Editing Northern fulmar

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Fulmarus Glacialis.jpg
| image_caption = Nominate ''Fulmarus glacialis glacialis'' in Kongsfjord, Ny Alesund, Svalbard
| status = LC 
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Fulmarus glacialis'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22697866A132609419 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697866A132609419.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Fulmarus
| species = glacialis
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1761)
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = ''Fulmarus glacialis glacialis''<br /><small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1761)</small><br />
''Fulmarus glacialis auduboni''<br />
''Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii''
| range_map = FULMAR.gif
| range_map_caption = Range of ''F. glacialis''<br/>{{leftlegend|#FDFD00|Breeding range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#1800FB|Wintering range|outline=gray}}
| synonyms = ''Procellaria glacialis'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1761}}
}}
[[File:Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) (W1CDR0001409 BD2).ogg|thumb|right|Bird Sound]]

The '''northern fulmar''' ('''''Fulmarus glacialis'''''), '''fulmar''',<ref name=BLIB/> or '''Arctic fulmar'''<ref name=Maynard/> is an abundant [[seabird]] found primarily in [[subarctic]] regions of the [[North Atlantic]] and [[North Pacific]] oceans. There has been one confirmed sighting in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], with a single bird seen south of [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2016/03/15/a-new-bird-for-new-zealand-northern-fulmar/|title=A new bird for New Zealand – northern fulmar|date=14 March 2016}}</ref> Fulmars come in one of two colour morphs; a light one in temperate populations, with white head and body and grey wings and tail, and a dark one in arctic populations, which is uniformly grey; intermediate birds are common.<ref name=Collins>[[Lars Svensson (ornithologist)|Svensson, L.]], [[Killian Mullarney|Mullarney, K.]], & [[Dan Zetterström|Zetterström, D.]] (2009) ''[[Collins Bird Guide]]'', ed. 2. {{ISBN|0-00-219728-6}}</ref> Though similar in appearance to [[gulls]], [[fulmar]]s are in fact members of the family [[Procellariidae]], which includes [[petrel]]s and [[shearwater]]s.

The northern fulmar and its sister species, the [[southern fulmar]] ({{Lang|la|Fulmarus glacialoides}}), are the only [[Extant taxon|extant]] members of the [[genus]] {{Lang|la|[[Fulmarus]]}}. The fulmars are in turn a member of the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Procellariiformes]], and they all share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called [[naricorns]]; however, nostrils on albatrosses are on the sides of the bill, as opposed to the rest of the order, including fulmars, which have nostrils on top of the upper [[beak|bill]]. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. One of these plates makes up the hooked portion of the upper bill, called the [[maxillary unguis]]. They produce a [[stomach oil]] made up of [[wax ester]]s and [[triglycerides]] that is stored in the [[proventriculus]]. This can be sprayed out of their mouths as a defense against predators from a very early age, and as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.<ref name=Double2003/> It will mat the [[plumage]] of avian predators, and can lead to their death.<ref name=Ehrlich/> Finally, they also have a [[salt gland]] that is situated above the nasal passage that helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. This gland excretes a high saline solution from their nose.<ref name=Ehrlich/>

The northern fulmar was first described as ''{{Lang|la|Procellaria glacialis}}'' by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1761, based on a specimen from within the [[Arctic Circle]], on [[Spitsbergen]].<ref name=Maynard/> The [[Mallemuk Mountain]] in Northeastern Greenland is named after the northern fulmar ({{langx|da|Mallemuk}}).

