Editing Nigel Kneale

{{Short description|Manx screenwriter (1922–2006)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name             = Nigel Kneale
| image            = Kneale02.JPG
| caption          = Kneale in 1990, discussing his career on [[BBC Two]]'s ''[[The Late Show (BBC2 TV series)|The Late Show]]''
| pseudonym        = Nigel Neale
| birth_name       = Thomas Nigel Kneale
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1922|4|18|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Barrow-in-Furness]], [[Lancashire]], England
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2006|10|29|1922|4|28|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[London]], England
| occupation       = [[Screenwriter]]
| period           = 1946–1997
| genre            = [[Horror fiction|Horror]], [[science fiction]], [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]
| spouse           = {{marriage|[[Judith Kerr]]|1954}}
| children         = 2, including [[Matthew Kneale]]
| alma_mater       = [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
}}

'''Thomas Nigel Kneale''' (18 April 1922&nbsp;– 29 October 2006<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigel Kneale |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0460600/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=IMDb}}</ref>) was a [[Isle of Man|Manx]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Murray |first=Andy  |date=2017 |title=Into The Unknown: The Fantastic Life of Nigel Kneale|publisher=Headpress |page= |isbn=9781909394476}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kerr |first=Judith |author-link=Judith Kerr |date=2013 |title=Judith Kerr's Creatures: A Celebration of the Life and Work of Judith Kerr|publisher=HarperCollins |page=3 |isbn=9780007513215}}</ref> [[screenwriter]] and author, whose career spanned more than 50 years, between 1946 and 1997. Predominantly a writer of [[Thriller (genre)|thrillers]] that used [[science-fiction]] and [[Horror fiction|horror]] elements, he was best known for creating the fictional scientist [[Bernard Quatermass|Professor Bernard Quatermass]]. He has been described as "one of the most influential writers of the 20th century",{{Sfn|Hammer|n.d.}} and as "having invented popular TV".{{Sfn|Gatiss|2006a}}

Born in England and raised on the [[Isle of Man]], Kneale studied acting at the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]], beginning his entertainment career with [[BBC Radio]]. He won the 1950 [[Somerset Maugham Award]] for his short story collection ''Tomato Cain & Other Stories''. Kneale was most active in television, joining [[BBC Television]] in 1951; his final script was transmitted on [[ITV Network|ITV]] in 1997. His breakthrough as a screenwriter came in 1953, writing the highly successful BBC television serial ''[[The Quatermass Experiment]].''

Kneale's signature character went on to appear in various television, film and radio productions written by Kneale for the [[BBC]], [[Hammer Film Productions]] and [[Thames Television]] between 1953 and 1996. Kneale wrote original scripts and successfully adapted works by writers such as [[George Orwell]], [[John Osborne]], [[H. G. Wells]] and [[Susan Hill]]. He also wrote well-received television dramas such as ''[[The Year of the Sex Olympics]]'' (1968) and ''[[The Stone Tape]]'' (1972).

Kneale was twice nominated for the [[BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay]], for [[Look Back in Anger (1959 film)|''Look Back in Anger'']] (1959) and [[The Entertainer (1960 film)|''The Entertainer'']] (1960), both directed by [[Tony Richardson]]. he received the [[Horror Writers Association]]'s [[Bram Stoker Award for Lifetime Achievement]] in 2001. 

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
Kneale was born Thomas Nigel Kneale in [[Barrow-in-Furness]], England{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|p=9}}{{Sfn|Ezard|2006}} on 28 April 1922.{{sfn|Murray|2006b|p=9}}  His family came from the [[Isle of Man]], and returned to live there in 1928, when he was six years old.{{Sfn|Newley|2007}}{{Sfn|Angelini|n.d. (b)}} He was raised in the island's capital, [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]], where his father was the owner and editor of the local newspaper, ''The Herald''. He was educated at [[St Ninian's High School, Douglas]] and trained to become an [[advocate]] at the Manx Bar.{{Sfn|Adrian|2006}}{{Sfn|''The Daily Telegraph''|2006}} He also worked in a [[lawyer]]'s office,{{Sfn|''The Times''|2006}} but became bored with his legal training and abandoned the profession.{{Sfn|Ezard|2006}} At the beginning of the [[Second World War]] Kneale attempted to enlist in the [[British Army]], but was deemed medically unfit for service{{Sfn|Adrian|2006}} owing to [[photophobia]], from which he had suffered since childhood.{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|pp=9, 12}}

=== 1946–1950: Acting career ===
On 25 March 1946 Kneale made his first broadcast on [[BBC Radio]], performing a [[Live radio|live]] reading of his own [[short story]] "Tomato Cain" in a strand entitled ''Stories by Northern Authors'' on the [[BBC]]'s [[Northern England|North of England]] [[BBC Home Service|Home Service]] region.{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=2}} Later that year he left the Isle of Man and moved to London, where he studied acting at the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] (RADA).{{Sfn|Angelini|n.d. (b)}} He made further radio broadcasts in the 1940s, including a reading of his story ''Zachary Crebbin's Angel'' on the [[BBC Light Programme]], broadcast nationally on 19 May 1948.{{Sfn|''The Times''|1948}} He also had short stories published in magazines such as ''[[Argosy (UK magazine)|Argosy]]'' and ''[[Strand Magazine|The Strand]]''.{{Sfn|Adrian|2006}} He began using the name "Nigel Kneale" for these professional credits, but was known as "Tom" to his family and friends up until his death.{{Sfn|Jury|2006}}

After graduating from RADA, Kneale worked for a short time as a professional actor performing in small roles at the [[Shakespeare Memorial Theatre|Stratford Memorial Theatre]] in [[Stratford-upon-Avon]].{{Sfn|''The Daily Telegraph''|2006}} He continued to write in his spare time and in 1949 a collection of his work, ''Tomato Cain and Other Stories'', was published.{{Sfn|Adrian|2006}} The book sufficiently impressed the writer [[Elizabeth Bowen]] that she wrote a [[foreword]] for it,{{Sfn|Adrian|2006}} and in 1950 the collection won the [[Somerset Maugham Award]].{{Sfn|Ezard|2006}}

Following this success, Kneale gave up acting to write full-time.{{Sfn|Angelini|n.d. (b)}} He did take small [[voice-over]] roles in some of his 1950s [[television]] productions, such as the voice heard on the factory [[loudspeaker]] system in ''[[Quatermass II]]'' (1955), for which he also [[Narrator|narrated]] most of the [[:wikt:recapitulation|recaps]] shown at the beginning of each episode.{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=23}} Kneale's publisher was keen for him to write a novel,{{Sfn|''The Times''|2006}} but Kneale himself was more interested in writing for television.{{Sfn|''The Times''|2006}} A keen cinema-goer, he believed that the audience being able to see human faces was an important factor in storytelling.{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|p=26}}

=== 1950–1953: Kneale's early BBC screenplay work ===
His first professional [[Playwright|script writing]] credit came when he wrote the [[radio drama]] ''The Long Stairs'', broadcast by the BBC on 1 March 1950 and based on an historical [[mining]] disaster on the Isle of Man.{{Sfn|Angelini|n.d. (b)}} In 1951 he was recruited as one of the first staff writers to be employed by [[BBC Television]];{{Sfn|Jacobs|2000|p=111}} before he started working for the station, Kneale had never seen any television.{{Sfn|Kibble-White|2003}} Kneale was initially a general-purpose writer, working on adaptations of books and stage plays and even writing material for [[light entertainment]] and [[children's television series|children's programmes]]. The following year, [[Michael Barry (television producer)|Michael Barry]] became the Head of Drama at BBC Television, and spent his entire first year's script budget of £250 to hire Kneale as a full-time writer for the drama department.{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=2}} Kneale's first credited role in adult television drama was providing "additional dialogue" for the play ''[[Arrow to the Heart]]'', broadcast on 20 July 1952.{{Sfn|''Screenonline''|n.d.}} This play was adapted and directed by the Austrian [[television director]] [[Rudolph Cartier]], who had also joined the staff of the BBC drama department in 1952.{{Sfn|Jacobs|2000|p=134}}

Kneale's "lost" radio play ''You Must Listen'', broadcast in 1952, was re-broadcast in a new production by [[BBC Radio 4]] on  20 September 2023.

