Editing Nikolay Zhukovsky (scientist)

{{short description|Russian scientist (1847–1921)}}
{{Other people|Zhukovsky|Zhukovsky (disambiguation){{!}}Zhukovsky}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Nikolay Zhukovsky
| native_name       = {{nobold|Николай Жуковский}}
| image             = Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky - 1913 year.jpg
| image_size        = 
| alt               = 
| caption           = 
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1847|01|17|df=y}}
| birth_place       = Orekhovo, [[Vladimir Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|1921|03|17|1847|01|17|df=y}}
| death_place       = [[Moscow]], [[Russian SFSR]]
| resting_place     = 
| citizenship       = 
| nationality       = Russian
| fields            = [[Aerodynamics]]
| workplaces        = [[Imperial Moscow University]]<br/>[[Bauman Moscow State Technical University]]<br/>[[Moscow State University]]
| alma_mater        = [[Moscow State University]]
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| academic_advisors = [[August Davidov]]
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students  = [[Sergey Chaplygin|S. Chaplygin]]<br/>[[Leonid I. Sedov|L. I. Sedov]]<br/>[[Vasily Vladimirovich Shuleikin|V. V. Shuleikin]]<br />[[Leonid Leibenson]]<br/>[[Andrei Tupolev]]
| known_for         = [[Water hammer|Joukowsky equation]]<br>[[Joukowsky transform]]<br>[[Kutta–Joukowski theorem]]
| author_abbrev_bot = 
| author_abbrev_zoo = 
| awards            = [[Order of Saint Anna]]<br/>[[Order of Saint Stanislaus]]<br/> [[Order of Saint Vladimir]]
| signature         = Sign of Nikolai Zhukovsky.png
| footnotes         = 
| spouse            = 
}}

'''Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky'''<ref>His surname is usually [[Romanization of Russian|romanised]] as '''Joukovsky''' or '''Joukowsky''' in the literature. See for example [[Joukowsky transform]], [[Kutta–Joukowski theorem]] and so on.</ref> ({{lang-rus|Никола́й Его́рович Жуко́вский|p=ʐʊˈkofskʲɪj}}; {{OldStyleDate|17 January|1847|5 January}} – 17 March 1921) was a Russian scientist, mathematician and engineer, and a founding father of modern [[aerodynamics|aero-]] and [[hydrodynamics]]. Whereas contemporary scientists scoffed at the idea of human flight, Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow. He is often called the ''Father of Russian Aviation''.

The [[Joukowsky transform]] is named after him, while the fundamental aerodynamical theorem, the [[Kutta–Joukowski theorem]], is named after both him and German mathematician [[Martin Kutta]].

==Life==

Zhukovsky was born in the village of Orekhovo, [[List of governorates of the Russian Empire|Vladimir]] [[Governorate (Russia)|Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]. In 1868 he graduated from [[Moscow State University|Moscow University]] where he studied under [[August Davidov]]. From 1872 he was a professor at the [[Moscow State Technical University|Imperial Technical School]]. In 1904, he established the world's first Aerodynamic Institute in Kachino near [[Moscow]]. He was influenced by both [[Ernst Mach]] and his son [[Ludwig Mach]].<ref name="Mach L&W">{{cite book|last1=Blackmore|first1=John T.|title=Ernst Mach; His Work, Life, and Influence|date=1972|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520018495|url=https://archive.org/details/ernstmachhiswork0000blac|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/ernstmachhiswork0000blac/page/235 235]|quote=ernst mach Karl Lueger.|access-date=16 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> From 1918 he was the head of [[TsAGI]] (Central AeroHydroDynamics Institute).

[[File:Nikolay Zhukovsky.jpg|left|thumb|Collected paper Nikolay Zhukovsky. Theoretical basis aeronautics.]]
[[File:Zhukovskij marka SSSR 1963.jpg|thumb|left| Stamp from the USSR Aviation series 1963 dedicated to Zhukovsky (CFA 2915, Scott 2774)]]

Zhukovsky was the first scientist to explain mathematically the origin of aerodynamic [[lift (force)|lift]], through his [[circulation (fluid dynamics)|circulation]] hypothesis, the first to establish that the lift force generated by a body moving through an ideal fluid is proportional to the velocity and the circulation around the body. He is credited with the [[Joukowsky airfoil]] - an ideal shape of the aerodynamic profile having as essential elements a rounded nose (leading edge), double surface (finite thickness), [[Camber (aerodynamics)|cambered]] or symmetrical, and a sharp tail (trailing edge). He built the first [[wind tunnel]] in Russia. He was also responsible for the eponymous [[water hammer]] equation used by civil engineers.

