Editing Numerology

{{Short description|Mystical properties of numbers}}
{{about||the concept in Ismailism|Numerology (Ismailism)|the wireless communication term|Numerology (wireless)|branch of mathematics concerning integers|Number theory}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

[[File:Bongo, Pietro – Numerorum mysteria, 1591 – BEIC 58079.jpg|thumb|''Numerorum mysteria'' (1591), a treatise on numerology by [[Pietro Bongo]] and his most influential work in Europe{{sfn|Valeri|1971}} ]]

'''Numerology''' (known before the 20th century as '''arithmancy''') is the belief in an [[occult]], divine or [[mysticism|mystical]] relationship between a [[number]] and one or more [[coinciding]] [[event (probability theory)|event]]s. It is also the study of the numerical value, via an alphanumeric system, of the letters in words and names. When numerology is applied to a person's name, it is a form of [[onomancy]]. It is often associated with [[astrology]] and other [[divination|divinatory]] arts.{{sfn|Carroll|2003}}

'''Number symbolism''' is an ancient and pervasive aspect of human thought, deeply intertwined with [[religion]], [[philosophy]], mysticism, and [[mathematics]]. Different cultures and traditions have assigned specific meanings to numbers, often linking them to divine principles, cosmic forces, or natural patterns.{{sfnpm|1a1=Hopper|1y=2000|2a1=Kalvesmaki|2y=2013}}

The term '''numerologist''' can be used for those who place faith in numerical patterns and draw inferences from them, even if those people do not practice traditional numerology. For example, in his 1997 book ''Numerology: Or What Pythagoras Wrought'' ({{harvnb|Dudley|1997}}), mathematician [[Underwood Dudley]] uses the term to discuss practitioners of the [[Elliott wave principle]] of [[stock market]] analysis.

==Etymology==
The term ''arithmancy'' is derived from two Greek words – ''arithmos'' (meaning number) and ''manteia'' (meaning [[divination]]). "Αριθμομαντεία" Arithmancy is thus the study of divination through numbers.{{sfn|Francis-Cheung|2006|p=31}} Although the word "arithmancy" dates to the 1570s,<ref>{{cite web |title=arithmancy (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/arithmancy |work=etymonline.com}}</ref> the word "numerology" is not recorded in English before c. 1907.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oed.com/start;jsessionid=013366567803A10613B932EFA19B8F57?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F129129%3FredirectedFrom%3Dnumerology%26|title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary|website=oed.com|access-date=10 May 2019|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121050651/https://oed.com/start;jsessionid=013366567803A10613B932EFA19B8F57?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F129129%3FredirectedFrom%3Dnumerology%26|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
{{see also|Numbers in Chinese culture|Numbers in Egyptian mythology|Significance of numbers in Judaism}}
The practice of [[gematria]], assigning numerical values to words and names and imputing those values with religious meaning, dates back to antiquity. An Assyrian inscription from the 8th century BC, commissioned by [[Sargon&nbsp;II]] declares "the king built the wall of Khorsabad 16,283 cubits long to correspond with the numerical value of his name".{{sfn|Luckenbill|1927|pp=43, 65}} [[Rabbinic literature]] used gematria to interpret passages in the [[Hebrew Bible]].

The practice of using alphabetic letters to represent numbers developed in the Greek city of [[Miletus]], and is thus known as the Milesian system.{{sfn|Halsey|1967}} Early examples include vase graffiti dating to the 6th century BCE.{{sfn|Jeffrey|1961}} Aristotle wrote that the [[Pythagoreanism|Pythgoraean tradition]], founded in the 6th century by [[Pythagoras of Samos]], practiced [[isopsephy]],{{sfn|Acevedo|2020|p=50}} the Greek predecessor of Hebrew [[gematria]]. Pythagoras was a contemporary of the philosophers [[Anaximander]], [[Anaximenes of Miletus|Anaximenes]], and the historian [[Hecataeus of Miletus|Hecataeus]], all of whom lived in Miletus, across the sea from [[Samos]].{{sfn|Riedweg|2005}} The Milesian system was in common use by the reign of [[Alexander the Great]] (336–323&nbsp;BCE) and was adopted by other cultures during the subsequent [[Hellenistic period]].{{sfn|Halsey|1967}} It was officially adopted in Egypt during the reign of [[Ptolemy&nbsp;II Philadelphus]] (284–246&nbsp;BCE).{{sfn|Halsey|1967}}