=== 1953: ''The Quatermass Experiment'' ===
Kneale wrote ''[[The Quatermass Experiment]]'', which was broadcast in six half-hour episodes in July and August 1953.{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|pp=43–44}} The serial told the story of Professor [[Bernard Quatermass]] of the British Experimental Rocket Group, and the consequences of his sending the first crewed mission into space where a terrible fate befalls the crew and only one returns. ''The Quatermass Experiment'' was one of the first adult television science-fiction productions,{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=3}} held a large television audience gripped across its six weeks,{{Sfn|''The Times''|2006}} and has been described by the [[Museum of Broadcast Communications]] as dramatising "a new range of gendered fears about Britain's postwar and post-colonial security."{{Sfn|Dickinson|n.d.}} Kneale chose the character's surname because many Manx surnames began with "Qu";{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=6}} the actual name itself was picked from a London [[telephone directory]].{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=6}} The Professor's first name was chosen in honour of the [[astronomer]] [[Bernard Lovell]].{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=6}}

The BBC recognised the success of the serial, particularly in the context of the impending arrival of [[commercial television]] to the UK. Controller of Programmes [[Cecil McGivern]] wrote in a memo that: "Had competitive television been in existence then, we would have killed it every Saturday night while [''The Quatermass Experiment''] lasted. We are going to need ''many'' more 'Quatermass Experiment' programmes."{{Sfn|Johnson|2005|p=21}} Like all of Kneale's television work for the BBC in the 1950s, ''The Quatermass Experiment'' was transmitted [[live television|live]]; only the first two episodes were [[Telerecording|telerecorded]] and survive in the BBC's archives.{{Sfn|Collinson|n.d. (a)}}

In the autumn of 1955, [[Hammer Film Productions]] released ''[[The Quatermass Xperiment]]'', their film adaptation of the serial.{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=21}} Kneale was not pleased with the film,{{Sfn|Angelini|n.d. (b)}} and particularly disliked the casting of [[Brian Donlevy]] as Quatermass, as he explained in a 1986 interview. "[Donlevy] was then really on the skids and didn't care what he was doing. He took very little interest in the making of the films or in playing the part. It was a case of take the money and run. Or in the case of Mr Donlevy, waddle."{{Sfn|Pixley|Kneale|1986}}

=== 1953–1956: Later BBC works ===
Kneale and Cartier next collaborated on an adaptation of ''[[Wuthering Heights (1953 TV play)|Wuthering Heights]]'' (broadcast 6 December 1953) and then on a version of [[George Orwell]]'s novel ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four (UK TV programme)|Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' (12 December 1954).{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=16}} ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' was a particularly notable production; many found it shocking, and questions were asked in [[British House of Commons|Parliament]] about whether some of the scenes had been suitable for television.{{Sfn|BBC News|2007}} There was also prominent support for the play; the [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Duke of Edinburgh]] made it known that he and [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|the Queen]] had watched and enjoyed the programme,{{Sfn|Duguid|n.d. (b)}} and the second live performance on 16 December gained the largest television audience since her [[Coronation of the British monarch|coronation]] the previous year.{{Sfn|Duguid|n.d. (b)}} ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper's obituary of Kneale in 2006 claimed that the adaptation had "permanently revived Orwell's reputation,"{{Sfn|Ezard|2006}} while the [[British Film Institute]] included it in their list of the [[100 Greatest British Television Programmes]] of the 20th century in 2000.{{Sfn|Duguid|2000}}

''The Creature''—an original script by Kneale concerning the legend of the [[abominable snowman]]—was his next collaboration with Cartier, broadcast on 30 January 1955,{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=16}} followed by an adaptation of [[Peter Ustinov]]'s play ''The Moment of Truth'' (10 March 1955),{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=16}} before Kneale was commissioned to write ''[[Quatermass II]]''.{{Sfn|Duguid|n.d. (d)}} Specifically designed by the BBC to combat the threat of the new [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] network,{{Sfn|Dickinson|n.d.}}{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=16}} which launched just a month before ''Quatermass II'' was shown,{{Sfn|BBC News|1955}} the serial was even more successful than the first, drawing audiences of up to nine million viewers.{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=45}} Kneale was inspired in writing the serial by contemporary fears over secret [[UK Ministry of Defence]] research establishments such as [[Porton Down]], as well the fact that as a BBC staff writer he had been required to sign the [[Official Secrets Act]].{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=16}}

''Quatermass II'' was Kneale's final original script for the BBC as a staff writer.{{Sfn|''Screenonline''|n.d.}} He left the corporation when his contract expired at the end of 1956;{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=27}} "Five years in that hut was as much as any sane person could stand," he later told an interviewer.{{Sfn|Hearn|Rigby|2003|p=7}}

=== 1956–1958: Further ''Quatermass'' works ===
The same year that he left the BBC, Kneale wrote his first feature film [[screenplay]], adapting ''[[Quatermass II]]'' for Hammer Film Productions along with [[film producer|producer]] [[Anthony Hinds]] and [[film director|director]] [[Val Guest]].{{Sfn|Hearn|Rigby|2003|p=7}} Hinds and Guest had overseen the first ''Quatermass'' film, upon which Kneale had been unable to work due to his BBC staff contract.{{Sfn|Hearn|Rigby|2003|p=7}} Kneale was disappointed that Brian Donlevy also returned in the role of Quatermass.{{Sfn|Hearn|Rigby|2003|p=7}} The film premiered at the end of May 1957,{{Sfn|Hearn|Rigby|2003|p=14}} and was reviewed positively in ''[[The Times]]'': "The writer of the original story, Mr Nigel Kneale, and the director, Mr Val Guest, between them keep things moving at the right speed, without digressions. The film has an air of respect for the issues touched on, and this impression is confirmed by the acting generally."{{Sfn|''The Times''|1957|p=5}} 1957 also saw the release of another cinematic collaboration between Kneale and Guest, when Kneale adapted his 1955 BBC play ''The Creature'' into ''[[The Abominable Snowman (film)|The Abominable Snowman]]''; in this case, Hammer retained the star of the BBC version, [[Peter Cushing]].{{Sfn|Pixley|Kneale|1986}}

