Editing Oestroidea

{{Short description|Superfamily of flies}}
{{not to be confused with|Ostreoidea}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Sarcophaga Bercaea2.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Sarcophaga bercaea]]'' ([[Sarcophagidae]])
| display_parents = 4
| taxon = Oestroidea
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = see text
}}
'''Oestroidea''' is a [[superfamily (zoology)|superfamily]] of [[Calyptratae]] that includes the [[Calliphoridae|blow flies]], [[bot flies]], [[flesh flies]], and their relatives.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=David K. Yeates, Brian M. Wiegmann |title=The Evolutionary Biology of Flies |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-231-12700-4 |pages=14–44 |chapter= Phylogeny and evolution of Diptera: recent insights and new perspectives |chapter-url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286773281}}</ref><ref name="Cerretti2017">{{cite journal |last1=Cerretti |first1=P |last2=Stireman |first2=JO III |last3=Pape |first3=T |last4=O’Hara |first4=JE |last5=Marinho |first5=MAT |last6=Rognes |first6=K |last7=Grimaldi |first7=DA |year=2017 |title=First fossil of an oestroid fly (Diptera: Calyptratae: Oestroidea) and the dating of oestroid divergences |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=8 (e0182101) |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0182101 |pmc=5568141 |pmid=28832610 |page=e0182101 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1282101C |doi-access=free }}</ref> It occurs worldwide and has about 15,000 described species.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=El-Hawagry |first1=M. S. |last2=El-Azab |first2=S. A. |date=2019 |title=Catalog of the Calliphoridae, Rhiniidae, and Sarcophagidae of Egypt (Diptera: Oestroidea) |journal=Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=15 |doi=10.1186/s41938-019-0118-8 |issn=2536-9342|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Evolution and phylogeny ==
[[File:Mesembrinella caenozoica sp. nov.tiff|thumb|right|''[[Mesembrinella caenozoica]]'' holotype male, fossil in [[Dominican amber]]]]The earliest known fossil of Oestroidea is of a Mesembrinellidae found in [[Dominican amber]] from the [[Miocene]]. The Oestroidea in general are believed to have originated 48.2 million years ago.<ref name="Cerretti2017" />

The superfamily includes the families:
*[[Calliphoridae]]
*[[Mesembrinellidae]] (formerly included in Calliphoridae)
*[[New Zealand bat fly|Mystacinobiidae]]
*[[Botfly|Oestridae]]
*[[Polleniidae]] (formerly included in Calliphoridae)
*[[Rhiniidae]] (formerly included in Calliphoridae)
*[[Flesh fly|Sarcophagidae]]
*[[Tachinidae]]
*[[Ulurumyiidae]]<ref name="MichelsenPape2017">{{cite journal|last1=Michelsen|first1=Verner|last2=Pape|first2=Thomas|title=Ulurumyiidae – a new family of calyptrate flies (Diptera)|journal=Systematic Entomology|date=2017|volume=42|issue=4|pages=826–836|doi=10.1111/syen.12252|s2cid=90058240}}</ref>

Historically, Oestroidea was considered the [[sister group]] to [[Muscoidea]].<ref name=":0" /> A 2012 molecular analysis placed Oestroidea within a paraphyletic Muscoidea, and also confirmed the [[monophyly]] of Oestroidea and of most of its families (except Calliphoridae).<ref name=":2" /> Morphological and molecular analyses in 2017 yielded overall similar results.<ref name="Cerretti2017" /> Relationships among the families and subfamilies within Oestroidea are complicated and not well resolved.<ref name="Cerretti2017" /><ref name=":2" />

== Ecology ==
Oestroidea have a wide range of feeding habits and breeding environments: [[Scavenger|saprophagous]] (many Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae), [[Hematophagy|feeding on blood]] of birds or mammals (some Calliphoridae), [[Parasitism|parasites]] of gastropods or earthworms (some Calliphoridae), [[Parasitoid|parasitoids]] of arthropods (Rhinophoridae, Tachinidae and some Sarcophagidae), living in association with termites or ants (some Calliphoridae and Rhiniidae), and [[Commensalism|commensals]] of bats (Mystacinobiidae).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Marinho |first1=M.A.T. |last2=Junqueira |first2=A.C.M. |last3=Paulo |first3=D.F. |last4=Esposito |first4=M.C. |last5=Villet |first5=M.H. |last6=Azeredo-Espin |first6=A.M.L. |date=2012 |title=Molecular phylogenetics of Oestroidea (Diptera: Calyptratae) with emphasis on Calliphoridae: Insights into the inter-familial relationships and additional evidence for paraphyly among blowflies |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=840–854 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.08.007|pmid=22926310 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Various species of Calliphoridae, Oestridae and Sarcophagidae have larvae that parasitise vertebrates, causing [[myiasis]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Scholl |first=Philip J. |title=Myiasis (Muscoidea, Oestroidea) |date=2019 |work=Medical and Veterinary Entomology |pages=383–419 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128140437000194 |access-date=2024-10-30 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-814043-7.00019-4 |isbn=978-0-12-814043-7 |last2=Colwell |first2=Douglas D. |last3=Cepeda-Palacios |first3=Ramón|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Forensic entomology ==
Many species of Oestroidea are of forensic importance due to feeding on decomposing animals, including humans.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Diptera|2}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1617275}}

[[Category:Oestroidea| ]]
[[Category:Diptera superfamilies]]