==Taxonomy==
The northern fulmar was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1761 in the second edition of his book ''[[Fauna Svecica]]''. He placed it with the other petrels in the genus ''[[Procellaria]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Procellaria glacialis''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1761 | title= Fauna svecica: sistens animalia sveciae regni: mammalia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes & ordines, genera & species, cum differentiis specierum, synonymis auctorum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium, descriptionibus insectorum | edition=2nd | language=Latin | location=Stockholmiae | publisher=Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii | page=51 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32170520 }}</ref> Linnaeus based his description mainly on the "Mallemucke" that had been described and illustrated in 1675 by the German naturalist [[Friderich Martens]] in his account of his voyage to [[Spitzbergen]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Martens | first=Friderich | author-link=Friderich Martens | year=1675 | title=Spitzbergische oder Groenlandische Reise Beschreibung gethan im Jahr 1671 | language=German | location=Hamburg | publisher= | page=[https://archive.org/details/friderichmartens00mart/page/68/mode/1up 68], [https://archive.org/details/friderichmartens00mart/page/n165/mode/1up Plate N fig. C] }} A translation of Martens' work was published in 1855 by the Hakluyt Society: {{ cite book | last=Martens | first=Friderich | author-link=Friderich Martens | year=1855 | chapter=A Voyage into Spitzbergen and Greenland | editor-last=White | editor-first=Adam | title=A Collection of Documents on Spitzbergen and Greenland | location=London | publisher=Printed for the Hakluyt Society | series=Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society, Issue 18 | pages=2–140 [75] | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/collectionofdocu00whitrich/page/75/mode/1up | ref=none }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=62 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108702 }}</ref> The northern fulmar is now placed in the genus ''[[Fulmarus]]'' that was introduced in 1826 by the English naturalist [[James Francis Stephens|James Stephens]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Stephens|first=James Francis|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36850261|title=General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History|publisher=Kearsley et al.|year=1826|editor-last=Shaw|editor-first=George|editor-link=George Shaw (biologist)|volume=13, Part 1|location=London|page=236|author-link=James Francis Stephens}}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Petrels, albatrosses | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/petrels/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=30 January 2022 }}</ref> The genus name comes from the [[Old Norse]] ''Fúlmár'' meaning "foul-mew" or "foul-gull" because of the birds' habit of ejecting a foul-smelling oil. The specific epithet ''{{lang|la|glacialis}}'' is [[Latin]] for "icy".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n166/mode/1up 166], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n1173/mode/1up 173]}}</ref>

Three [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
* ''F. g. glacialis'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1761) – the [[Nominate subspecies#Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms|nominate subspecies]], which breeds in the high [[arctic]] regions of the [[North Atlantic]]; remains at high latitudes in winter, occasionally south to [[Great Britain]]. Mostly dark morph, with grey body.
* ''F. g. auduboni'' [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1857 – breeds in the low arctic, [[Boreal ecosystem|boreal]] and [[temperate climate|temperate]] regions of the [[North Atlantic]], south to [[Newfoundland]] in the west and [[Brittany]] in the east; wintering south to [[Delaware]] in the west and [[Portugal]] in the east. Tail pale grey.<ref name=Sibley/> Mostly light morph, with white body. Included in ''F. g. glacialis'' by some authors.<ref name=All_birds>{{cite book |last1=del Hoyo|first1=Josep |title=All the birds of the world |date=2020 |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |isbn=978-84-16728-37-4 |page=197}}</ref>
* ''F. g. rodgersii'' [[John Cassin|Cassin]], 1862 – breeds in the [[North Pacific]] on the coast of eastern [[Siberia]] (south to the [[Kuril Islands]]), [[Alaska]], and (in very small numbers) in [[British Columbia]] south to [[Triangle Island]];<ref name="CWS">{{cite book |last1=Kenyon |first1=James K. |title=Atlas of Pelagic Seabirds off the West Coast of Canada and Adjacent Areas |date=2009 |publisher=Canadian Wildlife Service |page=47 |url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2018/eccc/cw69-5/CW69-5-499-eng.pdf |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref> wintering south to [[Japan]] in the west and [[Baja California]] in the east. Tail contrastingly dark grey.<ref name=Sibley/>

==Description==
[[File:Northern-Fulmar2 cropped.jpg|thumb|''Fulmarus glacialis auduboni'' at [[Heligoland]], Germany]]
[[File:Northern Fulmar (fulmarus glacialis) (12081488845).jpg|thumb|''Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii'' off [[Morro Bay]], California]]
The northern fulmar has a wingspan of {{convert|102|to(-)|112|cm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name=Maynard/> and is {{convert|46|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length.<ref name=Sibley/><ref name=Floyd/><ref name=GS/> Body mass can range from {{convert|450|to|1000|g|abbr=on}}.<ref name=npolar/> This [[species]] is grey and white with a pale yellow, thick bill and bluish legs.<ref name=Peterson/> However, there are both a light morph and dark, or "blue", [[morph (zoology)|morph]]; in the [[Pacific Ocean]] there is an intermediate morph as well. Only the dark morph has more than dark edges on the underneath but they all have pale inner [[remiges|primaries]] on the top of the wings. The Pacific morph has a darker tail than the Atlantic morph.<ref name=Maynard/><ref name=Sibley/><ref name=Floyd/><ref name=Peterson/><ref name=Bull/><ref name=Ud/><ref name=Dunn/>

