Editing Ninian Stephen

{{Short description|Australian jurist and former Governor-General (1923–2017)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Australian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name                = Sir Ninian Stephen
| honorific-suffix    = {{postnominals|country=AUS|size=100|sep=,|KG|AK|GCMG|GCVO|KBE|PC|QC}}
| image               = Sir Ninian Stephen.jpg
| order               = 20th
| office              = Governor-General of Australia
| term_start          = 29 July 1982
| term_end            = 16 February 1989
| primeminister       = [[Malcolm Fraser]] <br />[[Bob Hawke]]
| predecessor         = [[Sir Zelman Cowen]]
| successor           = [[Bill Hayden]]
| monarch             = [[Elizabeth II]]
| order2              = 
| office2             = [[List of Justices of the High Court of Australia|Justice of the High Court of Australia]]
| term_start2         = 1 March 1972
| term_end2           = 11 May 1982
| nominator2          = [[Billy McMahon]]
| appointer2          = [[Sir Paul Hasluck]]
| predecessor2        = [[Sir Victor Windeyer]]
| successor2          = [[Sir William Deane]]
| order3              = [[Supreme Court of Victoria|Judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria]]
| term_start3         = 30 June 1970
| term_end3           = 29 February 1972
| nominator3          = [[Sir Henry Bolte]]
| appointer3          = [[Sir Rohan Delacombe]]
| predecessor3        = [[Robert Monahan]]
| successor3          = [[William Kaye (judge)|William Kaye]]
| birth_name          = Ninian Martin Stephen
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1923|06|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place         = [[Nettlebed]], [[Oxfordshire]], England
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2017|10|29|1923|06|15|df=yes}}
| death_place         = [[Melbourne]], Australia
| spouse              = {{marriage|Valery Sinclair|June 1949}}
| children            = 5
| profession          = [[Barrister]], judge
| religion            = <!--Military service-->
| nickname            = 
| allegiance          = Australia
| branch              = [[Second Australian Imperial Force]]
| serviceyears        = 1941–1946
| rank                = Lieutenant
| unit                = [[Royal Australian Artillery]]<br />[[Royal Australian Engineers]]
| commands            = 
| battles             = [[World War II]]
| awards              = 
}}
'''Sir Ninian Martin Stephen''' (15 June 1923 – 29 October 2017) was an English-born Australian judge who served as the [[List of governors-general of Australia|20th governor-general of Australia]], in office from 1982 to 1989. He was previously a justice of the [[High Court of Australia]] from 1972 to 1982.<ref name="HCAbio">{{cite web| url= http://www.hcourt.gov.au/justices/Page-5| title= About the Justices| author=High Court of Australia| author-link= High Court of Australia| year= 2010| access-date= 7 May 2011}}</ref>

Stephen was born in England to Scottish parents. As a child he lived for periods in France, Germany, Scotland, and Switzerland, eventually arriving in Australia at the age of 16. Stephen served with the [[Australian Army]] during World War II, and after the war entered the legal profession. He became one of Australia's leading constitutional lawyers. Stephen was appointed to the [[Supreme Court of Victoria]] in 1970, and then to the High Court in 1972, aged 48. He was considered a member of the court's "moderate centre". In 1982, Stephen was appointed governor-general on the recommendation of [[Malcolm Fraser]]. He approved two [[double dissolution]]s during his time in office, the only governor-general to do so. After his term expired, Stephen remained active in public life as a conservationist and member of various international tribunals. He died at the age of 94, making him Australia's longest-lived governor-general.

