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{{Short description|8th century book of classical Japanese history}} {{distinguish|Nihon-shiki|Shoku Nihongi}} {{italic title}} [[File:Nihonshoki tanaka version.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Page from a copy of the {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}}, early [[Heian period]] (c. 9th century)]] {{Shintoism}} The {{nihongo|'''''Nihon Shoki'''''|日本書紀}} or {{Nihongo|'''''Nihongi'''''|日本紀}}, sometimes translated as '''''The Chronicles of Japan''''', is the second-oldest book of classical [[History of Japan|Japanese history]]. It is more elaborate and detailed than the {{Lang|ja-latn|[[Kojiki]]}}, the oldest, and has proven to be an important tool for historians and [[archaeologists]] as it includes the most complete extant historical record of [[ancient Japan]]. The {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} was finished in [[720 in poetry|720]] under the editorial supervision of [[Prince Toneri]] with the assistance of [[Ō no Yasumaro]] and presented to [[Empress Genshō]].<ref>{{Citation | title = Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to AD 697 | author-link = William George Aston | first = William George | last = Aston | page = xv | chapter = Introduction | publisher = Tuttle Publishing | edition = Tra | date = July 2005 | orig-year = 1972 | isbn = 978-0-8048-3674-6}}, from the original Chinese and Japanese.</ref> The book is also a reflection of [[Chinese influence on Japanese culture|Chinese influence]] on Japanese civilization.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nihon-shoki | title=Nihon shoki | Mythology, Creation & History | Britannica }}</ref> In Japan, the Sinicized court wanted written history that could be compared with the annals of the Chinese.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nihon-shoki | title=Nihon shoki | Mythology, Creation & History | Britannica }}</ref> The {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} begins with the [[Japanese creation myth]], explaining the origin of the world and the first seven generations of divine beings (starting with [[Kuninotokotachi]]), and goes on with a number of myths as does the {{Lang|ja-latn|[[Kojiki]]}}, but continues its account through to events of the 8th century. It is believed to record accurately the latter reigns of [[Emperor Tenji]], [[Emperor Tenmu]] and [[Empress Jitō]]. The {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} focuses on the merits of the virtuous [[Emperor of Japan|rulers]] as well as the errors of the bad rulers. It describes episodes from [[Japanese mythology|mythological]] eras and [[diplomacy|diplomatic]] contacts with other countries. The {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} was written in [[classical Chinese]], as was common for official documents at that time. The {{Lang|ja-latn|Kojiki}}, on the other hand, is written in a combination of Chinese and phonetic transcription of Japanese (primarily for names and songs). The {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} also contains numerous [[transliteration]] notes telling the reader how words were pronounced in Japanese. Collectively, the stories in this book and the {{Lang|ja-latn|Kojiki}} are referred to as the Kiki stories.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.equinoxpub.com/books/showbook.asp?bkid=184 | title = Equinox Pub}}.</ref> The tale of [[Urashima Tarō]] is developed from the brief mention in {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} ([[Emperor Yūryaku]] Year 22) that a certain child of Urashima visited Horaisan and saw wonders. The later tale has plainly incorporated elements from the famous anecdote of "Luck of the Sea and Luck of the Mountains" ([[Hoderi]] and [[Hoori]]) found in {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}}. The later developed Urashima tale contains the [[Rip Van Winkle]] motif, so some may consider it an early example of fictional [[time travel]].<ref>{{citation|title=Malchronia: Cryonics and Bionics as Primitive Weapons in the War on Time|first=Christopher|last=Yorke|journal=[[Journal of Evolution and Technology]]|volume=15|issue=1|date=February 2006|pages=73–85|url=http://jetpress.org/volume15/yorke-rowe.html|access-date=2009-08-29|archive-date=2006-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516005834/http://www.jetpress.org/volume15/yorke-rowe.