By the late 4th century AD, following the [[Edict of Thessalonica]] in 380 AD and the subsequent enforcement of [[Nicene Christianity]] under [[Theodosius I]], departures from the beliefs of the [[State church of the Roman Empire|state church]] were classified as civil violations within the [[Roman Empire]].{{sfn|McLynn|1994}} Numerology, referred to as [[isopsephy]], remained in use in conservative [[Greek Orthodox]] circles, particularly in mystical and theological contexts.{{sfn|Ferguson|2013}}

Some [[alchemical]] theories were closely related to numerology. For example, Arab alchemist [[Jabir ibn Hayyan]] (died c.&nbsp;806−816) framed his experiments in an elaborate numerology based on the names of substances in the [[Arabic language]].{{sfn|Newman|n.d.}}

Numerology is prominent in Sir [[Thomas Browne]]'s 1658 literary discourse ''[[The Garden of Cyrus]]''. Throughout its pages, the author attempts to demonstrate that the number five and the related [[quincunx]] pattern can be found throughout the arts, in design, and in nature{{snd}} particularly botany.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Some approaches to understanding the meanings of the Qur'an (the book of Muslims) include the understanding of numerical meanings, numerical symbols and their combination with purely textual approaches.{{sfnm|1a1=Besharati|1a2=Besharati|1y=2022|2a1=Besharati|2a2=Fakhari|2y=2023}}

== Methods ==

=== Alphanumeric systems ===
{{see also|Gematria|Isopsephy}}
There are various numerology systems which assign numerical value to the letters of an [[alphabet]]. Examples include the [[Abjad numerals]] in [[Arabic]], [[Hebrew numerals]], [[Armenian numerals]], and [[Greek numerals]]. The practice within [[Jewish]] tradition of assigning mystical meaning to words based on their numerical values, and on connections between words of equal value, is known as ''gematria''.{{sfn|Stratton-Kent|1988}}

The [[Mandaeism|Mandaean]] number alphasyllabary is also used for numerology ([[Mandaic language|Mandaic]]: ''gmaṭ aria''). The ''[[Book of the Zodiac]]'' is an important [[Mandaean text]] on numerology.{{sfn|Häberl|2023}}

===Pythagorean method===
In the Pythagorean method (which uses a kind of place-value for number-letter attributions, as does the ancient Hebrew and Greek systems), the letters of the modern [[Latin alphabet]] are assigned numerical values 1 through 9.{{sfn|Christie|2005|pp=10–11}}

=== Agrippan method ===
[[File:Agrippan numerology table.jpg|thumb|right|Agrippa's numerology table as published in ''[[Three Books of Occult Philosophy]]'']]
[[Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa]] applied the concept of arithmancy to the [[Latin alphabet#Classical Latin alphabet|classical Latin alphabet]] in the 16th century in ''[[Three Books of Occult Philosophy]]''. He mapped the letters as follows (in accordance with the Latin alphabet's place-value at that time):{{sfn|Agrippa|1651|pp=235–236}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
|-
| A
| B
| C
| D
| E
| F
| G
| H
| I
|-
! 10
! 20
! 30
! 40
! 50
! 60
! 70
! 80
! 90
|-
| K
| L
| M
| N
| O
| P
| Q
| R
| S
|-
! 100
! 200
! 300
! 400
! 500
! 600
! 700
! 800
! 900
|-
| T
| V{{refn|When representing the ''u'' sound, as in Ulysses|group=lower-alpha}}
| X
| Y
| Z
| I{{refn|When representing the ''j'' sound, as in John|group=lower-alpha}}
| V{{refn|When representing the ''v'' sound, as in Valentine|group=lower-alpha}}
| HI{{refn|When representing the ''j'' sound, as in Jerome|group=lower-alpha}}
| HV{{refn|When representing the ''w'' sound, as in Wilhelm|group=lower-alpha}}
|}

{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
Note that the letters U, J, and W were not commonly considered part of the [[Latin alphabet]] at the time.