==Early life==
Stephen was born in [[Nettlebed]], Oxfordshire, England, to Scottish parents, Barbara (née Cruickshank) and Frederick Brown Stephen. His father, a chauffeur,<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/sir-ninian-stephen-obituary-2lgl02b70 | title=Sir Ninian Stephen }}</ref> poultry farmer and motorcycle courier in [[World War I]],<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2017/10/29/sir-ninian-stephen-australias-former-governor-general-war-crimes/ | title=Sir Ninian Stephen, Australia's former Governor-General and war crimes judge – obituary | newspaper=The Telegraph | date=29 October 2017 }}</ref> left the family shortly after his birth, emigrating to Canada and starting a new family; his son was told that he had died, and did not learn the truth until 2003. Stephen's mother, formerly a lady's maid<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/sir-ninian-stephen-obituary-2lgl02b70 | title=Sir Ninian Stephen }}</ref> was a [[Lady's companion|paid companion]] for Nina Mylne, the wealthy heiress of the [[Queensland]] pastoralist [[Graham Mylne]]; his given name was in her honour. During his early childhood, the three of them lived for periods in Switzerland ([[Geneva]] where he was christened and [[Montreaux]]), France (Paris, [[Cannes]], and [[Saint-Cast-le-Guildo]]) and Germany ([[Wiesbaden]]), where Mylne took him to Nuremberg for the 1938 [[Nuremberg rallies|Reichsparteitag Grossdeutschland]] (5-12 September) which he photographed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Ayres|first=Philip|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/841396139|title=A fortunate voyager : the life of Ninian Stephen|date=2013|isbn=978-0-522-86207-2|location=Carlton, Vic.|oclc=841396139}}</ref> They eventually moved to [[Edinburgh]] in 1929 so Stephen could begin his formal schooling.<ref name=fv>{{cite book |last=Ayres|first=Philip|author-link=Philip James Ayres|date=2013|title=Fortunate Voyager: The Worlds of Ninian Stephen|publisher=Melbourne University Publishing|isbn=9780522862089}}</ref>

Mylne paid for Stephen's education, which took place in Scotland ([[George Watson's College]] and [[Edinburgh Academy]]), London ([[St Paul's School, London|St Paul's School]]), and Switzerland (Chillon College, [[Montreux]]). He and Mylne generally traveled together, while his mother remained in Scotland and ran a boardinghouse. In 1940, the three of them moved to [[Melbourne]] to avoid the war, booking first into the Oriental Hotel then taking a flat in Linden Hall<ref name=":0"/> opposite [[Scotch College, Melbourne|Scotch College]] which Stephen attended for two terms, and was then accepted into the [[University of Melbourne]] to study law.<ref name=fv/><ref name=bc>{{cite book |last=Carroll|first=Brian|date=2004|title=Australia's Governors-General: From Hopetoun to Jeffery|publisher=Rosenberg|pages=173–179|isbn=1877058211}}</ref>

==Second World War==
In December 1941, following the end of his first year at university, Stephen enlisted in the [[Australian Army Reserve|Citizens Military Force]] to serve part-time in the [[Melbourne University Regiment]]. Following Japan's entry into [[World War II]], Stephen completed full-time military training from 8 December 1941 to 15 February 1942 and was then posted to the 10th Field Regiment, [[Royal Australian Artillery]], serving in Western Australia. He subsequently transferred to the [[Second Australian Imperial Force]]. In late 1943, Stephen transferred to the [[Royal Australian Engineers]], serving in New Guinea from April to August 1944 with the 43rd Australian Water Transport Company. He then attended courses, culminating in a commissioning course in April 1945. As a lieutenant, he served in the 41st Australian Landing Craft Company in New Guinea and [[New Britain]]. In August 1945, he was posted to [[Labuan]], Borneo, arriving after the war's end and serving there until January 1946. After returning to Australia, he was discharged on 5 February 1946.<ref>Service Record, VX107617 Stephen, Ninian Martin, B883, VX107617, National Archives of Australia, https://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/SearchNRetrieve/Interface/DetailsReports/ItemDetail.aspx?Barcode=6090879&isAv=N</ref>

==Legal career==
Stephen completed his studies after the war's end, and was admitted to the [[Victorian Bar]] in 1949. By the 1960s, he had become one of Australia's leading constitutional and commercial lawyers. He was made a [[Queen's Counsel]] in 1966.<ref name="HCAbio" />