In May 1957, Kneale was contracted by the BBC to write a third ''Quatermass'' serial,{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=27}} and this was eventually transmitted as ''[[Quatermass and the Pit]]'' across six weeks in December 1958 and January 1959.{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=47}} On this occasion Kneale was inspired by the racial tensions that had recently been seen in the United Kingdom, and which came to a head while the serial was in [[pre-production]] when the [[Notting Hill race riots]] occurred in August and September 1958.<ref name="tapes">Kneale, Nigel in {{cite episode|title=The Kneale Tapes|series=Timeshift|credits=Producer&nbsp;– Tom Ware; Executive Producer&nbsp;– Michael Poole|network=[[BBC Four]]|air-date=2003-10-15}}</ref> Drawing audiences of up to 11 million,{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=47}} ''Quatermass and the Pit'' has been referred to by the [[bbc.co.uk|BBC's own website]] as "simply the first finest thing the BBC ever made."<ref name="bbcdvd">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/news/cult/2005/03/31/18177.shtml |title=Quatermass DVD |publisher=BBC |date=31 March 2005 |access-date=29 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031164057/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/news/cult/2005/03/31/18177.shtml |archive-date=31 October 2005 }}</ref> It was also included in the British Film Institute's "TV 100" list in 2000, where it was praised for the themes and subtexts it explored. "In a story which mined mythology and folklore&nbsp;... under the guise of genre it tackled serious themes of man's hostile nature and the military's perversion of science for its own ends."{{Sfn|Duguid|2000}}

Despite the success of the serial, Kneale felt that he had now taken the character of Quatermass as far as he could. "I didn't want to go on repeating because Professor Quatermass had already saved the world from ultimate destruction three times, and that seemed to me to be quite enough," he said in 1986.{{Sfn|Pixley|Kneale|1986}} It was also his final new collaboration with Rudolph Cartier, although the director did later handle a new version of Kneale's 1953 adaptation of ''Wuthering Heights'' for the BBC in 1962.{{Sfn|Wake|n.d. (b)}}

=== 1958–1966: Film screenplays and adaptations ===
In 1958, Kneale's play ''Mrs Wickens in the Fall'', transmitted by the BBC the previous year, was remade by the [[CBS]] network in the United States, retitled ''The Littlest Enemy''. Broadcast on 18 June as part of ''[[The United States Steel Hour]]'' anthology series, the script was severely cut back in length.{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|pp=65–66}} It was Kneale's only involvement with American television, and he was not pleased with the result. "I made up my mind I would never ever again have anything done on a television network in America," he later commented.{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|pp=65–66}}

For the next few years, Kneale concentrated mostly on film screenplays, adapting plays and novels for the cinema. Described by ''[[The Independent]]'' as "one of the few writers not to fall out with [[John Osborne]]",{{Sfn|Adrian|2006}} Kneale adapted Osborne's plays ''[[Look Back in Anger]]'' and ''[[The Entertainer (play)|The Entertainer]]'' in 1958 and 1960 respectively, both for director [[Tony Richardson]].{{Sfn|Angelini|n.d. (b)}} Kneale knew Richardson through having previously adapted a [[Anton Chekhov|Chekhov]] short story for the BBC, which Richardson had directed.{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|p=62}} Kneale was nominated for the [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|British Film Award]] (later known as a BAFTA) for Best Screenplay for both films.{{Sfn|BBC News|2007}} [[Film producer]] [[Harry Saltzman]], who had produced the two Osborne adaptations, approached Kneale about scripting a project he was working on to adapt [[Ian Fleming]]'s [[James Bond]] novels for the cinema; Kneale was not a fan of Fleming's work and turned the offer down.{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|p=76}}

Kneale completed screenplays for adaptations of the novels ''[[Lord of the Flies]]'' by [[William Golding]] and ''[[Brave New World]]'' by [[Aldous Huxley]].{{Sfn|Kibble-White|2003}} Neither of these scripts ever saw production, as the companies making them went out of business.{{Sfn|Kibble-White|2003}} Another screenplay that went unproduced was a Kneale original, a drama involving a wave of [[teenage suicide]]s called ''The Big Giggle'',{{Sfn|Kibble-White|2003}} or ''The Big, Big Giggle''.{{Sfn|Pixley|Kneale|1986}} Written in 1965 while Kneale was suffering from a mystery illness and forced to stay in bed for a long period, the concept was produced as a drama serial for the BBC, before the corporation reconsidered the nature of the storyline and the possibility of [[copycat suicide]]s;{{Sfn|Kibble-White|2003}} Kneale later agreed with their decision not to make it for television.{{Sfn|Pixley|Kneale|1986}} The production was nearly made as a film by [[20th Century Fox]], but [[John Trevelyan (censor)|John Trevelyan]], Chief Executive of the [[British Board of Film Classification|British Board of Film Censors]], forbade the script's production.{{Sfn|Kibble-White|2003}}{{Sfn|Pixley|Kneale|1986}}

In 1966 Kneale worked again for Hammer Film Productions when he adapted [[Norah Lofts]]'s 1960 novel ''The Devil's Own'' into the [[horror film]] ''[[The Witches (1966 film)|The Witches]]''.{{Sfn|Moody}} Kneale had worked on the screenplay for the adaptation in 1961,{{Sfn|Moody}} the same year in which he had begun to adapt ''Quatermass and the Pit'' for Hammer.{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|pp=38–39}} Like ''The Witches'', the [[Quatermass and the Pit (film)|film version of ''Quatermass and the Pit'']] took several years to reach the screen, eventually being released in 1967. [[Roy Ward Baker]] directed, with [[Andrew Keir]] starring as Quatermass. Kneale was much happier with this version than the previous Hammer Quatermass adaptations,{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=39}} and the film was described by ''The Independent'' in 2006 as "one of the best ever Hammer productions."{{Sfn|Adrian|2006}} ''Quatermass and the Pit'' was Kneale's final credited film work; 1979's ''[[Quatermass (TV serial)|The Quatermass Conclusion]]'' was only released to cinemas in overseas markets after it was made for television in the UK,{{Sfn|Duguid|n.d. (c)}} and he had his name removed from the credits of ''[[Halloween III: Season of the Witch]]'' (1982).{{Sfn|Angelini|n.d. (b)}}

=== 1963–1974: Return to BBC ===
Kneale returned to writing for television with the BBC when his play ''[[The Road (TV play)|The Road]]'' was broadcast in September 1963.{{Sfn|Angelini|n.d. (b)}} The play concerned the population of an 18th-century village who become haunted by visions of a future [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]],{{Sfn|''The Times''|2006}} and was followed by several one-off dramas for the BBC over the following decade, including two entries into [[BBC One|BBC1]]'s ''[[The Wednesday Play]]'' anthology strand.{{Sfn|''Screenonline''|n.d.}} During this period he was regarded as one of the finest writers working for the BBC by [[Shaun Sutton]], the [[BBC television drama|Head of Drama]] for BBC television.{{Sfn|Sutton|1982|pp=20 and 54}} Kneale did his first work for the [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] network during this time, writing a one-off play called ''The Crunch'' for the ATV company in 1964.{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|p=82}}

