Editing Odia language

{{Short description|Indic language}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Odia
| altname          = ''Oṛiā''
| nativename       = {{lang|or|ଓଡ଼ିଆ}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|or|oˈɽia||Or-ଓଡ଼ିଆ.oga}}<small>(Odia)</small><br>
{{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|d|i:|ə}} <small>(English)</small><ref name="Odia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20201011140354/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/odia "Odia"], ''Lexico''.</ref>
| states           = [[Languages of India|India]]
| region           = [[Eastern India]]
* [[Odisha]] 
* Parts of [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[West Bengal]]<ref name="IBNLive">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120815161939/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html  |archive-date= 15 August 2012 |title= Oriya gets its due in neighbouring state- Orissa |publisher=IBNLive |date=4 September 2011 |access-date= 29 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Naresh Chandra Pattanayak">{{cite web |author= Naresh Chandra Pattanayak |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Oriya-second-language-in-Jharkhand/articleshow/9818431.cms |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120707035944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/bhubaneswar/29953104_1_oriya-jharkhand-assembly-jharkhand-cabinet  |archive-date= 7 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Oriya second language in Jharkhand |url-status= live |date= 1 September 2011}}</ref>
| ethnicity        = [[Odia people|Odias]],
[[List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha|Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]]
| speakers         = [[first language|L1]]: {{sigfig|34.461520|2}} million<!--34.3M India 2011, remainder from Ethn.22-->
| date             = 2011–2019
| ref              = <ref name="Ethnologue_ory">{{e22|ory}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| speakers2        = [[second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|3.6|2}} million (2001)<ref name="Ethnologue_ory"/>
| speakers_label   = Speakers
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4             = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| ancestor         = [[Prakrit]]
| ancestor2        = [[Magadhi Prakrit]]
| ancestor3        = Odra Prakrit
| ancestor4        = Old Odia
| stand1           = [[#Standardisation and dialects|Standard Odia]]
| dialects         = * [[Baleswari Odia]] (Northern) 
* Kataki Odia (Central)
* Dhenkanalia (Central)
* Anugulia (Central)
* [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri Odia]] (Western)
* [[Ganjami Odia]] (Southern) 
* [[Sundargadi Odia]] (Northwestern)
* [[Desia language|Desia]] (South-western)
* [[#Major tribal and community dialects/sociolects|Tribal and Community dialects]]
* [[#Standardisation and dialects|Others dialects]]
| script           = *[[Odia script]]
*[[Kalinga script]] (historical)
*[[Odia Braille]]
| nation           = *[[Official languages of India|India]]
** [[Odisha]]
** [[Jharkhand]]<ref name="The Avenue Mail">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili |url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |work=The Avenue Mail |date=21 March 2018 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328090028/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> (additional)
** [[West Bengal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bareactslive.com/WB/WB492.HTM|title=West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961|website=bareactslive.com|access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-1179890-2018-02-28|title=Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi make it to list of official languages in |last=Roy |first=Anirban |date=28 February 2018 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=30 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143710/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-1179890-2018-02-28 |archive-date=30 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> (additional)
| agency           = [[Odisha Sahitya Akademi]], [[Government of Odisha]]<ref name="osa">{{cite web | url=http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/osa.asp | title=Odisha Sahitya Academy | publisher=Department of Culture, Government of Odisha | access-date=9 March 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034534/http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/osa.asp  }}</ref>
| iso1             = or
| iso2             = ori
| iso3             = ori
| lc1              = ory
| ld1              = Odia
| lc2              = spv
| ld2              = [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri Odia]]
| lc3              = ort
| ld3              = Adivasi Odia (Kotia)
| lc4              = dso
| ld4              = [[Desia language|Desia]] (South-western) (duplicate of [ort])<ref>Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices</ref>
| image            = Odia Bhasa.png
| imagescale       = 0.6
| imagecaption     = The word "Oṛiā" in [[Odia script]]
| notice           = India
| glotto           = macr1269
| glottoname       = Macro-Oriya (Odra)
| glottorefname    = Macro-Oriya
| glotto2          = oriy1255
| glottoname2      = Odia
| notice2          = IPA
| map              = Odia map.svg
| mapcaption       = {{Legend|#ff55dd|Odia majority or plurality}}
{{Legend|#ffaaee|Significant Odia minority}}
}}
{{Contains special characters
| special          = Odia text
| fix              = Help:Multilingual support#Odia
| characters       = Odia script
}}
'''Odia''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|d|i:|ə}};<ref name="Odia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20201011140354/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/odia "Odia"], ''Lexico''.</ref><ref>{{Cite OED|Odia|access-date=30 September 2024}}</ref> {{lang|or|ଓଡ଼ିଆ}}, [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transliteration|or|ISO|Oṛiā}}, {{IPA|or|oˈɽia|pron|Or-ଓଡ଼ିଆ.oga}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://1drv.ms/b/s!AoSY7m8bBHQlkxFE7SoviMzbdFto?e=7dAUv8|title=The Constitution (Ninety-Sixth Amendment) Act, 2011 |publisher=eGazette of India |language=en|access-date=23 September 2011}}</ref> formerly rendered as '''Oriya''') is a [[classical languages of India|classical]] [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. It is the [[Languages with official status in India|official language]] in [[Odisha]] (formerly rendered as Orissa),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://1drv.ms/b/s!AoSY7m8bBHQlkxQHTN0wGaU6x_Ux?e=VwyO2n|title=Odisha Name Alteration Act, 2011|publisher=eGazette of India|access-date=23 September 2011|language=en}}</ref> where native speakers make up 82% of the population,<ref name="LSI-Orissa">{{cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=  B. P. |title= Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa |year=2002 |publisher=Language Division, Office of the Registrar General |location= Kolkata, India |page=14 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_orissa/1_orissa_vol_from_first_page_to_page_no_18.pdf |access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref> and it is also spoken in parts of [[West Bengal]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Ordeal-of-Oriya-speaking-students-in-West-Bengal-to-end-soon/article16600272.ece |title=Ordeal of Oriya-speaking students in West Bengal to end soon|date=21 May 2009|access-date=30 January 2019|work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Jharkhand]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/govt-to-provide-study-facility-to-odia-speaking-people-in-state.html |title=Govt to provide study facility to Odia-speaking people in State  |website=The Pioneer |access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Odia is one of the [[Languages with official status in India|official languages of India]]; it is the official language of Odisha and the second official language of Jharkhand. The Odia language has various dialects varieties, including the [[Baleswari Odia]] (Northern dialect), Kataki, Dhenkanalia, Anugulia(central dialect), [[Ganjami Odia]] (Southern dialect), [[Sundargadi Odia]] (Northwestern dialect), [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri Odia]] (Western dialect), [[Desia language|Desia]] (South-western dialect) and [[#Major tribal and community dialects/sociolects|Tribal Community dialects]] spoken by the [[List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha|tribals groups in Odisha]] who adopted the Odia language.<ref name="IBNLive">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120815161939/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html  |archive-date= 15 August 2012 |title= Oriya gets its due in neighbouring state- Orissa |publisher=IBNLive |date=4 September 2011 |access-date= 29 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Naresh Chandra Pattanayak">{{cite web |author= Naresh Chandra Pattanayak |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Oriya-second-language-in-Jharkhand/articleshow/9818431.cms |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120707035944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/bhubaneswar/29953104_1_oriya-jharkhand-assembly-jharkhand-cabinet  |archive-date= 7 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Oriya second language in Jharkhand |url-status= live |date= 1 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="daily.bhaskar.com">{{cite web |url= http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-bengali-Oriya-among-12-dialects-as-2nd-language-in-jharkhand-2392920.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111103224342/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-bengali-Oriya-among-12-dialects-as-2nd-language-in-jharkhand-2392920.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 3 November 2011 |title= Bengali, Oriya among 12 dialects as 2nd language in Jharkhand |publisher= daily.bhaskar.com |date= 31 August 2011 |access-date= 29 November 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Trilingual Signboard at Bhubaneswar Airport having text in Odia, Hindi and English.jpg|thumb|Trilingual Signboard at [[Bhubaneswar Airport]] having text in Odia, Hindi and English]]