==Judicial career==
On 30 June 1970, Stephen was appointed as a judge of the [[Supreme Court of Victoria]]. He held this position until 29 February 1972, relinquishing it to take up his appointment as a justice of the [[High Court of Australia]].<ref name="HCAbio" /> He was sworn of the [[Privy Council]] of the United Kingdom in 1979 and  sat as a member of its Judicial Committee.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://research.qut.edu.au/tnep/team/the-rt-hon-sir-ninian-stephen/ |website=research.qut.edu.au |title=The Rt. Hon Sir Ninian Stephen |publisher=Queensland University of Technology |access-date=6 May 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Although Stephen was appointed to the High Court by a [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] government, he proved not to be a traditional conservative upholder of states' rights. He joined the "moderate centre" of the court, between the arch-conservatism of Sir [[Garfield Barwick]] and the radicalism of [[Lionel Murphy]]. In 1982 he was part of the majority that decided on a broad interpretation of the "external affairs power" of the [[Constitution of Australia|Australian constitution]] in the ''[[Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen]]'' case.<ref name="fricke">{{cite book | first=Graham | last=Fricke | year=1986 | title=Judges of the High Court | publisher=Century Hutchison | location=Melbourne | isbn=0-09-157150-2 }}</ref>

==Governor-general==
In March 1982, Prime Minister [[Malcolm Fraser]] announced that Queen [[Elizabeth II]] had approved his recommendation of Sir Ninian Stephen to succeed Sir [[Zelman Cowen]] as [[Governor-General of Australia]].<ref name="HCAbio" /> His appointment was praised by both sides of politics.<ref name="smh" /> He was sworn in on 29 July 1982, the first former High Court justice to become governor-general since Sir [[Isaac Isaacs]] in 1931. When Fraser was defeated by the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] under [[Bob Hawke]] in [[1983 Australian federal election|1983]], Stephen had no difficulty working with a Labor government. In 1987, his term was extended by 18&nbsp;months as a mark of personal respect and also to allow [[Bill Hayden]] (to whom Hawke had promised the position) to leave politics at a time of his choosing. Stephen is the only governor-general to have approved two [[double dissolution]]s – in [[1983 Australian federal election|1983]] (for Fraser) and [[1987 Australian federal election|1987]] (for Hawke).<ref>{{cite book |last=Carroll|first=Brian|date=2004|title=Australia's Governors-General: From Hopetoun to Jeffery|publisher=Rosenberg|isbn=1877058211}}</ref>

==Later work==
[[File:NinianStephen.gif|thumb|right|Stephen in November 2006]]
In 1989, Stephen became Australia's first [[List of Australian special interests Ambassadors and Envoys#Ambassadors for the Environment|Ambassador for the Environment]]<ref name="HCAbio" /> and, in his three-year term, was particularly energetic in working for a ban of mining in [[Antarctica]]. In 1990 he became the chair of the Australian Antarctic Foundation, based in Hobart, and subsequently also became the chair of the Constitutional Centenary Foundation, based in Melbourne, which was established following the 1991 Constitutional Centenary Conference.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.antarctica.gov.au/magazine/issue-10-autumn-2006/feature/building-an-antarctic-gateway/ |title=Building an Antarctic gateway |first=Ben | last=Galbraith |date=1 June 2006 |website=Australian Antarctic program |publisher=Australian Government Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228192360 |title=The Constitution Centenary Foundation |first=Cheryl | last=Saunders |date=April 2008 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> In 1991, he undertook a   difficult task when he was appointed chairman of the second strand of the [[Northern Ireland]] peace talks. From 1991 to 1995, he was a judge ''ad hoc'' of the [[International Court of Justice]] in the case ''East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995''.<ref>[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3&k=66&case=84&code=pa&p3=4 ''East Timor (Portugal v. Australia)'', Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 90] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505232513/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3&k=66&case=84&code=pa&p3=4 |date=5 May 2021 }}.</ref> From 1993 to 1997, he was a judge on the international tribunals investigating war crimes in [[Yugoslavia]] and [[Rwanda]]. He also served as chairman of the Australian Citizenship Council from 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civicsandcitizenship.edu.au/cce/sir_ninian_stephen,9940.html |title=Sir Ninian Stephen |work=Education Services Australia |date=14 June 2005 |access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref> In 1994, he acted as a special envoy of the UN Secretary General to resolve political conflicts in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="smh" />