Like other [[petrels]], their walking ability is limited, but they are strong fliers, with a stiff [[wing]] action quite unlike the [[gulls]]. They look bull-necked compared to gulls, and have short stubby bills.<ref name=Peterson/> They are long-lived, with a lifespan of 31 years not uncommon,<ref name=BLC/> and exceptionally over 50 years, recorded on [[Eynhallow]] in [[Orkney]].<ref name="Herald">{{cite news |title=Orkney fulmar is oldest wild bird in world |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12036298.orkney-fulmar-is-oldest-wild-bird-in-world/ |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=The Herald (Scotland) |agency=Newsquest Media Group Ltd. |issue=19 August 1996 |publisher=Herald and Times Archive |date=19 August 1996}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''Population and trends'''<ref name=BLI/>
|-
! Location !! Breeding population !! Winter population !! Breeding trend
|-
|[[Faroe Islands]]|| 600,000 pairs|| 500,000–3,000,000 individuals|| stable
|-
|[[Greenland]]|| 120,000–200,000 pairs|| 10,000–100,000 individuals|| stable
|-
|[[France]]|| 1,300–1,350 pairs|| 100–500 individuals|| increasing
|-
|[[Germany]]|| 102 pairs|| || increasing
|-
|[[Iceland]]|| 1,000,000–2,000,000 pairs|| 1,000,000—5,000,000 individuals|| decreasing
|-
|[[Ireland]] || 33,000 pairs|| || increasing
|-
|[[Denmark]]|| 2 pairs|| 200–300 individuals|| increasing
|-
|[[Norway]]|| 7,000–8,000 pairs|| || increasing
|-
|[[Svalbard]]|| 500,000–1,000,000 pairs|| || increasing
|-
|[[Russia]] ([[Europe]])|| 1,000–2,500 pairs|||| 
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]|| 506,000 pairs|||| 
|-
|[[Canada]], [[Russia]] ([[Asia]]), & [[United States of America|US]]|| 2,600,000–4,200,000 pairs|||| 
|-
|'''Total (adult individuals)''' || '''15,000,000–30,000,000''' || ||'''increasing'''
|}

==Behaviour==

===Feeding===
Northern fulmars will feed on [[shrimp]]s, [[fish]], [[squid]], [[plankton]], [[jellyfish]], and [[carrion]], as well as refuse.<ref name=Maynard/><ref name=Ehrlich/><ref name=Bull/><ref name=Ud/> When eating fish, they will dive up to 4 metres deep to retrieve their prey.<ref name="SWT">{{cite web |title=Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis |url=https://scottishwildlifetrust.org.uk/species/fulmar/ |website=Scotland's wildlife |publisher=Scottish Wildlife Trust |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref><ref name=GS/>

===Breeding===
[[File:Fulmarus glacialis MHNT ZOO 2010 11 42 Grímsey Island.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.5|Fulmar egg]]
[[File:Fulmarus glacialis -Erris Head, County Mayo, Ireland -nests-8.jpg|right|thumb|Nests in County Mayo, Ireland]]
The northern fulmar starts breeding at between six and twelve years old.<ref name="SWT"/> It is [[Monogamy in animals|monogamous]], and forms long-term pair bonds. It returns to the same nest site year after year.<ref name=Ehrlich/> The breeding season starts in May;<ref name=Maynard/> however, the female has glands that store [[sperm]] to allow weeks to pass between copulation and the laying of the egg.<ref name=Ehrlich/> During the breeding season adult Fulmars usually remain within 500 km of their breeding colony instead of traveling up to thousands of kilometres while searching for food.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baetscher |first1=Diana S. |last2=Beck |first2=Jessie |last3=Anderson |first3=Eric C. |last4=Ruegg |first4=Kristen |last5=Ramey |first5=Andrew M. |last6=Hatch |first6=Scott |last7=Nevins |first7=Hannah |last8=Fitzgerald |first8=Shannon M. |last9=Carlos Garza |first9=John |date=March 2022 |title=Genetic assignment of fisheries bycatch reveals disproportionate mortality among Alaska Northern Fulmar breeding colonies |journal=Evolutionary Applications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=447–458 |doi=10.1111/eva.13357 |issn=1752-4571 |pmc=8965376 |pmid=35386403|bibcode=2022EvApp..15..447B }}</ref> Their nest is a [[Scrape nest|scrape]] on a grassy ledge or a saucer of vegetation on the ground, lined with softer material. The birds nest in large [[Bird colony|colonies]]<ref name=Maynard/><ref name=Ehrlich/><ref name=GS/><ref name=Bull/><ref name=Ud/> Recently, they have started nesting on rooftops and buildings.<ref name=Maynard/> Both sexes are involved in the nest-building process.<ref name=Ehrlich/> A single white [[Bird egg|egg]], {{convert|74|x|51|mm|in|abbr=on}},<ref name=Ehrlich/> is incubated for a period of 50 to 54 days, by both sexes. The [[altricial]] chick is brooded for 2 weeks<ref name="Hauber2014">{{cite book|last=Hauber|first=Mark E.|title=The Book of Eggs: A Life-Size Guide to the Eggs of Six Hundred of the World's Bird Species|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evQvBAAAQBAJ|date=1 August 2014|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-05781-1|page=42}}</ref> and fully [[fledges]] after 70 to 75 days. Again, both sexes are involved.<ref name=Maynard/><ref name=Ehrlich/> During this period, the parents are [[nocturnal]], and will even be inactive on well-lit nights.<ref name=Ehrlich/>