A particular critical success was ''[[The Year of the Sex Olympics]]'', broadcast as part of [[BBC Two|BBC2]]'s ''[[Theatre 625]]'' series in July 1968. In the programme, a group of people creates a [[Story within a story|show-within-a-show]] called ''The Live Life Show'', in which a family are filmed as they struggle to live on an isolated [[rural]] island. becomes a massive success, especially when a murderer is introduced into the set-up. ''The Year of the Sex Olympics'' has been praised for its foreshadowing of the rise of reality television programmes such as ''[[Big Brother (TV series)|Big Brother]]'' (1999–present) and ''[[Celebrity Love Island]]'' (2005–2006).{{Sfn|Collinson|n.d. (b)}} Critic [[Nancy Banks-Smith]] wrote in 2003 that: "In ''The Year of the Sex Olympics'' [Kneale] foretold the reality show and, in the scramble for greater sensation, its logical outcome&nbsp;... This is satire from a TV insider, but it mutates into something far more desolate and disorientating."{{Sfn|Banks-Smith|2003}}

In 1965 Kneale had been approached by the producer of the BBC2 science-fiction anthology series ''[[Out of the Unknown]]'' to write a new one-off 75-minute ''Quatermass'' story for the programme.{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=39}} Nothing came of this, but he would write ''The Chopper'' six years later for the fourth and final series. It was about the vengeful spirit of a dead motorcyclist who is reluctant to leave his wrecked machine and manifests itself to a woman journalist as motorbike noise. It featured [[Patrick Troughton]] as a mechanic, although the episode is now [[Lost television broadcast|lost]]. In 1972 he was commissioned by the BBC to write a new four-part ''Quatermass'' serial, based in a [[dystopia]]n near future world overrun with crime, apathy, [[martial law]] and youth [[cult]]s.{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=39}} The serial was announced as a forthcoming production by the BBC in November,{{Sfn|Dunkley|1972|p=19}} and some model filming was even begun in June 1973,{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=39}} but eventually budgetary problems and the unavailability of [[Stonehenge]]—a central location in the scripts—led to the project's cancellation.{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=39}}

Kneale's next script for the BBC was ''[[The Stone Tape]]'', a scientific [[ghost story]] broadcast on [[Christmas|Christmas Day]] 1972.{{Sfn|Angelini|n.d. (c)}} Lez Cooke praised the production, when writing in 2003, describing it as "one of the most imaginative and intelligent examples of the horror genre to appear on British television, a single play to rank alongside the best of ''[[Play for Today]]''."{{sfn|Cooke|2003|p=126}} His final BBC work was an entry into a series called ''Bedtime Stories'', adapting traditional [[fairy tale]]s into adult dramas. Kneale's last script for the BBC, ''Jack and the Beanstalk'', was transmitted on 24 March 1974.{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|pp=121–122}}

=== 1974–1982: Early ITV work ===
Kneale's remaining television work was written for ITV.{{Sfn|Angelini|n.d. (b)}} His first script for ITV in this period was the one-off play ''[[Murrain]]'', made by the network's [[English Midlands|Midlands]] franchise holders [[Associated TeleVision]] (ATV) in 1975.{{Sfn|Duguid|n.d. (a)}} The play, a horror piece based around [[witchcraft]], led the following year to a series called ''[[Beasts (TV series)|Beasts]]'', a six-part anthology where Kneale created six different character-based tales of horror and the macabre.{{Sfn|Duguid|n.d. (a)}} It featured some well-known actors such as [[Martin Shaw]], [[Pauline Quirke]] and [[Bernard Horsfall]], but did not gain a full network run on ITV; different regions transmitted the episodes in different timeslots and some in different sequences.{{Sfn|Murray|2006a|pp=12–13}}

In the mid-1970s, Kneale made his only attempt at writing a stage play. Called ''Crow'', it was based upon the memoirs of real-life Manx [[History of slavery|slaver]] Captain [[Hugh Crow]].{{Sfn|Kibble-White|2003}} Kneale was unable to find backing to produce the play for the stage, but sold the script to ATV who put it into pre-production for television.{{Sfn|Kibble-White|2003}} Shortly before filming it was cancelled by ATV's managing director, [[Lew Grade]], and Kneale was never told why.{{Sfn|Kibble-White|2003}}

Following the cancellation of ''Crow'', Kneale moved to work for another of the ITV companies, [[Thames Television]], who in 1977 commissioned the production of the scripts of Kneale's previously abandoned fourth ''Quatermass'' serial, to be produced by their [[Euston Films]] subsidiary film company.{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=39}} The production, ''[[Quatermass (TV serial)|Quatermass]]'', was structured to work both as a four-episode serial for transmission in the UK, and a 100-minute film version for cinema release overseas—something Kneale later regretted agreeing to.{{Sfn|Pixley|Kneale|1986}} Starring [[John Mills]] as Quatermass and with a budget of over £1 million{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=39}}—more than fifty times the budget of ''Quatermass and the Pit'' in 1958{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=36}}—the serial was not as critically successful as its predecessors. "Thematically no less awesome than Mr Kneale's earlier science-fiction essays for BBC Television, his ITV debut has proved only a so-so affair", was the verdict of ''The Times'' when previewing the final episode.{{Sfn|''The Times''|1979}} Tying in with the series, Kneale returned to prose fiction when he wrote his only full-length novel, ''Quatermass'', a [[novelisation]] of the serial.{{Sfn|Pixley|Kneale|1986}}

Kneale's next television series was a departure from his usual style—''[[Kinvig]]'', his sole attempt at writing a [[sitcom]], produced by [[London Weekend Television]] and broadcast on ITV in the autumn of 1981.{{Sfn|Angelini|n.d. (b)}} Although his first out-and-out comedy, Kneale stressed that there had always been elements of humour present throughout his scripts.{{Sfn|Pixley|Kneale|1986}} Some of the press reaction to ''[[Kinvig]]'' was positive: "If you like the idea of the ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy|Hitch-Hiker's Guide]]'' but found its realization tiresomely hysterical you may well prefer Kneale's relaxed wit. Cast splendid, direction deft," was ''The Times''{{'}}s preview of the first episode.{{Sfn|''The Times''|1981|p=XII}} The series was not a commercial success, although Kneale later remained personally pleased with it.{{Sfn|Pixley|Kneale|1986}}

=== 1982: ''Halloween III: Season of the Witch'' ===
In 1982, Kneale made another one-off diversion from his usual work when he wrote his only produced [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] movie script, ''[[Halloween III: Season of the Witch]]''. Kneale was approached by the director [[John Landis]] to work on the screenplay for a [[remake]] of ''[[Creature from the Black Lagoon]]'', and Kneale and his wife spent some time living at the [[Sheraton Hotel]] in Hollywood while Kneale worked on the project.{{Sfn|Holliss|1983|p=31}} The ''Black Lagoon'' script never went into production, but while in America Kneale met the director [[Joe Dante]], who invited him to script the third film in the [[Halloween (franchise)|''Halloween'' series]], on which Dante was working; Kneale agreed, on the proviso that it would be a totally new concept unrelated to the first two films, which he had not seen and he did not like what he had heard about them.{{Sfn|Holliss|1983|p=31}}

