Editing Notation system

{{Short description|Convention where symbols represent concepts}}
{{Wiktionary}}

In [[linguistics]] and [[semiotics]], a '''notation system''' is a [[system]] of graphics or [[symbol]]s, [[Character_(symbol)|character]]s and abbreviated [[Expression (language)|expression]]s, used (for example) in [[Artistic disciplines|artistic]] and [[scientific discipline]]s to represent technical facts and quantities by [[Convention (norm)|convention]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZPQVuSgDAkC&pg=PT337 | title=Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | author=Crystal, David | year=2011| isbn=9781444356755 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/notation | title=Notation | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica | work=[[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]] | access-date=6 September 2013}}</ref> Therefore, a notation is a collection of related symbols that are each given an [[arbitrary]] meaning, created to facilitate [[structured communication]] within a [[domain knowledge]] or [[field of study]].

Standard notations refer to general agreements in the way things are written or denoted. The term is generally used in technical and scientific areas of study like [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[chemistry]] and [[biology]], but can also be seen in areas like [[business]], [[economics]] and [[music]].

==Written communication==

===Writing systems===
* Phonographic [[writing systems]], by definition, use symbols to represent components of auditory language, i.e. [[speech]], which in turn refers to things or ideas. The two main kinds of phonographic notational system are the [[alphabet]] and the [[syllabary]]. Some written languages are more consistent in their correlation of written symbols (or [[grapheme]]s) with sound (or [[phoneme]]s), and are therefore considered to have better [[phonemic orthography]].
* Ideographic writing, by definition, refers to things or ideas independently of their pronunciation in any language. Some ideographic systems are also [[pictogram]]s that convey meaning through their pictorial resemblance to a physical object.

===Linguistics===
* Various brackets, parentheses, slashes, and lines are used around words and letters in [[linguistics]] to distinguish written from spoken forms, etc. See {{section link|International Phonetic Alphabet|Brackets and transcription delimiters}}.

===Biology and medicine===
* [[Nucleic acid notation]]
* [[Systems Biology Graphical Notation|Systems Biology Graphical Notation (SBGN)]]<!--[Doesn't clarify/assist?:], orthogonal notations for ''Process Descriptions'', ''Entity Relationships'', and ''Activity Flows''-->
* [[Sequence motif#Pattern description notations|Sequence motif pattern-description notations]]
* [[Cytogenetic notation]]
* [[Energy Systems Language]]

===Chemistry===
{{See also|TeX#TeX for chemistry notation|l1=Computational chemistry notation in TeX}}
* A [[chemical formula]] describes a chemical compound using element symbols and subscripts, e.g. {{chem|H|2|O}} for water or {{chem|C|6|H|12|O|6}} for glucose
* [[SMILES]] is a notation for describing the structure of a molecule with a [[plain text]] string, e.g. N=N for nitrogen or CCO for ethanol

===Computing===
* BNF (Backus normal form, or [[Backus–Naur form]]) and EBNF (extended Backus-Naur form) are the two main notation techniques for context-free grammars.
* [[DRAKON|Drakon-charts]] are a graphical notation of algorithms and procedural knowledge.
* [[Hungarian notation]] is an identifier naming convention in [[computer programming]], that represents the [[data type|type]] or intended use of a [[variable (computer science)|variable]] with a specific pattern within its name. 
* [[Mathematical markup languages]] are computer notations for representing mathematical formulae.
* Various notations have been developed to specify [[regular expression]]s.
* The [[ APL_(programming_language) | APL programming language ]] provided a rich set of very concise new notations

===Logic===
A variety of symbols are used to express logical ideas; see the [[List of logic symbols]]