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first translation was completed by William George Aston in 1896 (English).<ref>Yasumaro no O.Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697.William George Aston.London.Transactions and proceedings of the Japan Society.2006</ref> ==Chapters== [[File:Nihon Shoki 15 April 683.jpg|thumb|upright|The Nihon Shoki entry of 15 April 683 CE ([[Emperor Temmu|Tenmu]] 12th year), when an edict was issued mandating the use of copper coins rather than silver coins, an early mention of [[Japanese currency]]. Excerpt of the 11th century edition.]] *'''Chapter 01''': (First chapter of myths) ''Kami no Yo no Kami no maki.'' *'''Chapter 02''': (Second chapter of myths) ''Kami no Yo no Shimo no maki.'' *'''Chapter 03''': ([[Emperor Jimmu]]) ''Kan'yamato Iwarebiko no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 04''': **([[Emperor Suizei]]) ''Kamu Nunakawamimi no Sumeramikoto.'' **([[Emperor Annei]]) ''Shikitsuhiko Tamatemi no Sumeramikoto.'' **([[Emperor Itoku]]) ''Ōyamato Hikosukitomo no Sumeramikoto.'' **([[Emperor Kōshō]]) ''Mimatsuhiko Sukitomo no Sumeramikoto.'' **([[Emperor Kōan]]) ''Yamato Tarashihiko Kuni Oshihito no Sumeramikoto.'' **([[Emperor Kōrei]]) ''Ōyamato Nekohiko Futoni no Sumeramikoto.'' **([[Emperor Kōgen]]) ''Ōyamato Nekohiko Kunikuru no Sumeramikoto.'' **([[Emperor Kaika]]) ''Wakayamato Nekohiko Ōbibi no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 05''': ([[Emperor Sujin]]) ''Mimaki Iribiko Iniye no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 06''': ([[Emperor Suinin]]) ''Ikume Iribiko Isachi no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 07''': **([[Emperor Keikō]]) ''Ōtarashihiko Oshirowake no Sumeramikoto.'' **([[Emperor Seimu]]) ''Waka Tarashihiko no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 08''': ([[Emperor Chūai]]) ''Tarashi Nakatsuhiko no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 09''': ([[Empress Jingū]]) ''Okinaga Tarashihime no Mikoto.'' *'''Chapter 10''': ([[Emperor Ōjin]]) ''Homuda no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 11''': ([[Emperor Nintoku]]) ''Ōsasagi no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 12''': **([[Emperor Richū]]) ''Izahowake no Sumeramikoto.'' **([[Emperor Hanzei]]) ''Mitsuhawake no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 13''': **([[Emperor Ingyō]]) ''Oasazuma Wakugo no Sukune no Sumeramikoto.'' **([[Emperor Ankō]]) ''Anaho no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 14''': ([[Emperor Yūryaku]]) ''Ōhatsuse no Waka Takeru no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 15''': **([[Emperor Seinei]]) ''Shiraka no Take Hirokuni Oshi Waka Yamato Neko no Sumeramikoto.'' **([[Emperor Kenzō]]) ''Woke no Sumeramikoto.'' **([[Emperor Ninken]]) ''Oke no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 16''': ([[Emperor Buretsu]]) ''Ohatsuse no Waka Sasagi no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 17''': ([[Emperor Keitai]]) ''Ōdo no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 18''': **([[Emperor Ankan]]) ''Hirokuni Oshi Take Kanahi no Sumeramikoto.'' **([[Emperor Senka]]) ''Take Ohirokuni Oshi Tate no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 19''': ([[Emperor Kinmei]]) ''Amekuni Oshiharaki Hironiwa no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 20''': ([[Emperor Bidatsu]]) ''Nunakakura no Futo Tamashiki no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 21''': **([[Emperor Yōmei]]) ''Tachibana no Toyohi no Sumeramikoto.'' **([[Emperor Sushun]]) ''Hatsusebe no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 22''': ([[Empress Suiko]]) ''Toyomike Kashikiya Hime no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 23''': ([[Emperor Jomei]]) ''Okinaga Tarashi Hihironuka no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 24''': ([[Empress Kōgyoku]]) ''Ame Toyotakara Ikashi Hitarashi no Hime no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 25''': ([[Emperor Kōtoku]]) ''Ame Yorozu Toyohi no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 26''': ([[Empress Saimei]]) ''Ame Toyotakara Ikashi Hitarashi no Hime no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 27''': ([[Emperor Tenji]]) ''Ame Mikoto Hirakasuwake no Sumeramikoto.'' *'''Chapter 28''': ([[Emperor Tenmu]], first chapter) ''Ama no Nunakahara Oki no Mahito no Sumeramikoto, Kami no maki.'' *'''Chapter 29''': ([[Emperor Tenmu]], second chapter) ''Ama no Nunakahara Oki no Mahito no Sumeramikoto, Shimo no maki.'' *'''Chapter 30''': ([[Empress Jitō]]) ''Takamanohara Hirono Hime no Sumeramikoto.'' ==Process of compilation== === Background === The background of the compilation of the {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} is that Emperor Tenmu ordered 12 people, including Prince Kawashima, to edit the old history of the empire.