===Social behaviour===
The mating ritual of this fulmar consists of the female resting on a ledge and the male landing with his bill open and his head back. He commences to wave his head side to side and up and down while calling.<ref name=Ehrlich/>

They make grunting and chuckling sounds while eating and guttural calls during the breeding season.<ref name=Bull/><ref name=Ud/>

==Conservation==
The northern fulmar is estimated to have between 15,000,000 and 30,000,000 mature individuals that occupy an occurrence range of {{convert|28400000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and their [[North America]]n population is on the rise, hence it is listed with the [[IUCN]] as [[Least Concern]].<ref name=iucn/> The range of these species increased greatly last century due to the availability of fish offal from commercial fleets, but may contract because of less food from this source and climatic change.<ref name=Maynard/> The population increase has been especially notable in the [[British Isles]].<ref name=Bull/>

== Anthropogenic impact ==
Northern fulmars' stomach contents are a hallmark indicator of [[marine debris]] in marine environments because of their high abundance and wide distribution.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Monitoring plastic ingestion by the northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis in the North Sea|last1=Franeker |first1=J.A. |last2=van Blaize |first2=C. |last3=Danielsen |first3=J.|journal=Environmental Pollution |date=2011|volume=159 |issue=10 |pages=2609–2615 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.008 |pmid=21737191 |bibcode=2011EPoll.159.2609V }}</ref> A study of 143 northern fulmars from 2008 to 2013 found 89.5% of them containing microplastics within their gastrointestinal tracts. A mean score of 19.5 pieces of plastic and 0.461 g per individual was calculated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Terepocki|first1=Alicia K.|last2=Brush|first2=Alex T.|last3=Kleine|first3=Lydia U.|last4=Shugart|first4=Gary W.|last5=Hodum|first5=Peter|date=2017-03-15|title=Size and dynamics of microplastic in gastrointestinal tracts of Northern Fulmars (''Fulmarus glacialis'') and Sooty Shearwaters (''Ardenna grisea'') | journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin | volume=116| issue=1 | pages=143–150 | doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.064 |pmid=28063702 |bibcode=2017MarPB.116..143T }}</ref> This is considerably higher than in past studies on northern fulmars, possibly implying increasing plastic debris in marine ecosystems and shorelines. However, more research is needed to substantiate such conclusion. Long-term data from the Netherlands dating back to the 1980s show an increase in consumer plastics and a decrease in industrial plastics in the stomach contents of fulmars.<ref name=":0" /> The increased plastic ingestion can occur through [[biomagnification]]: their diet consists of such invertebrates like [[plankton]] that have shown an increase of consumption of [[microplastics]] entering the ocean. By going deeper into the food web of marine life, it is evident that fulmars could be indirectly affected through tropic transfer and biomagnification, and similarly could also affect their predators ingestion of [[plastic pollution]]. With the increase in freshwater pollution of plastic debris, there may be a further rise in microplastic content of seabird gastrointestinal tracts.