===Management===
* Time and motion study symbols such as [[therblig]]s

===Mathematics===
{{See also|Comparison of TeX editors}}
*[[Mathematical notation]] is used to represent various kinds of mathematical ideas.
** All types of [[notation in probability]]
** [[Cartesian coordinate system]], for representing position and other spatial concepts in analytic geometry
** [[Notation for differentiation]], common representations of the [[derivative]] in [[calculus]]
** [[Big O notation]], used for example in analysis to represent less significant elements of an expression, to indicate that they will be neglected
** [[Z notation]], a formal notation for specifying objects using [[Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory]] and [[first-order predicate logic]]
** [[Ordinal notation]]
** [[Set-builder notation]], a formal notation for defining [[Set (mathematics)|sets]] in [[set theory]]
* Systems to represent very large numbers
** [[Conway chained arrow notation]], an arrow system
** [[Knuth's up-arrow notation]], an arrow system 
** [[Steinhaus–Moser notation]], Polygon Numbers
** [[Schläfli symbol]] in geometry
** [[Symbol Levelled notation]], The Ultimate Leveller
* [[Numeral system]]s, notation for writing numbers, including
** [[Arabic numeral]]s
** [[Roman numeral]]s
** [[Scientific notation]] for expressing large and small numbers
** [[Engineering notation]]
** [[Sign-value notation]], using signs or symbols to represent numbers
** [[Positional notation]] also known as place-value notation, in which each position is related to the next by a multiplier which is called the ''base'' of that numeral system
*** [[Binary notation]], a positional notation in base two
*** [[Octal]] notation, a positional notation in base eight, used in some computers
*** [[Decimal notation]], a positional notation in base ten
*** [[Hexadecimal]] notation, a positional notation in base sixteen, commonly used in computers
*** [[Sexagesimal]] notation, an ancient numeral system in base sixty
* See also [[Table of mathematical symbols]] - for general tokens and their definitions...

===Physics===
* [[Bra–ket notation]], or Dirac notation, is an alternative representation of probability distributions in [[quantum mechanics]].
* [[Tensor index notation]] is used when formulating physics (particularly [[continuum mechanics]], electromagnetism, relativistic quantum mechanics and field theory, and general relativity) in the language of [[tensor]]s.

===Typographical conventions===
* [[Infix notation]], the common arithmetic and logical formula notation, such as "''a'' + ''b'' − ''c''".
* [[Polish notation]] or "prefix notation", which places the operator before the operands (arguments), such as "+ ''a'' ''b''".
* [[Reverse Polish notation]] or "postfix notation", which places the operator after the operands, such as "''a'' ''b'' +".

===Sports and games===
* [[Baseball scorekeeping]], to represent a game of baseball
* [[Aresti Catalogue]], to represent aerobatic manoeuvres
* [[Chess notation]], to represent moves in a game of chess
** [[Algebraic notation (chess)|Algebraic notation]]
***[[Portable Game Notation]]
** [[Descriptive notation]]
** [[Forsyth–Edwards Notation]]
* [[Siteswap]] notation represents a juggling pattern as a sequence of numbers
* [[Singmaster notation]], to represent Rubik's Cube moves

==Graphical notations==
 
===Music===
* [[Musical notation]] permits a composer to express musical ideas in a musical composition, which can be read and interpreted during performance by a trained musician; there are many different ways to do this (hundreds have been proposed), although [[staff notation]] provides by far the most widely used system of [[modern musical symbols]].

===Dance and movement===
* [[Benesh Movement Notation]] permits a graphical representation of human bodily movements
* [[Laban Movement Analysis]] or [[Labanotation]] permits a graphical representation of human bodily movements
* [[Eshkol-Wachman Movement Notation]] permits a graphical representation of bodily movements of other species in addition to humans, and indeed any kind of movement (e.g. aircraft aerobatics)
* [[Juggling notation#Diagram-based|Juggling diagrams]] represent juggling patterns
* [[Aresti Catalog|Aresti aerobatic symbols]] provides a way to represent flight maneuvers in aerobatics

===Science===
* [[Feynman diagram]]s permit a graphical representation of a perturbative contribution to the transition amplitude or correlation function of a quantum mechanical or statistical field theory
* [[Structural formula]]s are graphical representations of molecules
* [[Venn diagram]]s shows logical relations between a finite collection of sets.
* [[DRAKON|Drakon-charts]] are a graphical representation of algorithms and procedural knowledge.
* [[Unified Modeling Language]] is a standard notation for many types of diagrams

===Other systems===
* [[Whyte notation]] for classifying steam locomotives by wheel arrangement

== See also ==
* [[Abuse of notation]]
* [[Cognitive dimensions of notations]]
* [[Formal notation]]
* [[Secondary notation]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rHA4KQcPeNgC | title=Handbook of Semiotics | publisher=Indiana University Press | author=Nöth, Winfried | author-link=Winfried Nöth|year=1995 | isbn=9780253209597}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1C0yjQoN4AC&pg=PA1559 | title=Writing and Its Use, Volumen 2 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | author=Hartmut Günther, Otto Ludwig | year=1996 | pages=1559 | isbn=9783110147445}}

[[Category:Notation| ]]
[[Category:Written communication]]
[[Category:Modeling languages]]