Stephen later moved back into the legal field, becoming president of an arbitral tribunal constituted under Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), charged with the adjudication of an investment dispute between Mondev, a Canadian investor, and the United States.<ref>[http://www.italaw.com/cases/documents/716 ''Mondev International Ltd. v. United States of America'', ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/99/2]</ref>

A detailed scholarly biography of Stephen, ''Fortunate Voyager'' by [[Philip James Ayres|Philip Ayres]], was released in September 2013.<ref>{{cite book | title=Fortunate Voyager: The Worlds of Ninian Stephen | author=Ayres, Philip | publisher= Megunyah/Melbourne University Publishing | year=2013 | place=Carlton | isbn=9780522862089}}</ref> Drawing upon it, Ayres also summarised Stephen's career for the ''Victorian Bar News''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ayres, Philip |url=http://www.vicbar.com.au/news-resources/publications/victorian-bar-news |title=Ninian Stephens at the Victorian Bar |work=Victorian Bar News |issue=155 |publisher=The Victorian Bar Inc. |pages=30–34 |date=Winter 2014 |access-date=5 December 2014 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206220808/http://www.vicbar.com.au/news-resources/publications/victorian-bar-news |archive-date=6 December 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Honours==
{{Infobox viceroy styles
| image = [[File:Badge of the Governor-General of Australia (St Edward's Crown).svg|40px]]
| name = Sir Ninian Stephen
| dipstyle = His Excellency The Right Honourable
| offstyle = Your Excellency
}}
Stephen was made a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (KBE) on 20 April 1972 "for distinguished services to the Law",<ref name="LG 21 April 1972">{{London Gazette |issue=45652 |date=21 April 1972 |page=4777 }}</ref> and sworn of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] in 1979. As governor-general he was made a [[Knight of the Order of Australia]] (AK), [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (GCMG) and [[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]] (GCVO). In 1994 [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] appointed him a [[Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter]] (KG), being the most recent Australian to be granted a knighthood in the personal gift of the [[Monarchy of Australia|monarch of Australia]]. He therefore had the unusual distinction of holding six separate [[knighthood]]s and joined [[Richard Casey, Baron Casey|Lord Casey]] and Sir [[Paul Hasluck]] as one of the few Australian Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter. In 1983 he was named a Commandeur of the French [[Legion of Honour|Légion d'honneur]].<ref>Philip Ayres. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kZpwAAAAQBAJ&q=honneur&pg=PP125 ''Fortunate Voyager: The Worlds of Ninian Stephen'']. Retrieved 19 July 2014</ref><ref>[http://about.abc.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/KeyWordsMarch2008.pdf ABC Editorial Policies: About the Authors, p. 5]. Retrieved 19 July 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.assa.edu.au/publications/dialogue/2003_Vol22_No2.pdf Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, Dialogue 22, 2/2003, p. 11] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304042939/http://www.assa.edu.au/publications/dialogue/2003_Vol22_No2.pdf |date=4 March 2014 }}. Retrieved 19 July 2014</ref>

