Editing Nogai language

{{Short description|Kipchak Turkic language of the North Caucasus}}{{Refimprove|date=August 2009}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Nogai
| nativename       = {{lang|nog|ногай тили}} {{tlit|nog|nogay tili}}<br>{{lang|nog|ногайша}} {{tlit|nog|nogayşa}}
| states           = [[Russia]], [[Romania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Turkey]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Ukraine]], [[Uzbekistan]]
| region           = [[Caucasus]]
| ethnicity        = 108,000 [[Nogais]] (2020 census)<ref name=e26/>
| speakers         = {{sigfig|85,600|2}}
| date             = 2020 census
| ref              = e26
| familycolor      = Altaic
| fam1             = [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
| fam2             = [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]]
| fam3             = [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]]
| fam4             = Kipchak–Nogai
| script           = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin alphabet|Latin]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=türkevi araştırmalar merkezi |url=http://www.turkevi.org/ilk-nogayca-roman-kitabi-yayinlandi/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=www.turkevi.org}}</ref>
| nation           = {{RUS}}
* {{flag|Dagestan}}
** [[File:Flag of Nogai El.svg | 23px|border]] [[Nogaysky District, Dagestan|Nogaysky District]]
* {{flag|Karachay-Cherkessia}}
** [[File:Flag of Nogai El.svg | 23px|border]] [[Nogaysky District, Karachay-Cherkess Republic|Nogai District]]
| iso2             = nog
| iso3             = nog
| glotto           = noga1249
| glottorefname    = Nogai
| ELP2             = 943
| ELPname2         = Alabugat Tatar
| minority         = 
| image            = Nogai language.png
| imagecaption     = Nogai written in [[Cyrillic]] and [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] scripts
| map              = Caucasus-ethnic_nogai.png
| mapcaption       = Map of Nogais in the Caucasus
| map2             = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Nogai is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/nogai |title=Nogai in Russian Federation 
|work=UNESCO WAL |access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref>}}}}
| altname          = Noghay, Nogay
}}
[[File:Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|thumb|Linguistic map of the Caucasus region: Nogay is spoken in the pale blue areas, numbered "26."]]
'''Nogai''' ({{IPAc-en|n|oʊ|ˈ|g|aɪ}} {{respell|noh|GHY}}; {{lang|nog-Cyrl|Ногай тили}}, {{lang|nog-Latn|Nogay tili}}, {{lang|nog-Cyrl|Ногайша}}, {{lang|nog-Latn|Nogayşa}}) also known as '''Noğay''', '''Noghay''', '''Nogay''', or '''Nogai Tatar''', is a [[Turkic languages|Turkic language]] spoken in Southeastern [[European Russia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Ukraine]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]] and [[Turkey]]. It is the ancestral language of the [[Nogais]]. As a member of the [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak branch]], it is closely related to [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]] and [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]. In 2014 the first Nogai novel (''Akşa Nenem'') was published, written in the Latin alphabet.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.turkevi.org/ilk-nogayca-roman-kitabi-yayinlandi/ | title=İlk Nogayca roman kitabı yayınlandı… – türkevi araştırmalar merkezi }}</ref>

==Classification==
Nogai is generally classified into the Kipchak–Nogai branch of [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]] [[Turkic languages|Turkic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 4.4 - Nogai|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/noga1249|access-date=2021-07-25|website=glottolog.org}}</ref> The latter also includes [[Siberian Tatar language|Siberian Tatar]] in [[Russia]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] in [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]] in [[Uzbekistan]].

Three distinct dialects are recognized:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baskakov |first=N.A. |title=Nogaysky yazyk i ego dialekty |publisher=Akademii Nauk SSSR |year=1940 |location=Moscow |language=ru |script-title=ru:Ногайский язык и его диалекты: грамматика, тексты и словарь |trans-title=The Nogai language and its dialects: grammar, texts, and dictionary |oclc=12067444 |author-link=Nikolai Baskakov (linguist)}}</ref> 
* '''Karanogay''' or '''Qara-Nogai''' (literally "Black Nogai"; "Northern Nogai"), spoken in [[Dagestan]] and [[Chechnya]].
* '''Central Nogai''' or '''Nogai Proper''', in [[Stavropol]].
* '''[[Ak Nogai|Aqnogai]]''' (White or Western Nogai), by the [[Kuban River]], its tributaries in [[Karachay–Cherkessia]] and in the Mineralnye Vody District. Qara-Nogai and Nogai Proper are very close linguistically, whereas Aqnogai is more different. However, all three are mutually intelligible.

Outside of the southern Caucasus, other varieties exist that are either considered dialects, or distinct languages:

* Nogais in [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]] and [[Turkey]] has [[Ottoman Turkish]] influences.
* Astrakhan Nogai, with the following three varieties:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yazyki {{!}} Malye yazyki Rossii |script-title=ru:Языки {{!}} Малые языки России |trans-title=Languages {{!}} Minor languages of Russia |url=https://minlang.iling-ran.ru/langs |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=minlang.iling-ran.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alekseev |first=F.G. |date=2017 |title=Yazyki Astrakhanskoi oblasti |script-title=ru:Языки Астраханской области |trans-title=Languages of Astrakhan Oblast |journal=Malye Yazyki |volume=4 |pages=16–18}}</ref>
** Karagash (also known as Kundrov Tatar)
** Yurt Tatar or Yurt Nogai
** Alabugat Tatar or Alabugat Nogai (also known as Utar)

==History==
The [[Nogais]], descended from the peoples of the [[Golden Horde]], take their name and that of their language from the grandson of [[Genghis Khan]], [[Nogai Khan]], who ruled the nomadic people west of the [[Danube]] toward the end of the 13th century. They then settled along the [[Black Sea]] coast of present-day [[Ukraine]].