=== Angel numbers ===
'''Angel numbers''', as defined by [[Doreen Virtue]] and Lynnette Brown in 2004, are numbers consisting of [[Repdigit|repeating digits]], such as 111 or 444.{{sfnm|1a1=Virtue|1a2=Brown|1y=2005|2a1=Dickson|2y=2024}} {{As of|2023}}, a number of popular media publications have published articles suggesting that these numbers have numerological significance.{{sfn|Somer|Cardeña|Catelan|Soffer-Dudek|2023}} Doreen Virtue has since renounced the concept of angel numbers in a 2024 interview with ''[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]]'' declaring that "It’s garbage. I regret it, and I’m sorry that I made them."{{sfn|Dickson|2024}}

==English systems==
{{see also|Liber Trigrammaton}}
There are various systems of [[English Qabalah]] or numerology.{{sfn|Nema|1995|pp=24–25}} These systems interpret the letters of the [[Roman script]] or [[English alphabet]] via an assigned set of numerological significances.{{sfn|Hulse|2000|p={{page needed|date=January 2024}}}}{{sfn|Rabinovitch|Lewis|2004|p=269}} [[English Qaballa]], on the other hand, refers specifically to a Qabalah supported by a system discovered by [[James Lees (English magician)|James Lees]] in 1976.

The first system of English gematria was used by the poet [[John Skelton (poet)|John Skelton]] in 1523 in his poem "The Garland of Laurel".{{sfn|Walker|1998|pp=[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Medusa_s_Mirrors/A3BU_pjvXYUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=gematria 33–42]}} The next reference to an English gematria found in the literature was made by Willis F. Whitehead in 1899 in his book, ''The Mystic Thesaurus'', in which he describes a system he called "English Cabala".{{sfn|Whitehead|1899}}

In 1952, John P. L. Hughes published ''The Hidden Numerical Significance of the English Language, or, Suggestive Gematria'', based on his lecture delivered at Holden Research Circle on July 4, 1952.{{sfn|Hughes|1952}} A system related to the [[Spiritualism (movement)|Spiritualist]] [[Agasha Temple of Wisdom]] was described by William Eisen in his two volume ''The English Cabalah'' (1980–82).{{sfnm|1a1=Eisen|1y=1980|2a1=Eisen|2y=1982}}{{sfn|Mast|1991|p={{page needed|date=January 2024}}}}{{sfn|Lawrence|2019|p={{page needed|date=January 2024}}}}

[[William G. Gray]] proposes another system in his 1984 book, ''Concepts of Qabalah'',{{sfn|Gray|1984}} more recently republished as ''Qabalistic Concepts''.{{sfn|Gray|1997}} This system includes correspondence attributions of the English letters to the positions on the [[Tree of Life]]. [[Michael Bertiaux]] described a system called ''Angelic Gematria'' in his ''The Voudon Gnostic Workbook'' (1989).<ref>{{harvnb|Bertiaux|1989}}. Republished as {{harvnb|Bertiaux|2007}}.</ref> David Rankine described a system of English gematria{{sfn|Drury|2006|p=244}} using [[prime number]]s which he calls ''Prime Qabalah'' in his book ''Becoming Magick'' (2004).{{sfn|Rankine|2004}}

== Related uses ==
Scientific theories are sometimes labeled "numerology" if their primary inspiration appears to be a set of patterns rather than [[Scientific method|scientific]] observations. This colloquial use of the term is quite common within the scientific community and it is mostly used to dismiss a theory as questionable science.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The best known example of "numerology" in science involves the [[Dirac large numbers hypothesis|coincidental resemblance of certain large numbers]] that intrigued mathematical physicist [[Paul Dirac]], mathematician [[Hermann Weyl]] and astronomer [[Arthur Stanley Eddington]].{{sfn|Gamow|1968}} These numerical coincidences refer to such quantities as the ratio of the age of the universe to the atomic unit of time, the number of electrons in the universe, and the difference in strengths between gravity and the electric force for the electron and proton.{{sfn|Stenger|2004}} (See also [[Fine-tuned universe]]).