Kneale's [[Film treatment|treatment]] for the film met with the approval of [[John Carpenter]], the producer of the ''Halloween'' series, although Kneale was required to write the script in six weeks.{{Sfn|Holliss|1983|pp=31–32}} Kneale had a positive relationship with the director assigned to the film, [[Tommy Lee Wallace]], but when one of the film's backers, [[Dino De Laurentiis]], insisted upon the inclusion of more graphic violence and a rewrite of the script from Wallace, Kneale became displeased with the results and had his name removed from the film.{{Sfn|Holliss|1983|p=32}}

=== 1987–1995: Later ITV work ===
He returned to writing scripts for British television, including ''Gentry'' with [[Roger Daltrey]] for ITV in 1987, and the [[The Woman in Black (1989 film)|1989 adaptation]] of [[Susan Hill]]'s novel ''[[The Woman in Black]]'' for transmission on ITV on Christmas Eve.{{Sfn|Angelini|n.d. (d)}} [[Lynne Truss]], reviewing a [[Rerun|repeat]] broadcast of the production on [[Channel 4]] for ''The Times'' in 1994, wrote that: "Clip-clop is not usually a noise to get upset about. But it will be an interesting test, today, to go up behind people and whisper 'clip-clop', to find out whether they saw ''The Woman in Black'' last night. People who made the bold decision to watch this excellent drama will respond to any 'clip-clop' by gratifyingly leaping in the air and grabbing the backs of their necks."{{Sfn|Truss|1994|p=31}} The adaptation nearly went unmade; Kneale had written the script in ten days but been advised by his agent to wait before submitting it to the producers [[Central Independent Television]] so that they would not think he had rushed it.{{Sfn|Gatiss|2006b}} When he did submit the script three weeks later, he discovered that Central had been about to cancel the production as they had assumed that Kneale, then 67, had not been able to complete the work due to his age.{{Sfn|Gatiss|2006b}}

Susan Hill did not like some of the changes that Kneale had made to ''The Woman in Black''.{{Sfn|Angelini|n.d. (d)}} It has been observed that Kneale on some occasions operated a double standard with adaptations; being unhappy when others made changes to his stories, but willing to make changes to stories he was adapting into script form. Referring to ''The Woman in Black'' adaptation, the writer and critic [[Kim Newman]] noted that: "He was very offended at the notion of Susan Hill using the name of Kipps from HG Wells as the hero of ''The Woman in Black'', and so he decided not to use it and to change the hero's name to Kidd. I'm sure if somebody thought that Quatermass was a silly name and changed it, he'd be furious!"{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|p=169}} However, Kneale's adaptations were not always unpopular with the original author. In 1991, a [[Stanley and the Women|four-part version]] he wrote of [[Kingsley Amis]]'s novel ''[[Stanley and the Women (novel)|Stanley and the Women]]'', met with approval from the original author, with Amis regarding it as the most successful adaptation of his work.{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|p=172}}

Kneale also adapted ''[[Sharpe's Gold (TV programme)|Sharpe's Gold]]'' for ITV in 1995, as part of their series of adaptations of [[Bernard Cornwell]]'s ''[[Sharpe (TV series)|Sharpe]]'' novels.{{Sfn|Angelini|n.d. (b)}} This was an assignment that surprised his agent; "We didn't think he'd want to bother with them but he did. That was probably because he liked the producer."{{Sfn|Ezard|2006}} He returned to writing for radio for the first time since the 1950s in 1996, when he wrote the drama-documentary ''[[The Quatermass Memoirs]]'' for [[BBC Radio 3]].{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=40}} Partly composed of Kneale looking back at the events that led to the writing of the original three ''Quatermass'' serials and using some archive material, there was also a dramatised strand to the series, set just before the ITV ''Quatermass'' serial and featuring [[Andrew Keir]], star of the Hammer version of ''Quatermass and the Pit'', as the Professor.{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=40}}

While recording an [[audio commentary]] for that film in 1997, Kneale speculated about a possible ''Quatermass'' prequel set in 1930s [[Germany]].{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=40}} According to ''The Independent'', Kneale conceived a storyline involving the young Quatermass becoming involved in German rocketry experiments in the 1930s, and helping a young [[Jewish]] woman to escape from the country during the [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Berlin Olympics]].{{Sfn|Adrian|2006}}

=== 1995–2006: Final years ===
Kneale was invited to write for the successful American science-fiction series ''[[The X-Files]]'' (1993–2002), but declined the offer.{{Sfn|''The Times''|2006}} His final professional work was an episode of the ITV legal drama ''[[Kavanagh QC]]'', starring [[John Thaw]].{{Sfn|Angelini|n.d. (b)}} Kneale's episode, "Ancient History", was about a Jewish woman who during the Second World War had been subjected to horrific experiments in a [[concentration camp]].{{Sfn|Angelini|n.d. (b)}}

He continued to appear as an interview subject in various television documentaries,{{Sfn|''Screenonline''|n.d.}} and also recorded further audio commentaries for the release of some of his productions on [[DVD]]. In 2005, he acted as a consultant when the [[digital television]] channel [[BBC Four]] produced a live remake of ''The Quatermass Experiment''.{{Sfn|''BBC Press Office''|2005}} He lived in [[Barnes, London]], until his death on 29 October 2006 at the age of 84, following a series of small [[stroke]]s.{{Sfn|Jury|2006}}

==Legacy==
When he joined BBC, Kneale was impressed with the state in which they found BBC television drama.{{Sfn|Wake|n.d. (a)}} However, he was frustrated at what he saw as the slow and boring styles of television drama production then employed, which he felt wasted the potential of the medium.{{Sfn|Jacobs|2000|p=135}} Together with Cartier he would help revolutionise British television drama and establish it as an entity separate from its theatre and radio equivalents. Television historian Lez Cooke wrote in 2003 that "Between them, Kneale and Cartier were responsible for introducing a completely new dimension to television drama in the early to mid-1950s."{{sfn|Cooke|2003|p=20}} Jason Jacobs, a lecturer in [[Film studies|film]] and [[television studies]] at the [[University of Warwick]], wrote: "It was the arrival of Nigel Kneale&nbsp;... and Rudolph Cartier&nbsp;... that challenged the intimate drama directly&nbsp;... Kneale and Cartier shared a common desire to invigorate television with a faster tempo and a broader thematic and spatial canvas, and it was no coincidence that they turned to science-fiction in order to get out of the dominant stylistic trend of television intimacy."{{Sfn|Jacobs|2000|pp=130–134}}

The writer and actor [[Mark Gatiss]] indicated that Kneale was among the first rank of British television writers, but that this had been overlooked. "He is amongst the greats—he is absolutely as important as [[Dennis Potter]], as [[David Mercer (playwright)|David Mercer]], as [[Alan Bleasdale]], as [[Alan Bennett]], but I think because of a strange snobbery about fantasy or sci-fi it's never quite been that way."{{Sfn|Gatiss|2006b}} ''The Guardian'' commented that "Kneale was by no means the only author to have been largely wasted by television, and to have seen his status overtaken by [[soap opera]] hacks. But his place is secure, alongside Wells, [[Arthur C. Clarke]], [[John Wyndham]] and [[Brian Aldiss]], as one of the best, most exciting and most compassionate English science fiction writers of his century."{{Sfn|Ezard|2006}} Writing about ''The Year of the Sex Olympics'', Nancy Banks-Smith felt that Kneale was one of the few television writers whose work was particularly memorable. "At the name of Kneale, I feel, every knee should bow. How much TV do you remember from last night&nbsp;... last year&nbsp;... last century? Quite. Curiously, I can remember clearly the first time I saw ''The Year of the Sex Olympics'' by Nigel Kneale. It was 35 years ago."{{Sfn|Banks-Smith|2003}}