Odia is the sixth Indian language to be designated a [[Languages of India#Classical|classical language]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2014/mar/engpdf/5-14.pdf |title=Classical Language: Odia |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125073157/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2014/mar/engpdf/5-14.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title= Odia gets classical language status |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odia-gets-classical-language-status/article5709028.ece |access-date= 20 February 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140221/jsp/frontpage/story_18004148.jsp |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011125236/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140221/jsp/frontpage/story_18004148.jsp |archive-date=11 October 2017|title= Odia becomes sixth classical language |work= The Telegraph |access-date= 29 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Milestone-for-state-as-Odia-gets-classical-language-status/articleshow/30779140.cms |title= Milestone for state as Odia gets classical language status |work= The Times of India |date= 21 February 2014 |access-date= 29 March 2015}}</ref>It  traces its linguistic roots to the Eastern Magadhi Prakrit, evolving through stages such as Old Odia (7th–9th century CE), Middle Odia (14th–17th century CE), and Modern Odia (from the 18th century onward). The language displays a distinct phonological and morphological character shaped by centuries of interaction with tribal and Dravidian tongues. Recognized as a classical language of India, Odia has an unbroken literary tradition, with inscriptions dating back over a thousand years.<ref name="harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306" />

==History==
Odia is an [[Eastern Indo-Aryan language]] belonging to the Indo-Aryan language family. It descends from Odra Prakrit which itself evolved from [[Magadhi Prakrit]].<ref name="harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306">{{harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306}}</ref> The latter was spoken in east India over 1,500 years ago, and is the primary language used in early [[Jainism|Jain]] and Buddhist texts.<ref name="The Harvard Lecture">Misra, Bijoy (11 April 2009). [http://www.odia.org/articles/harvardLecture.pdf Oriya Language and Literature] (PDF) (Lecture). Languages and Literature of India. Harvard University.</ref> Odia appears to have had relatively little influence from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]], compared to other major Indo-Aryan languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Odia Language |url=https://www.odishatourism.net/odisha-language/ |website=Odisha Tourism |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010094555/https://www.odishatourism.net/odisha-language/  }}</ref>

[[File:East-magadhan-proto-languages.png|upright=1.5|thumb|The proto-languages of eastern [[Magadhan]]; the split and descent of Proto-Odra (Odra Prakrit), the ancestor of the modern Odia language, from Proto-Magadhan (Magadhi Prakrit)<ref name="harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306"/>]]
[[File:Odia- Urajam inscription.jpg|thumb|Urajam inscription in Old Odia, royal charter of Eastern Ganga dynasty (1051 CE)<ref name="urajam"/>]]
The history of the Odia language is divided into eras:

* Proto-Odia (Odra Prakrit) (10th century and earlier): Inscriptions from 9th century shows the evolution of proto-Odia, i.e. Odra Prakrit or ''Oriya Prakrit'' words used along with Sanskrit. The inscriptions are dated to third quarter of 9th century during the reign of early [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]].<ref>{{harvcol|Rajaguru|1966|p=152}}</ref>
* Old Odia (10th century till 13th century): Inscriptions from the 10th century onwards provide evidence for the existence of the Old Odia language, with the earliest inscription being the Urajam inscription of the Eastern Gangas written in Old Odia in 1051 CE.<ref name="urajam">{{cite book |last=Tripathī |first=Kunjabihari |title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script |publisher=Utkal University |year=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ |pages=29, 222 |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref> Old Odia written in the form of connected lines is found in inscription dated to 1249 CE.<ref>{{cite book |author=B. P. Mahapatra |title=Constitutional languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC&pg=PA389 |year=1989 |publisher=Presses Université Laval |isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1 |page=389 |quote=Evidence of Old Oriya is found from early inscriptions dating from the 10th century onwards, while the language in the form of connected lines is found only in the inscription dated 1249 A.D.}}</ref>
* Early Middle Odia (13th century–15th century): The earliest use of prose can be found in the ''[[Madala Panji]]'' of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple at Puri]], which dates back to the 12th century. Such works as ''Sisu Beda'', ''Amarakosa'', ''Gorekha Samhita'', ''Kalasa Chautisa'' and ''Saptanga'' are written in this form of Odia.<ref name="patnaik 1989">{{cite book |last= Patnaik |first=Durga|title=Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa |year=1989 |publisher= Abhinav Publications |place=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-7017-248-2 |url= {{Google books |id=90_qAeMT1bwC |page=11 |plainurl=yes}} |page=11}}</ref><ref name="panda">{{cite book |last=Panda |first=Shishir |title= Medieval Orissa: A Socio-economic Study |year=1991 |publisher= Mittal Publications |place=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-7099-261-5 |url={{Google books|id=C_LT5Q-f3YEC |page=106 |plainurl= yes}}|page=106}}</ref><ref name="patnaik 1997">{{cite book |last= Patnaik |first=Nihar |title =Economic History of Orissa |year=1997 |publisher= Indus Publishing |place=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-7387-075-0 |url= {{Google books |id= 1AA9W9_4Z9gC |page=149 |plainurl=yes}} |page= 149}}</ref>
* Middle Odia (15th century–17th century): [[Sarala Das]] writes the ''Mahabharata'' and ''[[Vilanka Ramayana|Bilanka Ramayana]]''.<ref name="Sukhdeva2002">{{cite book |author=Sukhdeva |title=Living Thoughts of the Ramayana |url={{Google books|id=BMyxwk5g3NEC&pg=PT7|plainurl=yes}}|year=2002 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7992-002-2 |page=7}}</ref><ref name="Mukherjee1998">{{cite book |author=Sujit Mukherjee |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |url={{Google books|id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA420|plainurl=yes}}|date=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |page=420}}</ref> Towards the 15th century, Panchasakha 'five seer poets' namely [[Balarama Dasa]], [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]], [[Achyutananda Dasa]], [[Ananta Dasa|Sisu Ananta Dasa]] and [[Jasobanta Dasa]] wrote a number of popular works, including the ''Odia Bhagabata'', ''[[Jagamohana Ramayana]]'', ''[[Lakshmi Purana]]'', ''Haribansa'', ''Gobinda Chandra'' and more. Balarama Dasa, Ananta Dasa and Achyutananda Dasa of Pancha Sakha group hailed from [[Karan (caste)|Karana]] community.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mallik |first=Basanta Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOnZAAAAMAAJ&q=balarama+dasa+karana |title=Paradigms of Dissent and Protest: Social Movements in Eastern India, C. AD 1400-1700 |date=2004 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-522-6 |language=en}}</ref>
* Late Middle Odia (17th century–Early 19th century): ''Usabhilasa'' of Sisu Sankara Dasa, the ''Rahasya Manjari'' of Deba Durlabha Dasa and the ''Rukmini Bibaha'' of Kartika Dasa were written. [[Upendra Bhanja]] took a leading role in this period with his creations ''Baidehisa Bilasa'', ''Koti Brahmanda Sundari'', ''Labanyabati'' which emerged as landmarks in Odia Literature. [[Dinakrushna Das]]a's ''Rasakallola'' and [[Abhimanyu Samantasinhara|Abhimanyu Samanta Singhara]]'s ''Bidagdha Chintamani'' were prominent latter kabyas. Of the song poets who spearheaded [[Odissi music]], classical music of the state – [[Upendra Bhanja]], [[Banamali Dasa|Banamali]], [[Baladeba Ratha|Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha]], [[Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka|Gopalakrusna]] were prominent. [[Bhima Bhoi]] emerged towards the end of the 19th century.
* Modern Odia (Late 19th century to present): The first Odia magazine, Bodha Dayini was published in Balasore in 1861. During this time many [[Bengalis|Bengali]] scholars claimed that Odia was just a dialect of Bengali to  exercise of power by cornering government jobs.<ref>Pritish Acharya, "Nationalistic Politics: Nature, Objectives and Strategy." From Late 19th Century to Formation of UPCC", in Culture, Tribal History and Freedom Movement, ed. P.K. Mishra, Delhi: Agam Kala Prakasham, 1989</ref> For instance Pandit Kanti Chandra Bhattacharya, a teacher of [[Balasore]] Zilla School,  published a little pamphlet named 'Odia Ekti Swatantray Bhasha Noi' (Odia not an independent language) where Bhattacharya claimed that Odia was not a separate and original form of language and was a mere corruption of Bengali. He suggested British Government to abolish all Odia Vernacular Schools from Odisha and to alter into Bengali Vernacular Schools.<ref>Sachidananda Mohanty, "Rebati and the Woman Question in Odisha", India International Centre Quarterly, New Delhi, Vol. 21, No.4, Winter 1994</ref> The first Odia newspaper ''[[Utkala Deepika]]'', launched in 1866 under editors [[Gourishankar Ray]] and Bichitrananda. In 1869 Bhagavati Charan Das started another newspaper, Utkal Subhakari. More Odia newspapers soon followed like Utkal Patra, Utkal Hiteisini from Cuttack, Utkal Darpan and Sambada Vahika from Balasore and Sambalpur Hiteisini from Deogarh. [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]] emerged as a prominent Odia fiction writer of this time and [[Radhanath Ray]] as a prominent Odia poet. Other prominent Odia writers who helped promote Odia at this time were [[Madhusudan Das]], [[Madhusudan Rao]], [[Gangadhar Meher]], Chintamani Mohanty, [[Nanda Kishore Bal]], [[Reba Ray]], [[Gopabandhu Das]] and [[Nilakantha Das]].

==Geographical distribution==
===India===
{{Pie chart
|caption=Distribution of Odia language in the state of India<ref name=Census2011MT>{{cite web|title=C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
|value1 = 92.5
|label1 = Odisha
|value2 = 2.4
|label2 = Chhattisgarh
|value3 = 1.4
|label3 = Jharkhand
|value4 = 1
|label4 = Andhra Pradesh
|value5 = 0.6
|label5 = Assam
|value6 = 0.5
|label6 = Gujarat
|value7 = 0.4
|label7 = West Bengal
|value8 = 0.4
|label8 = Maharashtra
|other = yes
|other-label = Other states
|other-color = orange
|footer =
}}

According to the 2011 census, there are 37.52 million [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India|Odia speakers in India]], making up 3.1% of the country's population. Among these, 93% reside in Odisha.<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of Odia speaking people declines: Census report |url=https://sambadenglish.com/number-of-odia-speaking-people-declines-census-report/ |website=sambad |date=18 July 2018 |access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=James Minahan |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA233 |year=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-659-1 |page=233}}</ref> Odia is also spoken in neighbouring states such as [[Chhattisgarh]] (913,581), [[Jharkhand]] (531,077), [[Andhra Pradesh]] (361,471), and [[West Bengal]] (162,142), as of 2011 Census.<ref name=Census2011MT/>