Historically, Nogai was a spoken language. When speakers wanted to write, they utilized the [[Cuman language|Kypchak]] or [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]] languages, which were similar to Nogai and were written in the [[Perso-Arabic]] script. In 1928, a [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] was introduced. It was devised by the Nogai academic {{ill|Abdul-Khamid Shershenbievich Dzhanibekov|ru|Джанибеков, Абдул-Хамид Шершенбиевич}} (Djanibek), following principles adopted for all [[Turkic languages]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nogaysky yazyk {{!}} Malye yazyki Rossii |script-title=ru:Ногайский язык {{!}} Малые языки России |trans-title=Nogai language {{!}} Minor languages of Russia |url=https://minlang.iling-ran.ru/lang/nogayskiy-yazyk |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=minlang.iling-ran.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

In 1938, a transition to the [[Cyrillic alphabet]] began. The [[orthography]] based on the Latin alphabet was alleged to be an impediment to learning Russian.

The expulsion of the Nogais from Ukraine in the nineteenth century separated Nogai speakers into several geographically isolated groups. Some went to [[Turkey]] and [[Romania]], while others stayed within the [[Imperial Russia|Russian Empire]], settling in northern Dagestan and neighbouring areas of [[Chechnya]] and [[Stavropol Kray]].

The Nogai language has disappeared very rapidly in Turkey. Today, it is mostly spoken by the older generation; however, there are still younger speakers, as there are some villages in Turkey where it is a common mode of communication. In the [[Soviet Union]] the language of instruction in schools was Russian, and the number of speakers declined there also. Recent estimates place the total number of Nogai speakers at about 80,000.

In 1973, two small Nogai-language newspapers were being published, one in Karachay–Cherkessia and another in the Dagestan Autonomous SSR (''Ленин йолы''), but most speakers never heard of these publications, and the papers did not reach Nogai villages.

Nogai is now part of the school curriculum from the 1st to the 10th year in the Nogai District of Dagestan. It is also taught at the Karachayevo-Cherkess Pedagogical School and the national branch of the Pedagogical Institute.

==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Vowels
|-
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] 
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}, {{IPA link|y}}
|{{IPA link|ɯ}}, {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|{{IPA link|æ}}, {{IPA link|œ}}
|{{IPA link|a}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Consonants
!
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|- align="center"
![[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
|{{IPA link|p}}, {{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|t}}, {{IPA link|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|k}}, {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|{{IPA link|q}}
|-
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|({{IPA link|f}}, {{IPA link|v}})
|{{IPA link|s}}, {{IPA link|z}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}, {{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|{{IPA link|χ}}, {{IPA link|ʁ}}
|- align="center"
![[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|
|({{IPA link|ts}})
|({{IPA link|tʃ}}), {{IPA link|dʒ}}
|
|
|- align="center"
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|- align="center"
![[Liquid consonant|Liquid]] 
|
|{{IPA link|l}}, {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|- align="center"
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}
Phonemes in parentheses indicate sounds that appear in loanwords.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Turkic Languages|last=Lars Johanson|first=Éva Ágnes Csató|year=1998}}</ref>

==Alphabet==
{{main|Nogai alphabets}}
There are 4 stages in the history of Nogai writing:
* before 1920s — unwritten; [[Cuman language|Kypchak]] and/or [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]] was used instead with the [[Perso-Arabic]] script
* 1926-1928 — standardized Arabic script specific to Nogai language
* 1928—1938 — writing based on the Latin alphabet
* from 1938 — writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet

The Nogai alphabet based on [[Cyrillic]] was created in 1938. It included all of the [[Russian alphabet]] letters except '''Ё ё''', and also the [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] '''Гъ гъ, Къ къ, Нъ нъ'''. The digraphs '''Оь оь, Уь уь''' were added in the same year. In 1944 the digraphs '''Гъ гъ, Къ къ''' were excluded from the alphabet.

The last reform of the Nogai writing took place in 1960, when, as a result of discussions at the [[Karachay-Cherkessia]] Research Institute, Language and Literature, the letters '''Аь аь''' and '''Ё ё''' were added to it. After that, the Nogai alphabet took its present form.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1= С. А. |last1= Калмыкова |script-title=ru:Вопросы совершенствования алфавитов тюркских языков СССР: Алфавит ногайского языка|language=ru|script-journal=ru:Наука|date=1972|pages=118–125}}</ref>
{| style="text-align:center; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF;"
|+Modern Nogai alphabet
|- style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; padding: 3px;"
| А а
| Аь аь
| Б б
| В в
| Г г
| Д д
| Е е
| Ё ё
| Ж ж
| З з
|- style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; padding: 3px; width:3em;"
| И и
| Й й
| К к
| Л л
| М м
| Н н
| Нъ нъ
| О о
| Оь оь
| П п
|- style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; padding: 3px; width:3em;"
| Р р
| С с
| Т т
| У у
| Уь уь
| Ф ф
| Х х
| Ц ц
| Ч ч
| Ш ш
|- style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; padding: 3px; width:3em;"
| Щ щ
| Ъ ъ
| Ы ы
| Ь ь
| Э э
| Ю ю
| Я я
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|code = nog}}
* {{Cite web |title=The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire |url=http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/nogays.shtml |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=www.eki.ee}}

{{Turkic languages}}
{{Languages of the Caucasus}}
{{Languages of Russia}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Kipchak languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Languages of Russia]]
[[Category:Languages of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Dagestan]]
[[Category:Karachay-Cherkessia]]