He published a derivation for the maximum energy obtainable from a turbine in 1920, at the same time as German scientist [[Albert Betz]].<ref>Gijs A.M. van Kuik, [http://www.tudelft.nl/live/ServeBinary?id=5b6d6215-c7cd-4867-9712-e4c9d74ed533&binary=/doc/The%20Lancheste%20Betz%20Joukowsky%20limit%20WE10-3%20GvK.pdf ''The Lanchester-Betz-Joukowsky Limit''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609032218/http://www.tudelft.nl/live/ServeBinary?id=5b6d6215-c7cd-4867-9712-e4c9d74ed533&binary=%2Fdoc%2FThe%20Lancheste%20Betz%20Joukowsky%20limit%20WE10-3%20GvK.pdf|date=June 9, 2011}}, Wind Energ. 2007; 10:289–291</ref> This is known controversially as [[Betz's law]], as this result was also derived by British scientist [[Frederick W. Lanchester]]. This is a famous example of [[Stigler's law of eponymy]].

In December 1918 at Zhukovsky's proposal and with his active participation, the Soviet government founded the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI), of which he became the first head. At the same time, theoretical courses for military pilots were founded, later transformed into the Moscow Aviation Technical College. The Institute of Engineers of the Red Air Fleet was established on its base in 1920, and in May 1922 it became the [[Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy|Air Force Engineering Academy]] named after Zhukovsky.
[[File:Tomb in Cemetery in Donskoy Monastery 11.jpg|thumb|The graves of Nikolai Egorovich, Elena and Sergei Zhukovsky]]
Zhukovsky died in [[Moscow]] in 1921.

==Recognition==
A [[Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast|city near Moscow]] and the crater [[Zhukovskiy (crater)|Zhukovskiy]] on the Moon are both named in his honor.

The [[:ru:Премия имени Н. Е. Жуковского|State Zhukovsky Prize]] was established in 1920 'for the best works in mathematics'.

The [[Russian Air Force]]'s [[Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy|engineering academy]] was named for him, later reorganized into the [[Zhukovsky – Gagarin Air Force Academy]]. In May 2016 [[Moscow]]'s fourth largest [[Zhukovsky International Airport|airport]] was named in his honor.

[[Mosfilm]] produced a 1950 [[Zhukovsky (film)|eponymous biopic]] directed by [[Vsevolod Pudovkin]] with music by [[Vissarion Shebalin]], which earned Pudovkin and Shebalin the [[USSR State Prize]] in 1951.

The Russian [[TsAGI|Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Institute]] and the Ukrainian [[National Aerospace University – Kharkiv Aviation Institute]] are named after him.

The [[:ru:Мемориальный дом-музей Н. Е. Жуковского|Zhukovsky House]] is a museum dedicated to his memory

<gallery>
File:Museum of Moscow Aviation Institute 2016-02-02 009 (cropped).JPG
File:Airfoil geometry.svg
Stamp of USSR 1105.jpg|1947 stamp
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Water hammer|Joukowsky equation]]
* [[Joukowsky transform]]
* [[Kutta–Joukowski theorem]]

==References==
<references />
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Zhukovsky}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Nikolai Zhukovsky}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhukovsky, Nikolay Yegorovich}}
[[Category:1847 births]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:Aerodynamicists]]
[[Category:Aviation pioneers]]
[[Category:Fluid dynamicists]]
[[Category:Physicists from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Moscow State University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Sobinsky District]]
[[Category:Russian inventors]]
[[Category:19th-century mathematicians from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Imperial Moscow University]]
[[Category:Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute employees]]
[[Category:Russian scientists]]
[[Category:Inventors from the Russian Empire]]