Due to worker migration as [[Tea-garden community|tea garden workers]] in colonial India, northeastern states [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] have a sizeable Odia-speaking population,<ref name=Census2011MT/> particularly in  [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]], [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]], [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]], [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]], [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]], [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]], [[Cachar district|Cachar]], [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]], [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]], [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]], [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]], [[Hailakandi district]] of Assam and [[West Tripura district|West Tripura]], [[Dhalai district|Dhalai]], [[North Tripura district|North Tripura]] district of Tripura. Similarly, due to increasing worker migration in modern India, the western states [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] also have a significant Odia speaking population.<ref name="The Times of India 2003">{{cite web | title=A Little Orissa in the heart of Surat – Ahmedabad News | website=The Times of India | date=18 May 2003 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/A-Little-Orissa-in-the-heart-of-Surat/articleshow/46707510.cms | access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> Additionally, due to economic pursuits, significant numbers of Odia speakers can be found in Indian cities such as [[Vishakhapatnam]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Goa]], [[Mumbai]], [[Raipur]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Vadodara]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[New Delhi]], [[Guwahati]], [[Shillong]], [[Pune]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Jammu]] and [[Silvassa]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Danesh Jain|author2=George Cardona|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|page=445}}</ref>

===Foreign countries===
The Odia diaspora is sizeable in several countries around the world, bringing the number of Odia speakers worldwide to 50 million.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{cite web | title=Oriya language | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oriya-language | access-date=2 July 2020|quote=Oriya language, also spelled Odia, Indo-Aryan language with some 50 million speakers.}}</ref><ref name="Anthropology2003">{{cite book |author= Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology |title= Man and Life |url={{Google books |id=DJGAAAAAMAAJ |plainurl= yes}} |access-date=31 July 2012 |year=2003 |publisher= Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology |volume=29 }}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2018}}{{request quotation|date=March 2018}} It has a significant presence in eastern countries, such as [[Thailand]] and [[Indonesia]], mainly brought by the [[sadhaba]], ancient traders from Odisha who carried the language along with the culture during the [[Maritime history of Odisha|old-day trading]],<ref name="Behera2002">{{cite book |author= Subhakanta Behera |title= Construction of an identity discourse: Oriya literature and the Jagannath cult (1866–1936) |url= {{Google books |id=hbVjAAAAMAAJ |plainurl=yes}} |access-date= 31 July 2012 |year=2002 |publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers }}</ref> and in western countries such as the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and [[England]]. The language has also spread to [[Burma]], [[Malaysia]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Middle East]] countries.<ref name="Anthropology2003" />

==Standardisation and dialects==
===Major varieties ===

* [[Baleswari Odia|Baleswari]] (Northern Odia): Spoken in [[Balasore district|Baleswar]], [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]], [[Mayurbhanj]] and [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]] districts of Odisha. The variant spoken in [[Balasore district|Baleswar]] is called ''Baleswaria''.
* Kataki (Central Odia):<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mugh1242|title=Mughalbandi|website=Glottolog}}</ref> Spoken in the coastal and central regions consisting of [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]], [[Khordha district|Khordha]], [[Puri district|Puri]], [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]], [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]], [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]], [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]], [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]], [[Angul district|Angul]] and Eastern part of [[Boudh district|Boudh]] districts of Odisha with regional variations. The Cuttack variant is known as Katakia. 
**Khurda Odia : Spoken in [[Khordha district|Khordha]], [[Puri district|Puri]] and [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]] districts of Odisha.<ref name="dsal1">{{cite web |title=LSI Vol-5 part-2 |publisher=dsal |pages=369, 382 |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/398/mode/1up}}</ref>
* [[Ganjami Odia|Ganjami]] (Southern Odia): Spoken in [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]], [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]] and parts of [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]] districts of Odisha, [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] district of Andhra Pradesh. The variant spoken in [[Berhampur]] is also known as "''Berhampuria"''.
* [[Sundargadi Odia|Sundargadi]] (Northwestern Odia): Spoken in [[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]] and parts of adjoining districts of Odisha and the districts of [[Jashpur district|Jashpur]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Simdega district|Simdega]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2659|title=Northwestern Oriya|website=Glottolog}}</ref><ref name="dsal">{{cite web |title=LSI Vol-5 part-2 |publisher=dsal |page=403 |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/420/mode/1up}}</ref>
* [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]] (Western Odia): It is the western dialect/variety of Odia language with the core variant spoken in [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]], [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]], [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]], [[Balangir district|Balangir]] and [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]] districts, along with parts of [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]] and western parts of [[Boudh district|Boudh]] districts of Odisha. Also spoken in parts of [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]], [[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]] and [[Raipur district|Raipur]] districts of Chhattisgarh. A 2006 survey of the varieties spoken in four villages in Western Odisha found out that Sambalpuri share three-quarters of their basic vocabulary with Standard Odia and has 75%–76% lexical similarity with Standard Odia.{{sfn|Mathai|Kelsall|2013|pp=4–6|ps =. The precise figures are 75{{ndash}}76%. This was based on comparisons of 210-item wordlists.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/spv|title=Sambalpuri|website=Ethnologue}}</ref><ref name="Census 2011"/>
* [[Desia language|Desia]] (Southwestern Odia/Koraputi): Spoken in southwestern districts of [[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]], [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]], [[Koraput district|Koraput]], [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]] and southern parts of [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]] districts of Odisha and in the hilly regions of [[Vishakhapatnam]] and, [[Vizianagaram]] districts of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="Census 2011">
{{cite web |last1=CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 |title=LANGUAGE |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |publisher=Government of India |page=7}}</ref> A variant spoken in [[Koraput]] is also known as ''Koraputia''.

'''Minor regional varieties'''

* [[Singhbhumi Odia]]: Spoken in parts of [[East Singhbhum]], [[West Singhbhum]] and [[Saraikela-Kharsawan]] district of [[Jharkhand]].
* [[Phulbani Odia]]: spoken in [[Kandhamal]] and in parts of [[Boudh district]].
* [[Kalahandia|Kalahandia Odia]]: Variant of Odia spoken in [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]] and [[Nuapada district]]s and neighbouring districts of [[Chhattisgarh]].
* '''Debagadia''' '''Odia''': It is a Variant of Odia spoken in [[Debagarh district|Debagarh District]], [[Rairakhol|Redhakhol]] sub-division of [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur District]], [[Athmallik]] sub-division of [[Angul district|Angul District]] and [[Bonaigarh|Bonai]] sub-division of  [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh District]] area.