<ref>''日本の歴史4 天平の時代'' p.39, [[Shueisha]], Towao Sakehara</ref> ''[[Shoku Nihongi]]'' notes that "{{lang|ja-Hani|先是一品舍人親王奉勅修日本紀。至是功成奏上。紀卅卷系圖一卷}}" in the part of May 720. It means "Up to that time, <!--一品-->Prince Toneri had been compiling ''Nihongi'' on the orders of the emperor; he completed it, submitting 30 volumes of history and one volume of genealogy".<ref>{{cite book |editor=Keizai Zasshisha |editor-link=:ja:経済雑誌社 |title=Shoku Nihongi |script-title=ja:続日本紀 |series=[[Rikkokushi|National History]] |language=ja |volume=2 |date=1897 |publication-place=Tokyo |publisher=Keizai Zasshisha |url={{NDLDC|991092|/1/187|format=url}} |page=362 |via=[[National Diet Library]] |doi=10.11501/991092 |id={{NDLPID|991092}} |author1=経済雑誌社 }}</ref> ===Sources=== The {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} is a synthesis of older documents, specifically on the records that had been continuously kept in the Yamato court since the sixth century. It also includes documents and folklore submitted by clans serving the court. Prior to {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}}, there were ''[[Tennōki]]'' and ''[[Kokki]]'' compiled by [[Prince Shōtoku]] and [[Soga no Umako]], but as they were stored in Soga's residence, they were burned at the time of the [[Isshi Incident]] in July 645. The work's contributors refer to various sources which do not exist today. Among those sources, three [[Baekje]] documents (''Kudara-ki'', etc.) are cited mainly for the purpose of recording diplomatic affairs.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7jDuhnI6r9UC&q=paekche+nihon&pg=PA40 Sakamoto, Tarō. (1991). ''The Six National Histories of Japan: Rikkokushi,'' John S. Brownlee, tr.] pp. 40–41; [https://books.google.com/books?id=x5mwgfPXK1kC&dq=paekche+nihon+shoki&pg=PA170 Inoue Mitsusada. (1999). "The Century of Reform" in ''The Cambridge History of Japan'', Delmer Brown, ed. Vol. I], p.170.</ref> Textual criticism shows that scholars fleeing the destruction of the Baekje to Yamato wrote these histories and the authors of the {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} heavily relied upon those sources.<ref>Sakamoto, pp. 40–41.</ref> This must be taken into account in relation to statements referring to old historic rivalries between the ancient [[Korea]]n kingdoms of [[Silla]], [[Goguryeo]], and [[Baekje]]. Some other sources are cited anonymously as ''aru fumi'' ({{lang|ja-Hani|一書}}; "some document"), in order to keep alternative records for specific incidents. ==Exaggeration of reign lengths== Most scholars agree that the purported founding date of Japan (660 BCE) and the earliest emperors of Japan are mythical.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wrc6rzKkbgcC&dq=Kigensetsu&pg=PA555 Rimmer, Thomas ''et al.'' (2005). ''The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Literature''], p. 555 n1.</ref>{{failed verification|sate=February 2015|date=February 2015}}<!-- The exact wording of Note 1 is "Empire Founding Day (Kigensetsu), February 11, was established in 1872 as the anniversary of the legendary Emperor Jinmu's accession to the throne in 660 B.C., which is said to have marked the beginning of the Japanese nation. After the Pacific War, it was abolished and then, in 1966, reinstated as Nation Founding Day (Kenkoku kinen no hi)." -- How anyone could read this as supporting the material in this sentence I don't know. --> This does not necessarily imply that the persons referred to did not exist, merely that there is insufficient material available for further verification and study.<ref name="kelly">Kelly, Charles F. [http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/kofun.html "Kofun Culture,"] [http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/index.htm Japanese Archaeology.] April 27, 2009.</ref> Dates in the {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} before the late 7th century were likely recorded using the [[Genka calendar]] system.