Editing Oceanids

{{Short description|Nymph daughters of Oceanus}}
{{About|Greek mythological sea nymphs|the tone poem by Sibelius|The Oceanides}}
[[File:Les Oceanides Les Naiades de la mer.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|''[[The Oceanids (The Naiads of the Sea)|Les Océanides]]'', [[Gustave Doré]] ({{circa|1860}})]]
{{Greek deities (water)}}

In [[Greek mythology]], the '''Oceanids''' or '''Oceanides''' ({{IPAc-en|oʊ|ˈ|s|iː|ən|ɪ|d|z|,_|ˈ|oʊ|ʃ|ə|n|ɪ|d|z}} {{respell|oh|SEE|ə|nidz|,_|OH|shə|nidz}}; {{langx|grc|Ὠκεανίδες|Ōkeanídes}}, {{singular}} {{langx|grc|Ὠκεανίς|Ōkeanís|label=none}}) are the [[nymph]]s who were the three thousand (a number interpreted as meaning "innumerable") daughters of the [[Titan (mythology)|Titan]]s [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]].<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA40 pp. 40–41]; Tripp, s.v. Oceanids, p. 401; Grimal, s.v. Oceanus, p. 315.</ref>

==Description and function==
The Oceanids' father Oceanus was the great primordial world-encircling river, their mother [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]] was a sea goddess, and their brothers the [[River gods (Greek mythology)|river gods]] (also three thousand in number) were the personifications of the great rivers of the world. Like the rest of their family, the Oceanid nymphs were associated with water, as the personification of springs.<ref>Fowler, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 p. 13]; Most, p. 31 n. 21; Grimal, s.v. Oceanus, p. 315; West, p. 259.</ref> [[Hesiod]] says they are "dispersed far and wide" and everywhere "serve the earth and the deep waters",<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337 365–366].</ref> while in [[Apollonius of Rhodes]]' ''[[Argonautica]]'', the [[Argonauts]], stranded in the desert of Libya, beg the "nymphs, sacred of the race of Oceanus" to show them "some spring of water from the rock or some sacred flow gushing from the earth".<ref>[[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/390/mode/2up 9.1410–4118].</ref>

The Oceanids are not easily categorized, nor confined to any single function,<ref>Tripp, s.v. Oceanids, p. 401.</ref> not even necessarily associated with water.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA40 p. 40]; West, p. 260.</ref> Though most nymphs were considered to be minor deities, many Oceanids were significant figures. [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]], the personification of intelligence, was [[Zeus]]' first wife, whom Zeus impregnated with [[Athena]] and then swallowed.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+886 886–900]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.6 1.3.6].</ref> The Oceanid [[Doris (Oceanid)|Doris]], like her mother Tethys, was an important sea-goddess.<ref>Tripp, s.v. Oceanids, p. 401.</ref> While their brothers, the river gods, were the usual personifications of major rivers, [[Styx]] (according to Hesiod the eldest and most important Oceanid) was also the personification of a major river, the [[Greek underworld|underworld]]'s river Styx.<ref>Tripp, s.v. Oceanids, p. 401; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337 361].</ref> And some, like Europa, and [[Asia (Oceanid)|Asia]], seem associated with areas of land rather than water.<ref>Fowler, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 pp. 13–14]; Tripp, s.v. Oceanids, p. 401.</ref>

The Oceanids were also responsible for keeping watch over the young.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA40 p. 40]; Larson, p. 30; Gantz, p. 28; Tripp, s.v. Oceanids, p. 401.</ref> According to Hesiod, who described them as "neat-ankled daughters of Ocean ... children who are glorious among goddesses", they are "a holy company of daughters who with the lord Apollo and the Rivers have youths in their keeping—to this charge Zeus appointed them".<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337 346–366].</ref>