===Major tribal and community dialects/sociolects===

* [[Bodo Parja language|Bodo Parja]] (Jharia): spoken by the Parang Proja tribe of [[Koraput district|Koraput]] and neighbouring districts of [[Odisha]].
* [[Bhatri language|Bhatri]]: language variety spoken by the [[Bhottada]] tribe in Odisha and Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bgw |title=Bhatri |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=20 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>Masica (1991:16)</ref>
* [[Reli language|Reli]]: language variety spoken by the [[Reli people]] in the [[Koraput district|Koraput]] and [[Rayagada district]]s of southern Odisha and bordering districts of [[Andhra Pradesh]].
* [[Kupia language|Kupia]]: language variety spoken by [[Valmiki (caste)|Valmiki]] people of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, mostly in [[Koraput district|Koraput]], and [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] districts.

'''Minor sociolects'''

Odia minor dialects include:<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qxxnZ4XxUbsC&pg=PA53 |title= Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects |author=Rabindra Nath Pati |author2=Jagannatha Dash |publisher= APH PUBLISHING CORPORATION |year=2002 |isbn= 81-7648-322-2 |location= New Delhi |pages= 51–59}}</ref>
* Bhuyan: Tribal dialect spoken in Northern [[Odisha]].
* Sounti: Spoken in Northern Odisha.
* Bathudi: Spoken in Northern Odisha.
* Kondhan: Tribal dialect spoken in Western Odisha.
* Agharia: Spoken by [[Agharia]] community in districts of Western Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
* [[Bhulia (dialect)|Bhulia]]: Spoken by [[Bhulia]] community in districts of Western Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
* Matia: Tribal dialect spoken in Southern Odisha.

==Phonology==
[[File:Odia phonology.webm|thumb|Pronunciation of [[Odia alphabet]].]]
Odia has 30 consonant phonemes, 2 semivowel phonemes and 6 vowel phonemes.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Odia vowel phonemes<ref name=":0">{{harvcoltxt|Ray|2003|p=526}}</ref><ref name="cardona">{{cite book |last1=Cardona |first1=George |last2=Jain |first2=Danesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=2003 |page=488|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ}}</ref>
! ||[[Front vowel|Front]]||[[Central vowel|Central]]||[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}}|| ||{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}|| ||{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Low vowel|Low]]
| ||{{IPA link|ä|a}}||{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|}

Length is not contrastive. The vowel {{IPAblink|ɛ}} can also be heard as an allophone of {{IPAslink|e}}, or as an allophone of the coalescence of the sequences {{IPA|/j + a/}} or {{IPA|/j + ɔ/}}.<ref name=":1" /> Final vowels are pronounced in the standard language, e.g. Odia {{IPA|[pʰulɔ]}} contrasts [[Bengali language|Bengali]] {{IPA|[pʰul]}} "flower".<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Ray|2003|pp=488–489}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Odia consonant phonemes<ref>Masica (1991:107)</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Neukom, Lukas; Patnaik, Manideepa (2003)</ref>
! colspan="2"|
! [[Labial consonants|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonants|Alveolar]]<br />/[[Dental consonants|Dental]]
! [[Retroflex consonants|Retroflex]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post alv.]]/<br />[[Palatal consonants|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonants|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonants|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɳ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4"| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br />[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
| {{IPA link|tʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|voiceless aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʃʰ}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|dʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Murmured voice|voiced aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA link|bʱ}}
| {{IPA link|dʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA link|dʒʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Trill consonant|Trill]]/[[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
| {{IPA link|r}}~{{IPA link|ɾ}}
| ({{IPA link|ɽ}}, {{IPA link|ɽʰ}})
| 
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Lateral consonant#Approximants|Lateral]]
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|ɭ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

Odia retains the [[voiced retroflex lateral approximant]] {{IPAblink|ɭ}},<ref name=":0" /> among the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages. The [[Voiced velar nasal|velar nasal]] {{IPAblink|ŋ}} is given phonemic status in some analyses, as it also occurs as a terminal sound, e.g. ଏବଂ- ebaṅ /ebɔŋ/<ref>{{cite book|author1=Danesh Jain|author2=George Cardona|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|page=490}}</ref> Nasals assimilate for [[place of articulation|place]] in nasal–stop clusters. {{IPA|/ɖ ɖʱ/}} have the near-allophonic intervocalic<ref>Masica (1991:147)</ref> [[flap consonant|flap]]s {{IPA|[ɽ ɽʱ]}} in [[intervocalic]] position and in final position (but not at [[morpheme]] boundaries). Stops are sometimes [[aspiration (phonetics)|deaspirated]] between {{IPA|/s/}} and a vowel or an [[open syllable]] {{IPA|/s/}}+vowel and a vowel. Some speakers distinguish between single and [[geminate consonant]]s.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Ray|2003|pp=490–491}}</ref>

==Grammar==
{{Main|Odia grammar}}
Odia retains most of the [[Grammatical case|cases]] of [[Sanskrit]], though the [[Nominative case|nominative]] and [[Vocative case|vocative]] have merged (both without a separate marker), as have the accusative and dative. There are three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter) and two [[grammatical number]]s(singular and plural). However, there are no [[grammatical gender]]s. The usage of gender is semantic, i.e. to differentiate male members of a class from female members.<ref name="Jain Cardona 2007 p. 450">{{cite book | last1=Jain | first1=D. | last2=Cardona | first2=G. | title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge language family series | year=2007 | isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA450 | access-date=1 August 2020 | page=450}}</ref> There are three tenses coded via affixes (i.e., present, past and future), others being expressed via auxiliaries.

==Writing system==
{{main|Odia script|Odia braille}}
[[File:Evolution of Oriya Language.jpg|thumb|A detailed chart depicting evolution of the Odia script as displayed in a museum at [[Ratnagiri, Odisha]]]]
[[File:Baranga grant of Umarabana, Kalinga script 3AD.JPG|thumb|3AD Baranga grant of Umarabana written in Kalinga script.]]
The Odia language uses the [[Odia script]] (also known as the [[Kalinga script]]). It is a [[Brahmic script]] used to write primarily the Odia language and others like Sanskrit and several minor regional languages. The script has developed over nearly 1000 years, with the earliest trace of the script being dated to 1051 AD.