Kneale was admired by the film director [[John Carpenter]].{{Sfn|''The Times''|2006}}{{Sfn|BBC News|2007}} The [[horror fiction]] writer [[Stephen King]] has cited Kneale as an influence,{{Sfn|''The Times''|2006}}{{Sfn|BBC News|2007}} and Kim Newman suggested in 2003 that King had "more or less rewritten ''Quatermass and the Pit'' in ''[[The Tommyknockers]]''."{{Sfn|Newman|2003}} Other writers have acclaimed Kneale as an influence on their work including [[comic book|comics]] writer [[Grant Morrison]]{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|p=182}} and television [[screenwriter]] [[Russell T Davies]],{{Sfn|Murray|2006a|p=6}} who described the ''Beasts'' episode "Baby" as "the most frightening thing I've ever seen&nbsp;... Powerful stuff."{{Sfn|Murray|2006a|p=6}} Film screenwriter and director [[Dan O'Bannon]] was also an admirer of Kneale's writing,{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|p=182}} and in 1993 wrote a potential remake of ''The Quatermass Experiment'',{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|p=183}}  of which Kneale approved,{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|p=184}} but the film was never made.{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|p=183}} Other entertainment industry figures that publicly expressed admiration for Kneale's work include [[the Beatles]]' drummer [[Ringo Starr]], members of the rock group [[Pink Floyd]] and ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'' writer/performer [[Michael Palin]].{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|pp=98–99}}

Kneale never saw himself as a science-fiction writer,{{Sfn|Kibble-White|2003}} and was often critical of the genre. He particularly disliked the BBC series ''[[Doctor Who]]'' (1963–89; 1996; 2005–present), for which he had once turned down an offer to write.{{Sfn|Newley|2007}} He also criticised ''[[Doomwatch]]'' and ''[[Blake's 7]]'', with the latter described as the lowest point of British television science-fiction.{{Sfn|Pixley|Kneale|1986}} ''Doctor Who'' was heavily influenced by Kneale's ''Quatermass'' serials,{{Sfn|Howe|Stammers|Walker|1992|p=156}}{{Sfn|Parkin|Pearson|2006|p=93}}{{Sfn|McKay|2005}} in some cases even using specific storylines that were similar to those from ''Quatermass''.{{Sfn|Barnes|2007|pp=42–50}}{{Sfn|Cornell|Day|Topping|1995}}

== Family ==
[[File:Judith Kerr on September 15, 2016 at the International Literature Festival Berlin (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A photograph of a woman looking up and to the right|Kneale's wife [[Judith Kerr]] in 2016.]]
Kneale's younger brother is [[artist]] and [[sculpture|sculptor]] [[Bryan Kneale]], who was Master and then Professor of Sculpture at the [[Royal Academy]] from 1982 to 1990.{{Sfn|Royal West of England Academy|n.d.}} He painted the covers for the ''Quatermass'' script books released by [[Penguin Books]] in 1959 and 1960.{{Sfn|Pixley|2005|p=38}} He was also responsible for a painting of a [[lobster]] from which [[special effect]]s designers Bernard Wilkie and Jack Kine drew their inspiration for the [[Martian]] creatures they constructed for the original television version of ''Quatermass and the Pit''.<ref name="demons">{{cite video|people=Jack Kine and Bernard Wilkie|year=2005|title=Making Demons|medium=[[DVD]]: Documentary using archive interview material. Extra feature on ''The Quatermass Collection'' set|publisher=[[BBC Worldwide]]}}</ref>

In the early 1950s Kneale met fellow BBC screenwriter [[Judith Kerr]], a Jewish [[refugee]], in the BBC canteen.{{Sfn|Jury|2006}} They married on 8 May 1954{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|p=36}} and had two children; [[Matthew Kneale|Matthew]], who later became a successful novelist,{{Sfn|BBC News|2007}} and Tacy, an actress and later a special effects designer who worked on the ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'' film series.{{Sfn|Ezard|2006}}

Kerr became a successful children's writer, with the ''[[Mog (Judith Kerr)|Mog]]'' series of books{{Sfn|BBC News|2007}} and ''[[When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit]]'', which was based on her own experiences of fleeing [[Nazi]] Germany in her youth.{{Sfn|''The Daily Telegraph''|2006}} Kneale worked with Kerr on an adaptation of ''When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit'' in the 1970s, but the eventual makers of the film version disregarded their script.{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|p=134}} Similarly, in 1995 Kneale scripted a four-part adaptation of one of Kerr's sequels to the book, ''A Small Person Far Away'', but this also went unproduced.{{Sfn|Murray|2006b|p=176}}

==Filmography==
* ''[[The Quatermass Xperiment]]'' (1955) - Story
* ''[[Quatermass 2]]'' (1957) - Writer
* ''[[The Abominable Snowman (film)|The Abominable Snowman]]'' (1957) - Writer
* ''[[Look Back in Anger (1959 film)|Look Back in Anger]]'' (1959) - Writer
* ''[[The Entertainer (1960 film)|The Entertainer]]'' (1960) - Writer
* ''[[H.M.S. Defiant]]'' (1962) - Writer
* ''[[First Men in the Moon (1964 film)|First Men in the Moon]]'' (1964) - Writer
* ''[[The Witches (1966 film)|The Witches]]'' (1966) - Writer
* ''[[Quatermass and the Pit (film)|Quatermass and the Pit]]'' (1967) - Writer
* ''[[The Stone Tape]]'' (1971) - Writer
* ''[[Quatermass (TV serial)|The Quatermass Conclusion]]'' (1979) - Writer
* ''[[Halloween III: Season of the Witch]]'' (1982) - Writer (uncredited)
* ''[[The Woman in Black (1989 film)|The Woman in Black]]'' (1989) - Writer