Like Metis, the Oceanids also functioned as the wives (or lovers) of many gods, and the mothers, by these gods, of many other gods and goddesses.<ref>Grimal, s.v. Oceanus, p. 315. Larson, p. 7 says that the Oceanids "serve mainly as genealogical starting points".</ref> Doris was the wife of the sea-god [[Nereus]], and the mother of the fifty sea nymphs, the [[Nereids]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+240 240–264]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.7 1.2.7].</ref> Styx was the wife of the Titan [[Pallas (Titan)|Pallas]], and the mother of [[Zelus]], [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]], [[Kratos (mythology)|Kratos]], and [[Bia (mythology)|Bia]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+383 383–385]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.4 1.2.4].</ref> [[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]], Zeus' third wife, was the mother of the [[Charites]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+907 907–909]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.1 1.3.1]. Other sources give the Charites other parents, see Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DC%3Aentry+group%3D19%3Aentry%3Dcharis-bio-1 s.v. Charis].</ref> [[Clymene (wife of Iapetus)|Clymene]] was the wife of the Titan [[Iapetus]], and mother of [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]], [[Menoetius (Greek mythology)|Menoetius]], [[Prometheus]], and [[Epimetheus (mythology)|Epimetheus]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+351 351], however according to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.3 1.2.3], another Oceanid, [[Asia (Oceanid)|Asia]] was their mother by Iapetus.</ref> [[Electra (Oceanid)|Electra]] was the wife of the sea god [[Thaumas]] and the mother of [[Iris (mythology)|Iris]] and the [[Harpies]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+240 266–269]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.6 1.2.6].</ref> Other notable Oceanids include: [[Perse (mythology)|Perseis]], wife of the Titan sun god [[Helios]] and mother of [[Circe]], and [[Aeëtes|Aeetes]] the king of [[Colchis]];<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+956 956–957]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.9.1 1.9.1].</ref> [[Idyia]], wife of Aeetes and mother of [[Medea]];<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+958 958–962]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.9.23 1.9.23].</ref> and [[Callirhoe (Oceanid)|Callirhoe]], the wife of [[Chrysaor]] and mother of [[Geryon]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+286 286–288]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.5.10 2.5.10].</ref>

Sailors routinely honored and entreated the Oceanids, dedicating prayers, libations, and sacrifices to them. Appeals to them were made to protect seafarers from storms and other nautical hazards. Before they began their legendary voyage to [[Colchis]] in search of the [[Golden Fleece]], the [[Argonauts]] made an offering of flour, honey, and sea to the ocean deities, sacrificed bulls to them, and entreated their protection from the dangers of their journey.<ref>Kemp, s.v. Oceanids, p. 611.</ref> They were also recorded as the companions of Persephone when she was abducted by Hades.<ref>Fowler, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 p. 13]; Larson, p. 7; [[Homeric Hymns|''Homeric Hymn to Demeter (2)'']], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1-39 2.5], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:398-448 2.418–423].</ref>

The goddess [[Artemis]] requested that sixty Oceanids of nine years be made her personal choir, to serve her as her personal handmaids and remain virgins.<ref>[[Callimachus]], ''Hymn III to Artemis'' [https://archive.org/details/callimachuslycop00calluoft/page/60/mode/2up?view=theater 1-27].</ref>

==Names==
{{Main|List of Oceanids}}

Hesiod gives the name of 41 Oceanids, with other ancient sources providing many more. While some were important figures, most were not. Some were perhaps the names of actual springs, others merely poetic inventions.<ref>West, p. 260.</ref> Some names, consistent with the Oceanids' charge of having "youths in their keeping", represent things which parents might hope to be bestowed upon their children: Plouto ("Wealth"), Tyche ("Good Fortune"), Idyia ("Knowing"), and Metis ("Wisdom").<ref>Fowler, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 p. 13].</ref> Others appear to be geographical [[eponyms]], such as Europa, Asia, Ephyra ([[Corinth]]), and Rhodos ([[Rhodes]]).<ref>Fowler, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 pp. 13–16].</ref>

Several of the names of Oceanids were also among the names given to the [[Nereids]].