Stephen delivered the first [[Sir Ninian Stephen Lecture]] at the [[University of Newcastle (Australia)|University of Newcastle]]'s law school in 1993, giving his name to this lecture series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newcastle.edu.au/newsroom/faculty-of-business-and-law/the-sir-ninian-stephen-lecture-2014 |title=The Sir Ninian Stephen Lecture 2014 |work=University of Newcastle Australia |date=5 September 2014 |access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| [[File:Order of the Garter UK ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter]] (KG) || 1994<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=53654|date=26 April 1994|page=6173}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:AUS Order of Australia (civil) BAR.svg|50px]] || [[Knight of the Order of Australia]] (AK) || 1982<ref>{{cite web|title=STEPHEN, Ninian Martin – Knight of the Order of Australia|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/885237|website=It's an Honour database|publisher=Australian Government|access-date=1 April 2018|date=29 July 1982}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Ord.St.Michele-Giorgio.png|50px]] || [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (GCMG) || 1982<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=49120|date=24 September 1982|page=12413}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Royal Victorian Order UK ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]] (GCVO) || 1982<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=49255|date=4 February 1983|page=1697}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Order of the British Empire (Civil) Ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (KBE) || 1972<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=45652|date=21 April 1972|page=4777}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Order of St John (UK) ribbon -vector.svg|50px]] || [[Venerable Order of St John|Knight of Grace of the Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem]] (KStJ) || 1982<ref name="Sir Ninian Stephen awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.heidesmith.com/Portrait_of_Sir_Ninian_Stephen.html|work=Portraits of Australians|title=Sir Ninian Stephen – Governor General of Australia – 1988|first=Heide|last=Smith|date=1988|access-date=1 February 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420061418/http://heidesmith.com/Portrait_of_Sir_Ninian_Stephen.html|archive-date=20 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:1939-45 Star.png|50px]] || [[1939–45 Star]] || <ref name="Sir Ninian Stephen awards"/>
|-
| [[File:Pacific Star.gif|50px]] || [[Pacific Star]] || <ref name="Sir Ninian Stephen awards"/>
|-
| [[File:War Medal 1939–1945 (UK) ribbon.png|50px]] || [[War Medal 1939–1945]] || <ref name="Sir Ninian Stephen awards"/>
|-
| [[File:Australian Service Medal 1939-45 ribbon.jpg|50px]] || [[Australia Service Medal 1939–45]] || <ref name="Sir Ninian Stephen awards"/>
|-
| [[File:QEII Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.png|50px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal]] || 1977<ref name="Sir Ninian Stephen awards"/>
|-
| [[File:AUS Centenary Medal ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Centenary Medal]] || 2001<ref>{{cite web|title=STEPHEN, Ninian Martin – Centenary Medal|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1126028|website=It's an Honour database|publisher=Australian Government|access-date=1 April 2018|date=1 January 2001}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|50px]] || [[Legion of Honour|Commander of the Legion of Honour]] || France; 1983
|}

==Personal life and death==
In June 1949, Stephen married Valery Mary Sinclair (4 July 1925 – 3 November 2019)<ref>{{cite web | url-access=limited  |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/131890836855694/1018523464859089 |archive-date = 2022-04-30| url = https://m.facebook.com/internationalhousemelbourne/photos/a.131896676855110.12001.131890836855694/1018523464859089 |title = International House, the University of Melbourne on Facebook  |website=Facebook}}{{cbignore}}{{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref> and they had five daughters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/sir-ninian-stephen-obituary-2lgl02b70|title=Sir Ninian Stephen}}</ref> Stephen and his wife were patrons of the [[Australian Inland Botanic Gardens]].<ref name="wentworthbotanic">{{cite web|url=http://www.wentworth.nsw.gov.au/tourism/botanic|title=A community project|work=wentworth.nsw.gov.au|access-date=2 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711164932/http://www.wentworth.nsw.gov.au/tourism/botanic/|archive-date=11 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> He died in [[Melbourne]] on 29 October 2017, aged 94.<ref name="smh">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/sir-ninian-stephen-former-governorgeneral-dies-aged-94-20171029-gzagyi.html|title=Sir Ninian Stephen, former governor-general, dies, aged 94|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=29 October 2017|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/oct/29/former-governor-general-sir-ninian-stephen-dies-aged-94|title=Former governor general Sir Ninian Stephen dies aged 94|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=29 October 2017|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-stephen/australian-former-governor-general-and-peacemaker-ninian-stephen-dies-at-94-idUSKBN1CY064|first = Alison|last = Bevege|title = Australian former governor-general and peacemaker Ninian Stephen dies at 94|work = [[Reuters]]|date = 29 October 2017|access-date = 30 October 2017}}</ref> A state funeral for Stephen was held on 8 November at [[St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-08/former-governor-general-ninian-stephen-funeral/9129062|title = 'Champion of human rights' Sir Ninian Stephen farewelled| newspaper=ABC News |date = 8 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://thewest.com.au/politics/state-funeral-for-sir-ninian-stephen-ng-s-1794870| title = Hundreds mourn Ninian Stephen in Melbourne {{!}} The West Australian| date = 8 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.smh.com.au/national/former-governorgeneral-sir-ninian-stephen-remembered-as-a-great-australian-20171108-gzh601.html| title = Abandoned by his father, Sir Ninian Stephen remembered as 'a great Australian'| date = 8 November 2017}}</ref>