== Legend ==
A popular story among the central [[Inuit]], for instance, is that of their race-mother [[Sedna (mythology)|Sedna]], who was the daughter of a chief, and was wooed by a fulmar who promised her, if she would marry him, a delightful life in his distant home. So she went away with him. But she had been ruefully deceived, and was cruelly mistreated. A year later her father went to pay her a visit; and discovering her misery he killed her husband and took his repentant daughter home. The other fulmars in the village followed them, mourning and crying for their murdered fellow, and fulmars continue to utter doleful cries to this day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-30 |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of Birds in Legend Fable and Folklore, by Ernest Ingersoll |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/59598/59598-h/59598-h.htm#Page_270 |access-date=2024-07-26 |page=271|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930004813/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/59598/59598-h/59598-h.htm#Page_270 |archive-date=2019-09-30 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=BLC>{{harvnb|BirdLife International|2004}}</ref>
<ref name=BLI>{{harvnb|BirdLife International|2009a}}</ref>
<ref name=BLIB>{{harvnb|BirdLife International|2009b}}</ref>
<ref name=Bull>{{harvnb|Bull|Farrand|1993}}</ref>
<ref name=Double2003>{{harvnb|Double|2003}}</ref>
<ref name=Dunn>{{harvnb|Dunn|Alderfer|2006}}</ref>
<ref name=Ehrlich>{{harvnb|Ehrlich|Dobkin|Wheye|1988}}</ref>
<ref name=Floyd>{{harvnb|Floyd|2008}}</ref>
<ref name=GS>{{harvnb|Harrison|Greensmith|1993}}</ref>
<ref name=Maynard>{{harvnb|Maynard|2003}}</ref>
<ref name=npolar>{{harvnb|Strøm|2011}}</ref>
<ref name=Peterson>{{harvnb|Peterson|1961}}</ref>
<ref name=Sibley>{{harvnb|Sibley|2000}}</ref>
<ref name=Ud>{{harvnb|Udvarty|Farrand|1994}}</ref>
}}

==Sources==
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* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Maynard |first=B.J. |editor1-first=Michael |editor1-last=Hutchins |editor2-first=Jerome A. |editor2-last=Jackson |editor3-first=Walter J. |editor3-last=Bock |editor4-first=Donna |editor4-last=Olendorf |encyclopedia=Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia |title=Shearwaters, petrels, and fulmars (Procellariidae) |edition=2nd |year=2003 |publisher=Gale Group |volume=8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins |location=Farmington Hills, MI |isbn=0-7876-5784-0 |pages=123–133 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Peterson |first1=Roger T. |author-link1=Roger Tory Peterson |title=A Field Guide to Western Birds |edition=Second |series=Peterson Field Guide |volume=2 |year=1961 |orig-year=1941 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston, MA |isbn=0-395-13692-X |chapter=Shearwaters, Fulmars, Large Petrels: Procellariidae |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetowest00pete }}
* {{cite book |last1=Sibley |first1=David A. |author-link1=David Allen Sibley |title=The Sibley Guide to Birds |edition=First |year=2000 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York, NY |isbn=0-679-45122-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_0/page/32 32] |chapter=Albatrosses, Petrels and Shearwaters Families: Diomedeidae, Procellariidae |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/sibleyguidetobir00sibl_0/page/32 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.npolar.no/en/the-arctic/birds-and-mammals/northern-fulmar.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914055230/http://www.npolar.no/en/the-arctic/birds-and-mammals/northern-fulmar.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-14 |title=Northern Fulmar |publisher=Norwegian Polar Institute |first=Hallvard |last=Strøm |year=2011}}
* {{cite book |last1=Udvarty |first1=Miklos D.F. |author-link1=Miklos Udvardy |last2=Farrand |first2=John Jr. |editor1-first=Edie |editor1-last=Locke |title=National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds |year=1994 |edition=First |series=National Audubon Field Guide Series |volume=Birds (Western Region) |orig-year=1977 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York, NY |isbn=0-679-42851-8 |pages=358–359}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Fulmarus glacialis}}
{{Wikispecies|Fulmarus glacialis}}
* {{BirdLife|22697866|Fulmarus glacialis}}
* {{Avibase|name=Fulmarus glacialis}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|northern-fulmar-fulmarus-glacialis}}
* {{VIREO|northern+fulmar}}
* {{Xeno-canto species|Fulmarus|glacialis|Northern fulmar}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q26896}}

[[Category:Fulmarus|northern fulmar]]
[[Category:Birds of the Arctic]]
[[Category:Birds of Iceland]]
[[Category:Birds of Europe]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1761|northern fulmar]]
[[Category:Holarctic birds]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|northern fulmar]]