==The arts==
===Paintings===
As a group, the Oceanids form the chorus of the ancient Greek tragedy ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'', coming up from their cave beneath the ground to console the chained [[Titan (mythology)|Titan]] [[Prometheus]].<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA41 p. 41]; Gantz, p. 30; [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:128-135 128–135].</ref> There they are described as moving with haste, in contrast to the hero's immobility.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fineberg|first=Stephen|date=1986|title=The Unshod Maidens at Prometheus 135|journal=The Johns Hopkins University Press}}</ref> In his new interpretation of the Greek play's continuation, ''[[Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)|Prometheus Unbound]]'' (1820),<ref>[http://jacklynch.net/Texts/prometheus.html Online text]</ref> [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]] included three Oceanids among his characters. Ione and Panthea accompany the suffering hero and are joined by his lover, [[Asia (Oceanid)|Asia]]. The setting is in the Caucasus mountains and Shelley describes these characters as winged beings.

Two 19th century artists depicted the mourning of the Oceanids about the rock on which [[Prometheus]] is chained, which was interpreted in this case as rising mid-ocean. The first of these was ''La Désolation des Océanides'' (1850) by [[Henri Lehmann]], presently in the Musée départemental de [[Gap, Hautes-Alpes|Gap]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210628144526/https://www.alpes-et-midi.fr/sites/alpes-et-midi.fr/files/articles/images/2015/08/oceanides.jpg Museum site]</ref> The other, titled simply [[The Oceanids (The Naiads of the Sea)]] (1869), was by [[Gustave Doré]]. Lehmann's painting was savaged as lacking in Classical decorum by the critics of the [[Salon (Paris)|Salon]] at which it was exhibited; in particular, the nymphs clustered about the sea-girt rock on which Prometheus is chained were compared to "a troop of young seals clambering onshore".<ref>[[Charles-Philippe de Chennevières-Pointel|Philippe de Chennevières]], Lettres sur l'art français en 1850, Argentan 1851, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NTkGAAAAQAAJ&dq=Lehmann+%22%27%27La+D%C3%A9solation+des+Oc%C3%A9anides%27%27+%22&pg=PA47 p.48]</ref> Doré's naiads, engaged in the same occupation, were eventually identified more elegantly by [[Dorothea Tanning]] as akin to mermaids.<ref>Andrew Teverson, ''Cultural History of Fairy Tales'', Bloomsbury Academic 2021, [https://books.google.com/books?id=df1aEAAAQBAJ&dq=Oc%C3%A9anides+%22Dorothea+Tanning%22&pg=PR7 pp. 11-12]</ref>

Later artists reinterpreted the nymphs tumbling among the waves, as depicted by both painters, in order to portray individual Oceanids as female manifestations of sea foam. Examples include [[Wilhelm Trübner]]'s study of a female form in a frothy wave (''Weiblicher Akt im Schaum einer Welle''), which he titled "Oceanide" (1872);<ref>[[:File:Wilhelm Tr%C3%BCbner Oceanide 1872.jpg|Wikimedia]]</ref> and [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]]'s ''Océanide'' (1904), portraying a nude extended on the shore in the track of the incoming tide,<ref>[[:File:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Ocean Nymph (L%27oc%C3%A9anide)(1904).jpg|Wikimedia]]</ref> of which a more sympathetic critic of the 1905 Salon noted how the artist delights in comparing a lissom body to the sea's undulations.<ref>Maurice Hamel, ''Les Salons de 1905'', Goupil 1905, p.42</ref> Manchester-born [[Annie Swynnerton]]'s "Oceanid" emerging from the sea was painted the same year and is presently in the [[Cartwright Hall]] Art Gallery, Bradford.<ref>[https://annielouisaswynnerton.com/2018/06/03/no-69-oceanid-1908/ "Oceanid"], Artist's website</ref>

===Sculptures===
[[File:Rodin Museum - Oceanides.JPG|thumb|upright=1.15|The 1925 bronze copy of the ''Océanides'' in the Rodin Museum, Philadelphia]]

