Category:1670s disestablishments in the Dutch Empire]]
[[Category:1674 disestablishments in the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:1674 disestablishments]]
[[Category:17th century in the Dutch Empire]]
[[Category:Christian states]]
[[Category:Colonial settlements in North America]]
[[Category:Colonization history of the United States|Dutch]]
[[Category:European colonization of the Americas]]
[[Category:Former colonies in North America]]
[[Category:Former Dutch colonies]]
[[Category:Former English colonies]]
[[Category:Former settlements and colonies of the Dutch West India Company]]
[[Category:Fur trade]]
[[Category:History of the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Populated places established by the Dutch West India Company]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1614]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1667]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1673]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1674]]