Odia is a syllabic alphabet, or an [[abugida]], wherein all [[consonant]]s have an inherent [[vowel]]. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used to combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol.

The curved appearance of the Odia script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which have a tendency to tear if too many straight lines are used.<ref name="Caldwell 1998 p. 125">{{cite book | last=Caldwell | first=R. | title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages | publisher=Asian Educational Services | year=1998 | isbn=978-81-206-0117-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PPCYBApSnIC&pg=PA519 | access-date=26 May 2020 | page=125}}</ref>

Karani Script (Odia: କରଣୀ ଲିପି) is a traditional script used primarily in Odisha, India, for administrative and literary purposes during the medieval and early modern periods. Named after the Karana scribes (the traditional writer caste of Odisha), the script was predominantly used in the royal courts and temples, especially for writing on palm leaf manuscripts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripāṭhī |first=Kuñjabihārī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ |title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script |date=1963 |publisher=Utkal University |language=en}}</ref> It is a cursive form derived from the Odia script, developed to enable faster writing with a stylus or pen. The Karani script is characterized by its flowing, connected style, making it distinct from the formal printed Odia script. Though no longer in widespread use, it remains an important part of Odisha’s manuscript heritage and is preserved in temple records, historical documents, and museum collections.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pattanayak |first=D. P. |date=1991 |title=Linguistic and Religious Identity in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23002249 |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=101–106 |jstor=23002249 |issn=0376-9771}}</ref>

===Odia script===
{|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"
|+ '''Vowels''' {{lang|or|ସ୍ୱର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ}}
|-
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଅ}}</span> 
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଆ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଇ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଈ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଉ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଊ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଋ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୠ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଌ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୡ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଏ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଐ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଓ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଔ}}</span>
|}

{|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"
|+ '''Consonants''' {{lang|or|ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ}}
|-
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|କ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଖ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଗ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଘ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଙ}}</span>
|-
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଚ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଛ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଜ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଝ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଞ}}</span>
|-
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଟ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଠ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଡ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଢ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଣ}}</span>
|-
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ତ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଥ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଦ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଧ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ନ}}</span>
|-
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ପ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଫ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ବ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଭ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ମ}}</span>
|-
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଯ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ର}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଳ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୱ}}</span>
|-
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଶ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଷ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ସ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ହ}}</span>
|-
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୟ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଲ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଡ଼}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଢ଼}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|କ୍ଷ}}</span>
|}

{|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"
|+ '''Diacritics'''
|-
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ା}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ି}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୀ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୁ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୂ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୃ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୄ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୢ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୣ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|େ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୈ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୋ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ୌ}}</span>
|}

{|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"
|+ '''Signs, Punctuation'''
|-
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଂ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଃ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଁ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୍}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|଼}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|।}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|॥}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଽ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|ଓଁ}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୰}}</span>
|}

{|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"
|+ '''Numbers''' {{lang|or|ସଂଖ୍ୟା}}
|-
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୦}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୧}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୨}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୩}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୪}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୫}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୬}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୭}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୮}}</span>
|| <span style="font-size:150%">{{lang|or|୯}}</span>
|}

==Literature==
{{main|Odia literature}}
[[File:Odia script in Dohakosa by Sarahapada.svg|thumb|Sarahapada was one of the 84 Siddhas who has composed Dohas in (couplets) are compiled in Dohakośa, the 'Treasury of Rhyming Couplets'. Padas (verses) 22, 32, 38 and 39 of Caryagītikośa (or Charyapada) are assigned to him. The script used in the dohas shows close resemblance with the Odia script.]]
The earliest literature in Odia can be traced to the Charyapadas, composed in the 7th to 9th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|url = {{Google books|id=KYLpvaKJIMEC|plainurl=yes}}|publisher = Sahitya Akademi|date = 1 January 1997|isbn = 978-81-260-0365-5}}</ref> Before Sarala Das, the most important works in Odia literature are the Shishu Veda, Saptanga, Amara Kosha, ''Rudrasudhanidhi'', ''Kesaba Koili'', ''Kalasa Chautisa,'' etc.<ref name="patnaik 1989" /><ref name="panda" /><ref name="patnaik 1997" /> In the 14th century, the poet [[Sarala Das]] wrote the Sarala Mahabharata, Chandi Purana, and Vilanka Ramayana, in praise of the goddess [[Durga]]. Rama-Bibaha, written by Arjuna Dasa, was the first long poem written in the Odia language.

The following era is termed the [[Odia Literature|Panchasakha Age]] and stretches until the year 1700. Notable religious works of the Panchasakha Age include those of [[Balarama Dasa]], [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]], Yasovanta, Ananta and [[Acyutananda]]. The authors of this period mainly translated, adapted, or imitated Sanskrit literature. Other prominent works of the period include the ''Usabhilasa'' of Sisu Sankara Dasa, the ''Rahasya Manjari'' of Debadurlabha Dasa and the ''Rukmini Bibha'' of Kartika Dasa. A new form of novels in verse evolved during the beginning of the 17th century when Ramachandra Pattanayaka wrote ''Harabali''. Other poets, like Madhusudana, Bhima Dhibara, Sadasiba and Sisu Iswara Dasa composed another form called [[Kāvya|kavyas]] (long poems) based on themes from Puranas, with an emphasis on plain, simple language.

However, during the [[Odia literature#Age of Upendra Bhanja|Bhanja Age]] (also known as the Age of Riti Yuga) beginning with turn of the 18th century, verbally tricky Odia became the order of the day. Verbal jugglery and eroticism characterise the period between 1700 and 1850, particularly in the works of the era's eponymous poet [[Upendra Bhanja]] (1670–1720). Bhanja's work inspired many imitators, of which the most notable is Arakshita Das. Family chronicles in prose relating religious festivals and rituals are also characteristic of the period.