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|name = Sir Ninian Martin Stephen, KG, AK, GCMG, GCVO, KBE, PC, QC 
|image = File:Coat of Arms of Ninian Martin Stephen.svg
|imagesize = 225px
|bannerimage =
|badgeimage =
|notes =  Knight since 1972 
|adopted =
|crest =An Australian King-Parrot proper upon a branch of Golden Wattle also proper.
|torse = Mantling Argent and Azure.
|helm =
|escutcheon = Argent a fess Azure charged with six ermine spots Or, between three Thistle stalks Vert blossomed Purpure between two Golden Wattle branches Vert blossomed Or, 2,1.
|supporters =
|compartment =
|motto =
|orders =The [[Order of the Garter]] circlet.<br />The neck badge as Knight of the [[Order of Australia]].<br />The neck badge as Knight Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]].<br />The collar as Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]].<br />The sash insignia as Knight Grand Cross of the [[Royal Victorian Order]].<br />The badge as Knight of the [[Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)|Order of St John]].<ref>[http://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/worship-and-music/experience-st-georges/st-georges-panorama/quire.html Banner of arms image] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000008/http://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/worship-and-music/experience-st-georges/st-georges-panorama/quire.html |date=31 December 2013 }}, College of St George website. Retrieved 27 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/assets/media/tours/images/bannercrest200x293.jpg Banner of arms image. Arms shown over the crest (A parrot), a blue fess, tincture according to the torse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220174021/http://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/assets/media/tours/images/bannercrest200x293.jpg |date=20 December 2013 }}. College of St George website. Retrieved 27 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.heraldicsculptor.com/gartcres.html Crest image], ''Heraldic Sculptor''. Retrieved 27 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.theorderofaustralia.asn.au/about_us/awards_and_insignia.php Order of Australia insignia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127014053/http://www.theorderofaustralia.asn.au/about_us/awards_and_insignia.php |date=27 January 2014 }}. The Order of Australia Association. Retrieved 27 December 2013.</ref>
|other_elements =
|banner =
|badge =
|symbolism =The [[Acacia pycnantha|Golden Wattle]] is Australia's [[floral emblem]]. The Thistle is [[Scotland]]'s floral emblem. 
|previous_versions =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au Supreme Court of Victoria Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070831192108/http://www.unisa.edu.au/hawkecentre/patrons/Stephen.asp The Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre website]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/19/sir-ninian-stephen-obituary#comment-108475924 Obituary] by [[Geoffrey Robertson]], ''The Guardian''<!--readers have pointed out that he could not have been awarded Australian citizenship before 1949-->
* Australian Senate condolences: {{cite web|url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/chamber/hansards/a2ed5e4b-78d1-48d8-8c31-324bfa714c4e/toc_pdf/Senate_2017_11_13_5728.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf|title=Senate Hansard|website=Parliament of Australia|date=13 November 2017|access-date=23 November 2017|pages=45–53}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{Succession box| title=[[Governor-General of Australia]] | before=[[Zelman Cowen|Sir Zelman Cowen]] | after=[[Bill Hayden]] | years=1982–1989}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[List of Australian special interests Ambassadors and Envoys#Ambassadors for the Environment|Australian Ambassador for the Environment]] |years=1989–1992}}
{{s-aft |after=[[Penelope Wensley]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors-General of Australia}}
{{Justices of the High Court of Australia}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stephen, Ninian}}
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[[Category:People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne]]
[[Category:People educated at St Paul's School, London]]
[[Category:People from South Oxfordshire District]]
[[Category:20th-century King's Counsel]]
[[Category:International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia judges]]
[[Category:People educated at George Watson's College]]
[[Category:People educated at Edinburgh Academy]]
[[Category:Australian judges of United Nations courts and tribunals]]
[[Category:Lawyers awarded knighthoods]]