Editing Objective idealism

{{Short description|Idealistic metaphysics}}
[[Image:Charles Sanders Peirce.jpg|thumb|right|[[Charles Sanders Peirce]] is among the most prominent [[Modern philosophy|modern]] proponents of objective idealism.]]
'''Objective [[idealism]]''' is a philosophical theory that affirms the ideal and spiritual nature of the world and conceives of the idea of which the world is made as the objective and rational form in reality rather than as subjective content of the mind or mental representation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=idealismo nell'Enciclopedia Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/idealismo |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=www.treccani.it |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Oakeshott {{!}} British political theorist {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-Oakeshott |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Objective idealism thus differs both from [[materialism]], which holds that the external world is independent of cognizing minds and that mental processes and ideas are by-products of physical events, and from [[subjective idealism]], which conceives of reality as totally dependent on the consciousness of the subject and therefore relative to the subject itself.

Objective idealism starts with [[Plato]]’s [[theory of forms]], which maintains that objectively existing but non-material "ideas" give form to reality, thus shaping its basic building blocks.{{Sfn|Korth|2022|p=3}}

Objective idealism has also been defined{{By whom|date=May 2023}} as a form of metaphysical idealism that accepts [[Naïve realism]] (the view that empirical objects exist objectively) but rejects [[Epiphenomenalism|epiphenomenalist materialism]] (according to which the mind and spiritual values have emerged due to material causes), as opposed to subjective idealism, which denies that material objects exist independently of human perception and thus stands opposed to both realism and naturalism.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

== In German idealism ==
Within [[German idealism]], objective idealism identifies with the philosophy of [[Friedrich Schelling]].{{Sfn|Altman|2014|p=4}} According to Schelling, the rational or spiritual elements of reality are supposed to give conceptual structure to reality and ultimately constitute reality, to the point that nature and mind, matter and concept, are essentially identical: their distinction is merely psychological and depends on our predisposition to distinguish the "outside us" (nature, world) from the "in us" (mind, spirit).<ref>{{Citation |last1=Guyer |first1=Paul |title=Idealism |date=2023 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2023/entries/idealism/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |access-date=2023-05-08 |edition=Spring 2023 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |last2=Horstmann |first2=Rolf-Peter |editor2-last=Nodelman |editor2-first=Uri}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=German Idealism {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/germidea/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> Within that tradition of philosophical thought, the entire world manifests itself through ideas and is governed by purposes or ends: regardless of the existence of a self-conscious subject, all reality is a manifestation of reason.{{Sfn|Beiser|2020|p=503}}

== Charles Peirce ==
{{further|Charles Sanders Peirce#Philosophy}}

The [[philosophy|philosopher]] [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] defined his own version of objective idealism as follows:

<blockquote>The one intelligible theory of the universe is that of objective idealism, that matter is effete mind, inveterate habits becoming physical laws (Peirce, CP 6.25).
</blockquote>By "objective idealism", Peirce meant that material objects such as organisms have evolved out of mind, that is, out of feelings ("such as pain, blue, cheerfulness") that are immediately present to consciousness.{{Sfn|Short|2022|p=138}} Contrary to Hegel, who identified mind with conceptual thinking or reason, Peirce identified it with feeling, and he claimed that at the origins of the world there was "a chaos of unpersonalized feelings", i.e., feelings that were not located in any individual subject.{{Sfn|Short|2022|p=138}} Therefore, in the 1890s Peirce's philosophy referred to itself as objective idealism because it held that the mind comes first and the world is essentially mind (idealism) and the mind is independent of individuals (objectivism).{{Sfn|Short|2022|p=138}}

==Notable proponents==
{{cols}}
*[[Plato]]
*[[Friedrich Schelling]]
*[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]
*[[Charles Sanders Peirce]]
*[[Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)|Bernard Bosanquet]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicholson |first=Peter P. |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/biographical/bosanquet-bernard-1848-1923/v-1 |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Routledge |publication-place=London |chapter=Bosanquet, Bernard (1848–1923) |year=2016 |doi=10.4324/9780415249126-dc006-1|isbn=9780415250696 }}</ref>
*[[Josiah Royce]]
*[[Michael Oakeshott]]
{{colend}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* {{cite book | last=Altman | first=Matthew C. | chapter=Introduction: What Is German Idealism? | title=Palgrave Handbook of German Idealism. | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | publication-place=Basingstoke | date=2014 | isbn=978-1-137-33475-6 | oclc=958581444}}
* {{cite journal |last=Beiser |first=Frederick |date=2020 |title=Hegel and the history of idealism |journal=British Journal for the History of Philosophy |publisher=Informa UK Limited |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=501–513 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09608788.2019.1661828|doi=10.1080/09608788.2019.1661828 |s2cid=211941066 |issn=0960-8788|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite sep| title=Idealism| year=2015| author-last1=Guyer | author-first1=Paul | author-last2=Horstmann| author-first2= Rolf-Peter}}
* [[Paul Guyer]], "Absolute idealism and the rejection of Kantian dualism", Ch. 2 of ''The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism'', ed. by [[Karl Ameriks]]. 
* [[Charles Sanders Peirce|Peirce, C. S.]] (1891), "The Architecture of Theories", ''[[The Monist]]'' vol. 1, no. 2 (January 1891), pp.&nbsp;161–176. ''Internet Archive'' [https://archive.org/details/monistquart01hegeuoft ''The Monist'' vol. 1], page [https://archive.org/stream/monistquart01hegeuoft#page/161/mode/1up 161]. Reprinted in ''Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce'', vol. 6 (1935), paragraphs 7–34, and in The ''Essential Peirce'', vol. 1 (1992), pp.&nbsp;285–297).
* Peirce, C. S., ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#CP|Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce]]'', vols. 1–6, [[Charles Hartshorne]] and [[Paul Weiss (philosopher)|Paul Weiss]] (eds.), vols. 7–8, [[Arthur W. Burks]] (ed.), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1931–1935, 1958. (Cited as CP vol.para.)
* {{cite arXiv |last=Korth |first=Martin |title=Towards a scientifically tenable description of objective idealism | date=2022 |class=physics.hist-ph |eprint=2208.12036 }}
* {{cite book | last=Short | first=T. L. | title=Charles Peirce and Modern Science | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2022 | isbn=978-1-009-22350-8 | doi=10.1017/9781009223508| s2cid=253177822 }}
{{Idealism}}
[[Category:Idealism]]