Sculptures of the subject are comparable to the paintings in some respects. In Johann Eduard Müller's marble statue of "Prometheus and the Oceanides" (1868–79), the nymphs scramble upwards in an attempt to alleviate the Titan's suffering,<ref>[https://www.akg-images.co.uk/archive/Prometheus-and-the-Oceanides-2UMDHUWCXFBG.html AKG Images]</ref> as they do in Lehmann's canvas. The smaller-scale ''Océanides'' (1905) of [[Auguste Rodin]] cluster like waves breaking at the base of a rock, their "supple feminine forms emerging from rough marble".<ref>Germain Bazin, ''A Concise History of World Sculpture'', David & Charles, 1981, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nQpPAAAAYAAJ&q=Rodin+Oceanides p.279]</ref> A larger scale version of the sculpture was finally cast in bronze in 1925 and is in Philadelphia's [[Rodin Museum]].

The fountain at [[York House, Twickenham]] concentrates on a purely marine theme and is of much wider extent. This gave the turn of the century sculptor, Oscar Spalmach (1864–1917), the opportunity to drape his white marble Oceanids about the rocks of the cascade in a variety of painterly poses.<ref>"The York House Cascade, or The Oceanides — a little-known masterpiece", [https://victorianweb.org/sculpture/spalmach/2.html Victorian Web]</ref> [[Henri Laurens]] created a bronze ''Océanide'' in 1933 which was equally suited for outdoor display. Largely abstract in conception, the sea connection is suggested by the shell-like wave shape that upholds one of her legs.<ref>[https://middelheimmuseum.be/en/page/henri-laurens-france Middelheim Museum]</ref> Several copies of the sculpture exist, displayed in the [[Middelheim Open Air Sculpture Museum]] outside Antwerp, the German [[Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe]] and the [[Centre Pompidou]] in Paris. And in Australia Helen Leete went on to create an equally abstracted group of "Oceanides" in 1997 to mount on the seaside rocks off [[Manly, New South Wales]].<ref>[https://izi.travel/it/1ea2-oceanides-by-helen-leete/en Izi Travel]</ref>

===A tone poem===
A musical interpretation of these mythical figures was the result of the visit by [[Jean Sibelius]] to the US in 1914, before which he was commissioned to compose a [[tone poem]]. Though this is generally titled ''[[The Oceanides]]'' (Opus 73), Sibelius referred to it in his diary as ''Aallottaret'': the Finnish word for "nymphs of the waves".<ref>[https://www.indianapolissymphony.org/backstage/program-notes/sibelius-the-oceanides "Oceanides"], Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Ancient Greece|Myths|}}
* [[Nereid]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* [[Aeschylus]] (?), ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' in ''Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes.'' Vol 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press. 1926. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4995E0C297BD54D0B2C116B6EB6720BF?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=C431BA809CA4DEA22A15DA9C666F3400?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0022%3atext%3dLibrary Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''Apollonius Rhodius: the Argonautica'', translated by Robert Cooper Seaton, W. Heinemann, 1912. [https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* Fowler, R. L., ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary'', Oxford University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0198147411}}.
* [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* Grimal, Pierre, ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, {{ISBN|9780631201021}}.
* Hard, Robin, ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004, {{ISBN|9780415186360}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC Google Books].
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts., [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homeric Hymns|''Homeric Hymn to Demeter'' (2)]], in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1-39 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* {{cite book|last=Kemp|first=Peter|title=The Oxford Companion to Ships & the Sea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VmnPwAACAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-586-08308-6}}
* Larson, Jennifer, "Greek Nymphs : Myth, Cult, Lore", Oxford University Press (US). June 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-19-512294-7}}.
* [[Glenn W. Most|Most, G.W.]], ''Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia,'' [[Loeb Classical Library]], No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2006 {{ISBN|978-0-674-99622-9}}. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL057/2007/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]]; ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873).
* Tripp, Edward, ''Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology'', Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). {{ISBN|069022608X}}.
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]], ''Hesiod: Theogony'', Oxford University Press, 1966. {{ISBN|0-19-814169-6}}.

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Oceanids}}
* [https://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/Okeanides.html OCEANIDS on The Theoi Project]

{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{Greek religion}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Oceanids| ]]
[[Category:Nymphs]]
[[Category:Retinue of Artemis]]
[[Category:Sea and river goddesses]]