<ref>Barnes, Gina Lee. (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=GLAo-bLJw4EC&dq=genka+reki&pg=PA226 ''State Formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-Century Ruling Elite,'' p. 226 n.5].</ref> For those monarchs, and also for the Emperors [[Emperor Ōjin|Ōjin]] and [[Emperor Nintoku|Nintoku]], the lengths of reign are likely to have been exaggerated in order to make the origins of the imperial family sufficiently ancient to satisfy numerological expectations. It is widely believed that the [[Epoch (reference date)|epoch]] of 660 BCE was chosen because it is a "xīn-yǒu" year in the [[sexagenary cycle]], which according to [[Taoist]] beliefs was an appropriate year for a revolution to take place. As Taoist theory also groups together 21 sexagenary cycles into one unit of time, it is assumed that the compilers of {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} assigned the year 601 (a "xīn-yǒu" year in which Prince Shotoku's reformation took place) as a "modern revolution" year, and consequently recorded 660 BCE, 1260 years prior to that year, as the founding epoch. ===''Kesshi Hachidai''=== For the eight emperors of Chapter 4, only the years of birth and reign, year of naming as Crown Prince, names of consorts, and locations of tomb are recorded. They are called the ''Kesshi Hachidai'' ("{{lang|ja-Hani|欠史八代}}, "eight generations lacking history") because no legends (or a few, as quoted in ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}) are associated with them. Some{{which|date=February 2015}} studies support the view that these emperors were invented to push Jimmu's reign further back to the year 660 BCE. {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} itself somewhat elevates the "tenth" [[emperor Sujin]], recording that he was called the ''Hatsu-Kuni-Shirasu'' ("{{lang|ja-Hani|御肇国}}: first nation-ruling) emperor.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oEfAAAAYAAJ |title=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697 |date=1896 |publisher=Society |isbn=978-0-524-05347-8 |language=en}}</ref> == Influences == The tale of [[Urashima Tarō]] is developed from the brief mention in {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} ([[Emperor Yūryaku]] Year 22) that a certain child of Urashima visited Horaisan and saw wonders. The later tale has plainly incorporated elements from the famous anecdote of "Luck of the Sea and Luck of the Mountains" ([[Hoderi]] and [[Hoori]]) found in {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}}. The later developed Urashima tale contains the [[Rip Van Winkle]] motif, so some may consider it an early example of fictional [[time travel]].<ref>{{citation |last=Yorke |first=Christopher |title=Malchronia: Cryonics and Bionics as Primitive Weapons in the War on Time |date=February 2006 |url=http://jetpress.org/volume15/yorke-rowe.html |journal=[[Journal of Evolution and Technology]] |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=73–85 |access-date=2009-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516005834/http://www.jetpress.org/volume15/yorke-rowe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-05-16}}</ref> ==Editions== ===English translations=== *{{cite book|last=Aston |first=William George |authorlink=William George Aston |title=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697 |year=1896 |location=London |publisher=[[Charles Kegan Paul|Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.]] |oclc=9486539}} [https://archive.org/details/nihongi1asto/mode/2up vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/nihongi2asto/mode/2up vol. 2] ===Manuscripts=== ===Prints=== * [https://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kotenseki/html/ri05/ri05_01940/index.html Nihongi volume 1-30] Publication date unknown. Preface dated [[Keichō]] 15 (1610). [[Waseda University Library]] collection * [https://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kotenseki/html/ri05/ri05_00406/index.html Nihon Shoki volume 1-2] Publication date unknown. [[Waseda University Library]] collection ===Typed prints=== *{{cite book |title=Nihon Shoki |editor=Keiza zasshisha (経済雑誌社) |publisher=Keiza zasshisha (経済雑誌社) |year=1907 |location=Tokyo, Japan |language=ja |series=Kokushi taikei (國史大系) |volume=1 |script-title=ja:日本書紀 |doi=10.11501/991091 |oclc=21967145 |id={{NDLPID|991091}} |author1=経済雑誌社 }} *{{cite book |title=Nihon Shoki vol.1 |publisher=[[Asahi Shimbun Company]] |editor-last=Saeki<!