The first Odia printing typeset was cast in 1836 by Christian missionaries. Although the handwritten Odia script of the time closely resembled the [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese scripts]], the one adopted for the printed typesets was significantly different. [[Amos Sutton]] produced an Oriya Bible (1840), Oriya Dictionary (1841–43) and<ref>Biswamoy Pati Situating social history: Orissa, 1800–1997 p30</ref> ''An Introductory Grammar of Oriya'' (1844).<ref>The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti): 2 p1030 ed. Amaresh Datta – 2006 "Amos Sutton also prepared a dictionary named Sadhu bhasharthabhidhan, a vocabulary of current Sanskrit terms with Odia definitions which was also printed in Odisha Mission Press in 1844."</ref>

Odia has a rich literary heritage dating back to the thirteenth century. [[Sarala Dasa]] who lived in the fourteenth century is known as the [[Vyasa]] of Odisha. He wrote the [[Mahabharata]] into Odia. In fact, the language was initially standardised through a process of translating or transcreating classical Sanskrit texts such as the Mahabharata, [[Ramayana]] and the [[Bhagavad Gita]]. The translation of the ''Bhagavatam'' by [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|''Atibadi'' Jagannatha Dasa]] was particularly influential on the written form of the language. Another of the Panchasakha, [[Balarama Dasa|''Matta'' Balarama Dasa]] transcreated the Ramayana in Odia, titled ''[[Jagamohana Ramayana]]''. Odia has had a strong tradition of poetry, especially [[worship|devotional]] poetry.

Other eminent Odia poets include [[Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja|''Kabi Samrat'' Upendra Bhanja]], [[Kavisurya Baladev Rath|''Kabisurjya'' Baladeba Ratha]], [[Banamali Dasa]], Dinakrusna Dasa and [[Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka]]. Classical Odia literature is inextricably tied to music, and most of it was written for singing, set to traditional Odissi ragas and talas. These compositions form the core of the system of [[Odissi music]], the classical music of the state.

Three great poets and prose writers, [[Kabibar Radhanath Ray]] (1849–1908), [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]] (1843–1918) and [[Madhusudan Rao]] (1853–1912) made Odia their own. They brought in a modern outlook and spirit into Odia literature. Around the same time the modern drama took birth in the works of Rama Sankara Ray beginning with Kanci-Kaveri (1880).

Among the contemporaries of Fakir Mohan, four novelists deserve special mention: Aparna Panda, Mrutyunjay Rath, Ram Chandra Acharya and Brajabandhu Mishra. Aparna Panda's Kalavati and Brajabandhu Mishra's Basanta Malati were both published in 1902, the year in which Chha Mana Atha Guntha came out in the book form.

One of the great writers in the 20th century was Pandit [[Krushna Chandra Kar]] (1907–1995) from Cuttack, who wrote many books for children like ''Pari Raija, Kuhuka Raija, Panchatantra, Adi Jugara Galpa Mala'', etc. He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in 1971–72 for his contributions to Odia literature, development of children's fiction, and biographies.

One of the prominent writers of the 20th and 21st centuries was Muralidhar Mallick (1927–2002). His contribution to Historical novels is beyond words. He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in the year 1998 for his contributions to Odia literature. His son Khagendranath Mallick (born 1951) is also a writer. His contribution towards poetry, criticism, essays, story and novels is commendable. He was the former President of Utkal Kala Parishad and also former President of Odisha Geeti Kabi Samaj. Presently he is a member of the Executive Committee of Utkal Sahitya Samaj. Another illustrious writer of the 20th century was Chintamani Das. A noted academician, he was written more than 40 books including fiction, short stories, biographies and storybooks for children. Born in 1903 in Sriramachandrapur village under Satyabadi block, Chintamani Das is the only writer who has written biographies on all the five 'Pancha Sakhas' of Satyabadi namely Pandit Gopabandhu Das, Acharya Harihara, Nilakantha Das, Krupasindhu Mishra and Pandit Godabarisha. Having served as the Head of the Odia department of Khallikote College, Berhampur, Chintamani Das was felicitated with the Sahitya Akademi Samman in 1970 for his outstanding contribution to Odia literature in general and Satyabadi Yuga literature in particular. Some of his well-known literary creations are 'Bhala Manisha Hua', 'Manishi Nilakantha', 'Kabi Godabarisha', 'Byasakabi Fakiramohan', 'Usha', 'Barabati'.

20th century writers in Odia include Pallikabi [[Nanda Kishore Bal]], [[Gangadhar Meher]], Chintamani Mahanti and [[Kuntala Kumari Sabat]], besides Niladri Dasa and [[Gopabandhu Das]]. The most notable novelists were Umesa Sarakara, Divyasimha Panigrahi, [[Gopala Chandra Praharaj]] and [[Kalindi Charan Panigrahi]]. Sachi Kanta Rauta Ray is the great introducer of the ultra-modern style in modern Odia poetry. Others who took up this form were Godabarisha Mohapatra, [[Mayadhar Mansingh]], [[Nityananda Mahapatra]] and Kunjabihari Dasa. Prabhasa Chandra Satpathi is known for his translations of some western classics apart from Udayanatha Shadangi, Sunanda Kara and Surendranatha Dwivedi. Criticism, essays and history also became major lines of writing in the Odia language. Esteemed writers in this field were Professor Girija Shankar Ray, Pandit Vinayaka Misra, Professor Gauri Kumara Brahma, Jagabandhu Simha and [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]. Odia literature mirrors the industrious, peaceful and artistic image of the [[Odia people]] who have offered and gifted much to the Indian civilisation in the field of art and literature. Now Writers [[Manoj Das]]'s creations motivated and inspired people towards a positive lifestyle. Distinguished prose writers of the modern period include [[Baidyanath Misra]], [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]], [[Madhusudan Das]], Godabarisha Mohapatra, Kalindi Charan Panigrahi, [[Surendra Mohanty]], [[Manoj Das]], [[Kishori Charan Das]], Gopinath Mohanty, Rabi Patnaik, Chandrasekhar Rath, Binapani Mohanty, Bhikari Rath, [[Jagadish Mohanty]], [[Sarojini Sahoo]], [[Yashodhara Mishra]], Ramchandra Behera, Padmaja Pal. But it is poetry that makes modern Odia literature a force to reckon with. Poets like [[Kabibar Radhanath Ray]], Sachidananda Routray, Guruprasad Mohanty, Soubhagya Misra, [[Ramakanta Rath]], Sitakanta Mohapatra, Rajendra Kishore Panda, Pratibha Satpathy have made significant contributions towards Indian poetry.