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
==== Books ====
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book|last=Cooke|first=Lez|title=British Television Drama: A History|type=hardback|year=2003|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|isbn=0-85170-884-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/britishtelevisio0000cook}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hearn|first1=Marcus|last2=Rigby |first2=Jonathan |year=2003|type=paperback|title=Quatermass 2—Viewing Notes|location=[[North Harrow]]|publisher=DD Video|id=DD06155}}
* {{cite book |last1=Howe |first1=David J. |author-link=David J. Howe |first2=Mark|last2=Stammers |author2-link=Mark Stammers |first3=Stephen James|last3=Walker |author3-link=Stephen James Walker |title=Doctor Who: The Sixties |url=https://archive.org/details/sixthdoctordocto00howe |url-access=limited |year=1992 |publisher=[[Virgin Publishing]] |edition=paperback |location=London |isbn= 0-86369-707-0 }} 
* {{cite book|last=Jacobs|first=Jason|title=The Intimate Screen: Early British Television Drama|type=paperback|year=2000|location=[[Oxford]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0-19-874233-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Catherine|title=Telefantasy|url=https://archive.org/details/telefantasy0000john|url-access=registration|type=paperback|year=2005|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|isbn=1-84457-076-2}}
* {{cite book | last=Murray| first=Andy | title=Beasts—Programme Notes | type=paperback | year=2006 | location=[[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]]| publisher=Network|id=7952477|ref={{harvid|Murray|2006a}}}}
* {{cite book | last=Murray| first=Andy | title=Into the Unknown: The Fantastic Life of Nigel Kneale |type=paperback|year=2006 | location=[[London]]|publisher=[[Headpress]] | isbn=1-900486-50-4 |ref={{harvid|Murray|2006b}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Parkin|first1=Lance|author-link=Lance Parkin|first2=Lars|last2=Pearson|author2-link=Lars Pearson|title=A History—An Unauthorised History of the Doctor Who Universe|location=[[Des Moines]]|year=2006|publisher=Mad Norwegian Press|isbn=0-9725959-9-6}} 
* {{cite book | last=Pixley| first=Andrew | title=The Quatermass Collection—Viewing Notes | year=2005 |type=paperback|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[BBC Worldwide]] |id=BBCDVD1478}}
* {{cite book|last=Sutton|first=Shaun|author-link=Shaun Sutton|title=The Largest Theatre in the World: Thirty Years of Television Drama|year=1982|type=hardback|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[BBC Books]]|isbn=0-563-20011-1}}
{{Refend}}

==== Magazine pieces ====
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite magazine|last=Barnes|first=Alan|author-link=Alan Barnes (writer)|title=The Fact of Fiction: Image of the Fendahl|magazine=[[Doctor Who Magazine]]|issue=379|pages=42–50|date=28 February 2007}}
*{{cite magazine|last=Holliss|first=Richard|url=https://archive.org/details/Starburst_Magazine_059_1983-07_Marvel-UK/page/n29/mode/2up|title=Nigel Kneale on Halloween III|magazine=[[Starburst (magazine)|Starburst]]|volume=4|issue=11|date=July 1983|pages=30–33|access-date=28 April 2021}}
{{Refend}}

==== Newspaper articles ====
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite news |last=Adrian |first=Jack |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article1948184.ece |title=Nigel Kneale |work=[[The Independent]] |date=2 November 2006 |access-date=8 February 2007 |page=46 |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128012507/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article1948184.ece |archive-date=28 November 2006 }}
*{{cite news|title=Broadcasting—The Light Programme|work=The Times|date=19 May 1948|page=7|ref={{harvid|''The Times''|1948}}}}
*{{cite news|last=Dunkley|first=Chris|title=Quatermass and Quixote in BBC drama plans|work=The Times|date=15 November 1972|page=19}}
*{{cite news|last=Ezard|first=John|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/sciencefiction/story/0,,1936877,00.html|title=Nigel Kneale|work=The Guardian|date=2 November 2006|access-date=8 February 2007|location=London|archive-date=8 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108064339/http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/sciencefiction/story/0,,1936877,00.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |last=Gatiss |first=Mark |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1937220,00.html |title=The man who saw tomorrow |author-link=Mark Gatiss |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2 November 2006 |access-date=10 February 2007 |location=London |ref={{harvid|Gatiss|2006a}} |archive-date=18 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218104018/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1937220,00.html |url-status=live }}
*{{cite news |last=Jury |first=Louise |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article1945772.ece |title=Nigel Kneale, creator of cult TV figure Quatermass, dies aged 84 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=1 November 2006 |access-date=8 February 2007 |page=12 |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001050539/http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article1945772.ece |archive-date=1 October 2007 }}
*{{cite news|title=London Pavilion—Quatermass II|work=The Times|date=27 May 1957|page=5|ref={{harvid|''The Times''|1957}}}}
*{{cite news|last=McKay|first=Sinclair|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2005/03/19/btwho19.xml&sSheet=/arts/2005/03/19/ixtop.html|title=A tale of British boffins|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=19 March 2005|access-date=26 January 2007|location=London|archive-date=31 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231040919/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2005%2F03%2F19%2Fbtwho19.xml&sSheet=%2Farts%2F2005%2F03%2F19%2Fixtop.html|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite news |last=Newley |first=Patrick |url=http://www.thestage.co.uk/features/obituaries/feature.php/15538/nigel-kneale |title=Nigel Kneale |work=[[The Stage]] |date=5 January 2007 |access-date=8 February 2007 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165159/http://www.thestage.co.uk/features/obituaries/feature.php/15538/nigel-kneale |url-status=live }}
*{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article622130.ece |title=Nigel Kneale |work=[[The Times]] |date=2 November 2006 |access-date=8 February 2007 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718123716/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article622130.ece |archive-date=18 July 2011 |ref={{harvid|''The Times''|2006}} }}
*{{cite news|title=Personal Choice|work=The Times|date=14 November 1979|page=23|ref={{harvid|''The Times''|1979}}}}
*{{cite news|title=Pick of the week's television|work=The Times|date=4 September 1981|page=XII|ref={{harvid|''The Times''|1981}}}}
*{{cite news|last=Truss|first=Lynne|author-link=Lynne Truss|title=In the midst of excess, a short, sharp shock|work=The Times|date=26 December 1994|page=31}}
{{Refend}}