[[Wolfgang Pauli]] was also fascinated by the appearance of certain numbers, including [[Fine-structure constant|137]] (a prime number), in physics.{{sfn|Falk|2009}}

British mathematician [[I. J. Good]] wrote:

{{Blockquote|There have been a few examples of numerology that have led to theories that transformed society: see the mention of Kirchhoff and Balmer in {{harvp|Good|1962|p=316}} [...] and one can well include [[Johannes Kepler|Kepler]] on account of his [[Kepler's Third Law|third law]]. It would be fair enough to say that numerology was the origin of the theories of electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, gravitation. [...] So I intend no disparagement when I describe a formula as numerological.

When a numerological formula is proposed, then we may ask whether it is correct. [...] I think an appropriate definition of correctness is that the formula has a good explanation, in a Platonic sense, that is, the explanation could be based on a good theory that is not yet known but 'exists' in the universe of possible reasonable ideas.{{sfn|Good|1990|p=141}}
}}

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Biblical numerology}}
* {{annotated link|Enneagram of Personality}}
* {{annotated link|Frequency illusion}}
* {{annotated link|Number of the beast}}
* {{annotated link|Numbers in Norse mythology}}
* {{annotated link|Numerology and the Church Fathers}}
* {{annotated link|Sacred geometry}}
* {{annotated link|Scatter table}}
* {{annotated link|Synchromysticism}}
* {{annotated link|Synchronicity}}

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Works cited ===
{{lacking ISBN|date=January 2024}}
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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |last=Diepenbroek |first=M. |year=2023 |title=The Spartan Scytale and Developments in Ancient and Modern Cryptography |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-28129-5 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Dunbar |first=H. F. |year=1929 |title=Symbolism in Medieval Thought and Its Consummation in the Divine Comedy |publisher=Yale University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gy3iIVmPiI0C |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |author=[[Iamblichus]] |translator=Robin Waterfield |title=The Theology of Arithmetic: On the mystical, mathematical and cosmological symbolism of the first ten numbers |year=1988 |place=Grand Rapids |publisher=Phanes Press |isbn=978-0-933999-72-5 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Iordanou |first=I. |year=2019 |title=Venice's Secret Service: Organizing Intelligence in the Renaissance |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198791317 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=King |first=D. A. |year=2001 |title=The Ciphers of the Monks: A Forgotten Number-notation of the Middle Ages |place=Germany |publisher=F. Steiner |url=https://archive.org/details/the-ciphers-of-the-monks-a-forgotten-number-notation-of-the-middle-ages-by-david-a.-king-z-lib.org |url-access=registration |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Levy |first=David B. |chapter=Introduction |pages=15–98 |editor-last=Levy |editor-first=R. I. |year=2018 |title=Essays in the History of Medicine |publisher=Sam Sapozhnik Publishers |isbn=978-1-387-79726-4 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Phillips |first=S. M. |year=2009 |title=The Mathematical Connection Between Religion and Science |publisher=Antony Rowe Publishing |isbn=978-1-905200-85-6 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |year=1993 |title=The Mystery of Numbers |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-87-516422-6 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Shumaker |first=W. |year=1982 |title=Renassance curiosa: John Dee's conversations with angels, Girolamo Cardano's horoscope of Christ, Johannes Trithemius and cryptography, George Dalgarno's Universal language |publisher=Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies |isbn=978-0-86698-014-2 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Cath |title=The Magickal Language of the Book of the Law: An English Qaballa Primer|publisher=Hadean Press Limited |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-907881-68-8 |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/number-symbolism Number symbolism] on the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
* {{Commons category-inline}}
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{{Divination}}
{{Hidden messages}}
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[[Category:Numerology| ]]
[[Category:Divination]]
[[Category:Hermetic Qabalah]]
[[Category:Language and mysticism]]
[[Category:Thelema]]