[[Anita Desai]]'s novella, ''Translator Translated'', from her collection ''The Art of Disappearance'', features a translator of a fictive Odia short story writer. The novella contains a discussion of the perils of translating works composed in regional Indian languages into English.

Four writers in Odia – [[Gopinath Mohanty]], [[Sachidananda Routray]], [[Sitakant Mahapatra]] and [[Pratibha Ray]] – have been awarded the [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanpith]], an Indian literary award.

==Sample text==
The following is a sample text in Odia of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] ({{lang|or|ମାନବିକ ଅଧିକାରର ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ଘୋଷଣା}}):

[[File:Universal Declaration of Human Rights - ori - ra - Art1.ogg]]

'''Odia in the Odia script'''

:{{lang|or|'''ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ ୧:''' ସମସ୍ତ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଜନ୍ମକାଳରୁ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ଏବଂ ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦା ଓ ଅଧିକାରରେ ସମାନ । ସେମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ବୁଦ୍ଧି ଓ ବିବେକ ନିହିତ ଅଛି ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଭ୍ରାତୃତ୍ୱ ମନୋଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ଉଚିତ୍ ।}}

'''Odia in [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]'''

:'''Anuccheda eka:''' Samasta manuṣya janmakāḷaru swādhīna ebaṅ marẏyādā o adhikārare samāna. Semānaṅkaṭhāre buuddhi o bibeka nihita achi ebaṅ semānaṅku paraspara prati bhrātr̥twa manobhābare byabahāra karibā ucit.

'''Odia in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]'''

:{{IPA|ɔnut͡ːʃʰed̪ɔ ekɔ}}: {{IPA|sɔmɔst̪ɔ mɔnuʂjɔ d͡ʒɔnmɔkaɭɔɾu swad̪ʱinɔ ebɔŋ mɔɾd͡ʒjad̪a o ɔd̪ʱikaɾɔɾe sɔmanɔ. semanɔŋkɔʈʰaɾe bud̪ːʱi o bibekɔ niɦit̪ɔ ɔt͡ʃʰi ebɔŋ semanɔŋku pɔɾɔspɔɾɔ pɾɔt̪i bʱɾat̪ɾut̪wɔ mɔnobʱabɔɾe bjɔbɔɦaɾɔ kɔɾiba ut͡ʃit̪}}

'''Gloss'''

:'''Article 1:''' All human beings from birth are free and dignity and rights are equal. Their reason and intelligence endowed with and they towards one another in a brotherhood spirit behaviour to do should.

'''Translation'''

:'''Article 1:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

==Software==
[[Google]] introduced the first automated translator for Odia in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Statt |first1=Nick |title=Google Translate supports new languages for the first time in four years, including Uyghur |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/26/21154417/google-translate-new-languages-support-odia-tatar-turkmen-uyghur-kinyarwanda |website=The Verge |access-date=27 February 2020 |language=en |date=26 February 2020}}</ref> [[Microsoft]] too incorporated Odia in its automated translator later that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/translator/blog/2020/08/13/odia-language-text-translation-is-now-available-in-microsoft-translator/|title = Odia Language Text Translation is Now Available in Microsoft Translator|website = [[Microsoft]]|date = 13 August 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{Cite report |last1=Mathai |first1=Eldose K. |last2=Kelsall |first2=Juliana |year=2013 |title=Sambalpuri of Orissa, India: A Brief Sociolinguistic Survey |series=SIL Electronic Survey Reports |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/54878}}
* {{cite book |last=Rajaguru |first=Satyanarayan |title=Inscriptions of Orissa C. 600–1100 A.D. |volume=2 |year=1966 |publisher=Government of Orissa, Superintendent of Research & Museum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BswxmAEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Ray |first=Tapas S. |pages=485–522 |chapter=Oriya |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1130-7}}
* {{cite thesis |type=PhD dissertation |first=Matthew William Stirling |last=Toulmin |title=Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan |url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/45743 |publisher=The Australian National University |year=2006 |doi=10.25911/5d7a2b0c76304 |doi-access=free |hdl=1885/45743 |hdl-access=free}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|40em}} 
* {{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Arun |year=2003 |title=An ethnolinguistic profile of Eastern India: a case of South Orissa |location=Burdwan |publisher=Dept. of Bengali (D.S.A.), University of Burdwan}}
* {{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |year=1991 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2}}
* Mohanty, Prasanna Kumar (2007). ''The History of: History of Oriya Literature'' (Oriya Sahityara Adya Aitihasika Gana).
* {{cite book |last1=Neukom |first1=Lukas |last2=Patnaik |first2=Manideepa |title=A Grammar of Oriya |year=2003 |publisher=University of Zurich |place=Zurich |series=Arbeiten des Seminars für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Zürich |volume=17 |isbn=978-3-9521010-9-4}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.odia.org/articles/harvardLecture.pdf |title=Oriya Language and Literature |publisher=O<!--m-->dia.org |access-date=29 November 2012}}
* {{cite book |title=Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects |author=Rabindra Nath Pati |author2=Jagannatha Dash |publisher=APH PUBLISHING CORPORATION |year=2002 |isbn=81-7648-322-2 |location=India |pages=51–59}}
* {{cite book|last=Tripathi|first=Kunjabihari|title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script|year=1962|publisher=Utkal University|place=Cuttack|url=http://ktpress.org.in/pdf/evolution_of_oriya_language.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510155332/http://ktpress.org.in/pdf/evolution_of_oriya_language.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2013}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{interWiki|code=or}}
{{wikivoyage|Odia phrasebook|Odia|a phrasebook}}
*{{commons category-inline}}
* [[w:or:Main page|Odia Wikipedia]]
* Praharaj, G.C. [https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/praharaj/ Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805184601/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/praharaj/ |date=5 August 2020 }} (Odia-English dictionary). Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931–1940.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=b7tmlF2a7fcC&q=oriya A Comprehensive English-Oriya Dictionary (1916–1922)]

{{Odia language}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Odisha}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Odia Language}}
[[Category:Odia language| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Classical Language in India]]
[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 3rd century BC]]
[[Category:Languages of Odisha]]
[[Category:Languages of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Languages written in Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Official languages of India]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]