==== Web articles ====
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/22/newsid_3131000/3131477.stm|title=1955: New TV channel ends BBC monopoly|publisher=BBC News|access-date=4 February 2007|date=22 September 1955|ref={{harvid|BBC News|1955}}|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126001605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/22/newsid_3131000/3131477.stm|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|last=Angelini|first=Sergio|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1201633/index.html|title=Kavanagh Q.C. (1995–2001)|website=[[Screenonline]]|access-date=10 February 2007|ref={{harvid|Angelini|n.d. (a)}}|archive-date=2 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302145720/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1201633/index.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last=Angelini |first=Sergio |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/458926/index.html |title=Kneale, Nigel (1922–2006) |website=[[Screenonline]] |access-date=8 February 2007 |ref={{harvid|Angelini|n.d. (b)}} |archive-date=24 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224183324/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/458926/index.html |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web|last=Angelini|first=Sergio|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/898626/index.html|title=Stone Tape, The (1972)|website=[[Screenonline]]|access-date=9 February 2007|ref={{harvid|Angelini|n.d. (c)}}|archive-date=29 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129082429/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/898626/index.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|last=Angelini|first=Sergio|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1156541/index.html|title=Woman in Black, The (1989)|website=[[Screenonline]]|access-date=9 February 2007|ref={{harvid|Angelini|n.d. (d)}}|archive-date=2 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302145711/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1156541/index.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news|last=Banks-Smith|first=Nancy|url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,11710,942190,00.html|title=Big Brother with knives|author-link=Nancy Banks-Smith|work=The Guardian|date=28 April 2003|access-date=9 February 2007|location=London|archive-date=1 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301030135/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,11710,942190,00.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/03_march/03/quatermass.shtml|title=BBC FOUR to produce a live broadcast of the sci-fi classic, The Quatermass Experiment|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=3 March 2005|access-date=10 February 2007|ref={{harvid|''BBC Press Office''|2005}}|archive-date=30 August 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830005601/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/03_march/03/quatermass.shtml|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.rwa.org.uk/kneale.htm|title=Bryan Kneale|publisher=[[Royal West of England Academy]]|access-date=10 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061229134835/http://www.rwa.org.uk/kneale.htm <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=29 December 2006|ref={{harvid|Royal West of England Academy|n.d.}}}}
*{{cite web|last=Collinson|first=Gavin|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/471469/index.html|title=Quatermass Experiment, The (1953)|website=[[Screenonline]]|access-date=9 February 2007|ref={{harvid|Collinson|n.d. (a)}}|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713050706/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/471469/index.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|last=Collinson|first=Gavin|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/560006/index.html|title=The Year of the Sex Olympics|website=[[Screenonline]]|access-date=9 February 2007|ref={{harvid|Collinson|n.d. (b)}}|archive-date=21 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221055121/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/560006/index.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Cornell |first1=Paul |author-link=Paul Cornell |first2=Martin |last2=Day |author2-link=Martin Day (writer) |first3=Keith |last3=Topping |author3-link=Keith Topping |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/daemons/detail.shtml |title=Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide&nbsp;– The Daemons |access-date=18 February 2007 |year=1995 |format=reprint of ''[[The Discontinuity Guide]]'' |work=BBC Doctor Who website |publisher=BBC |archive-date=13 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313202547/https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/episodeguide/daemons/detail.shtml |url-status=live }} 
*{{cite web |last=Dickinson |first=Robert |url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/Q/htmlQ/quartermass/quartermass.htm |title=Quatermass |publisher=[[Museum of Broadcast Communications]] |access-date=9 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302221228/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/Q/htmlQ/quartermass/quartermass.htm |archive-date=2 March 2007 |ref=CITEREFDickinsonn.d. }}
*{{cite web |last=Duguid |first=Mark |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/tv/100/list/prog.php?id=73 |title=73: Nineteen Eighty-Four |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |year=2000 |access-date=9 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060223071650/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/tv/100/list/prog.php?id=73 |archive-date=23 February 2006 }}
*{{cite web|last=Duguid|first=Mark|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1232046/index.html|title=Beasts (1976)|website=[[Screenonline]]|access-date=9 February 2007|ref={{harvid|Duguid|n.d. (a)}}|archive-date=2 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302145731/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1232046/index.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|last=Duguid|first=Mark|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/438460/index.html|title=Nineteen Eighty-Four (1954)|website=[[Screenonline]]|access-date=9 February 2007|ref={{harvid|Duguid|n.d. (b)}}|archive-date=24 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224195628/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/438460/index.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|last=Duguid|first=Mark|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/442672/index.html|title=Quatermass (1979)|website=[[Screenonline]]|access-date=9 February 2007|ref={{harvid|Duguid|n.d. (c)}}|archive-date=14 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214004941/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/442672/index.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|last=Duguid|first=Mark|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/441212/index.html|title=Quatermass II (1955)|website=[[Screenonline]]|access-date=9 February 2007|ref={{harvid|Duguid|n.d. (d)}}|archive-date=15 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070115074817/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/441212/index.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news|last=Gatiss|first=Mark|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6107564.stm|title=Quatermass creator was 'TV giant'|author-link=Mark Gatiss|publisher=BBC News|date=1 November 2006|access-date=9 February 2007|ref={{harvid|Gatiss|2006b}}|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303232754/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6107564.stm|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|last=Kibble-White|first=Jack|url=http://www.offthetelly.co.uk/interviews/nigelkneale.htm|title=The Magic Word Here is Paradox|website=Off the Telly|date=November 2003|access-date=8 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084048/http://www.offthetelly.co.uk/interviews/nigelkneale.htm|archive-date=29 September 2007|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/458926/credits.html|title=Kneale, Nigel (1922–2006)—Film & TV credits|website=[[Screenonline]]|access-date=8 February 2007|ref={{harvid|''Screenonline''|n.d.}}|archive-date=2 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302150129/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/458926/credits.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|last=Moody|first=Paul|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1063814/index.html|title=Witches, The (1966)|website=[[Screenonline]]|access-date=9 February 2007|archive-date=2 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302145900/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1063814/index.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/03/db0302.xml|title=Nigel Kneale|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=3 November 2006|access-date=8 February 2007|page=001|location=London|ref={{harvid|''The Daily Telegraph''|2006}}|archive-date=11 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111011310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2006%2F11%2F03%2Fdb0302.xml|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|last1=Pixley|first1=Andrew|first2=Nigel|last2=Kneale|url=http://www.geocities.com/TelevisionCity/8504/kneal.htm|title=Nigel Kneale—Behind the Dark Door|publisher=[[Kaleidoscope (organisation)|The Quatermass Home Page]]|year=1986|access-date=9 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050817034159/http://www.geocities.com/TelevisionCity/8504/kneal.htm|archive-date=17 August 2005}}
*{{cite news|title=Quatermass creator dies, aged 84|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6105578.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=1 November 2006|access-date=9 February 2007|ref={{harvid|BBC News|2007}}|archive-date=13 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613055706/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6105578.stm|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last=Simpson |first=Robert |url=http://www.hammerfilms.com/features/tributes/nigel_kneale.html |title=A Tribute to Nigel Kneale |publisher=[[Hammer Film Productions]] |access-date=10 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017215654/http://www.hammerfilms.com/features/tributes/nigel_kneale.html |archive-date=17 October 2007 |url-status=dead |ref={{harvid|Hammer|n.d.}} }}
*{{cite web|last=Wake|first=Oliver|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/1181098/index.html|title=Cartier, Rudolph (1904–1994)|website=[[Screenonline]]|access-date=8 February 2007|ref={{harvid|Wake|n.d. (a)}}|archive-date=1 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501105332/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/1181098/index.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|last=Wake|first=Oliver|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1203222/index.html|title=Wuthering Heights (1962)|website=[[Screenonline]]|access-date=9 February 2007|ref={{harvid|Wake|n.d. (b)}}|archive-date=2 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102165711/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1203222/index.html|url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

==== TV episodes ====
*[[Kim Newman|Newman, Kim]] in {{cite episode|title=The Kneale Tapes|series=Timeshift|credits=Producer&nbsp;– Tom Ware; Executive Producer&nbsp;– Michael Poole|network=[[BBC Four]]|air-date=15 October 2003|ref={{harvid|Newman|2003}}}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0460600|name=Nigel Kneale}}
* [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/458926/index.html British Film Institute biography]
* [http://www.geocities.ws/linwood//cine/Cinema%20Britain1/quatermass.html The Quatermass Trilogy – A Controlled Paranoia]
{{Quatermass}}
{{Bram Stoker Award for Lifetime Achievement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kneale, Nigel}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century British screenwriters]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
[[Category:British horror writers]]
[[Category:British science fiction writers]]
[[Category:British short story writers]]
[[Category:British male television writers]]
[[Category:Kerr family]]
[[Category:Manx dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Manx people]]
[[Category:Manx short story writers]]
[[Category:People educated at St Ninian's High School, Douglas]]
[[Category:People from Barrow-in-Furness]]
[[Category:Television show creators]]