--佐伯--> |editor-first=Ariyoshi<!--有義--> |origyear=1928 |year=1940 |location=Tokyo, Japan |language=ja |series=Rikkokushi (六國史) |edition=増補版 |volume=1 |script-title=ja:日本書紀 上巻 |doi=10.11501/1172831 |oclc=22150362 |id={{NDLPID|1172831}} |author1=佐伯, 有義, 1867-1945 }}; [{{NDLDC|1172847}} vol.2] ===Modern Japanese translations=== *{{cite book |last=Ujiya (宇治谷) |first=Tsutomu (孟) |title=Nihon shoki (日本書紀) |volume=上 |publisher=Kodansha |year=1988 |isbn=4-06-158833-8}}; Vol.下:{{isbn|4-06-158834-6}} ==See also== * [[Hiromichi Mori]] * [[Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo]] * [[Historiography of Japan]] * ''[[Iki no Hakatoko no Sho]]'' * [[International Research Center for Japanese Studies]] * [[Japanese Historical Text Initiative]] * [[Shaku Nihongi]] * [[William George Aston]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Further reading== *{{cite book|translator-last1=Brownlee|translator-first1=John S. |last1=Sakamoto|first1=Tarō|year=1991|title=The Six National Histories of Japan: Rikkokushi|place=Vancouver|publisher=University of British Columbia Press|isbn=978-0-7748-0379-3}} *Brownlee, John S. (1991). ''Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From {{Lang|ja-latn|Kojiki}} (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712)''. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. {{ISBN|0-88920-997-9}} * Brownlee, John S. (1997) ''Japanese historians and the national myths, 1600–1945: The Age of the Gods and Emperor Jimmu''. Vancouver: [[University of British Columbia Press]]. {{ISBN|0-7748-0644-3}} Tokyo: [[University of Tokyo Press]]. {{ISBN|4-13-027031-1}} ==External links== {{wikisource|Nihon Shoki|''Nihon Shoki''}} {{Wikisourcelang|zh|日本書紀}} {{commonscat}} ===Nihongi / Nihon Shoki texts=== *Based on Aston's translation: **{{cite wikisource |title=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697}} Searchable version of Aston's translation ** {{cite web|url=https://jhti.berkeley.edu/Nihon%20shoki.html|title=Nihon Shoki|author=JHTI|work=Japanese Historical Text Initiative|publisher=UC Berkeley|access-date=25 April 2018}}: [[kanbun]] text vs. English translation (Aston's 1896 edition) in blocks. Search mode and browse mode. Images are from a 1785 printed edition. **Excerpts at sacred-texts.com: [http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/nihon0.htm The Nihongi Part 1], [https://sacred-texts.com/shi/nihon1.htm Part 2], [https://sacred-texts.com/shi/nihon2.htm Part 3], [https://sacred-texts.com/shi/nihon3.htm Part 4] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20200812063916/http://nihonshoki.wikidot.com/start The Nihon Shoki Wiki] Online English translations by Matthieu Felt *{{in lang|ja}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.kikuchi2.com/jodai/shokiall.html |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=菊池眞一研究室 (Shinichi Kikuchi laboratory) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211030314/http://www.kikuchi2.com/jodai/shokiall.html |archive-date=2023-12-11 |url-status=live |language=ja |script-title=ja:『日本書紀』国史大系版 |trans-title=Nihon Shoki – Kokushi Taikei edition |trans-quote=Based on The Revised Enhanced Kokushi Taikei edition, redacted with other editions}}<!--Former J–TEXTS 日本文学電子図書館 **Validation of domain j-texts.com: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240616133920/https://crd.ndl.go.jp/reference/entry/index.php?page=ref_view&id=1000057502] **Validation of domain kikuchi2.com: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200210143650/http://www.j-texts.com:80/]--> *{{in lang|ja}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050903011203/http://kodaishi-db.hp.infoseek.co.jp/ {{Lang|ja-latn|Nihon Shoki}} Text (六国史全文)] Downloadable lzh compressed file ===Others=== *{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Nihongi|year=1905 |short=x}} {{Rikkokushi}} {{jmyth navbox long}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:History books about Japan]] [[Category:Old Japanese texts]] [[Category:8th-century history books]] [[Category:Nara-period works]] [[Category:Japanese mythology]] [[Category:Shinto texts]] [[Category:Nara period]] [[Category:Japanese literature in Classical Chinese]] [[Category:8th-century Japanese books|N]] [[Category:720]] [[Category:8th-century Japanese literature]] [[Category:Kanbun]]
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