Editing Ohrid

{{Short description|City in Southwestern North Macedonia}}
{{other uses}}
{{Redirect|Achrida}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Coord|41|07|01|N|20|48|06|E|region:MK_type:city|display=title}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Ohrid
| native_name        = {{native name|mk|Охрид|italics=off}}
| nickname           = <br/>Balkan Jerusalem<ref>[http://www.pressonline.rs/sr/kofer/destinacije/story/82177/Gradovi+u+jesen.html Press online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111094801/http://www.pressonline.rs/sr/kofer/destinacije/story/82177/Gradovi+u+jesen.html |date=11 January 2010 }} Gradovi u jesen {{in lang|sr}}</ref><br/>Macedonian Jerusalem<ref name="Macedonian Spirit 2004, page 72">"The Mirror of the Macedonian Spirit, Zlate Petrovski, Sašo Talevski, Napredok, 2004, {{ISBN|978-9989-730-38-2}}, page 72: "... and Macedonia in the Cathedral Church St. Sofia in the Macedonian Jerusalem&nbsp;— Ohrid..."</ref><br/>European Jerusalem<ref>[http://www.dnevnik.com.mk/default-mk.asp?ItemID=619C6A7252B9CD4A92BBB302DCD3D209&arc=1 Dnevnik newspaper - Interview with the ambassador of Israel to Macedonia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928045437/http://www.dnevnik.com.mk/default-mk.asp?ItemID=619C6A7252B9CD4A92BBB302DCD3D209&arc=1 |date=28 September 2011 }} {{in lang|mk}}</ref>
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage|position=center
|photo1a = 03760-Ohrid (16064511578).jpg
|photo2a = 2011 Ochryda, Antyczny teatr (02).jpg
|photo2b = Ohrid vo juli 2007 (96).JPG
|photo3a = Куќата на браќата Робевци (Охридска староградска архитектура).jpg
|photo3b = Музеј на вода 01.jpg
|photo4a = Samoilova Ohrid.jpg
|photo4b = Ohrid - panoramio (16).jpg
|photo5a = Црква „Свети Јован Богослов Канео“, The church of Saint John at Kaneo Ohrid 2015.jpg
|size = 270
|spacing = 1
|color = #FFFFFF
|border = 1
|foot_montage = }}
| image_caption      = Ohrid and [[Lake Ohrid]]
| image_flag         = Mk-ohri.png
| image_blank_emblem = Coat of Arms of the Municipality of Ohrid (North Macedonia).png
| blank_emblem_type  = [[Coat of arms of Ohrid|Coat of arms]]
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| pushpin_map        = North Macedonia
| pushpin_label_position = right<!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within North Macedonia
| pushpin_mapsize    = <!-- Location ------------------>
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{NMK}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Statistical Regions of North Macedonia|Region]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[File:Logo of Southwestern Region, North Macedonia.svg|15px]] [[Southwestern Statistical Region|Southwestern]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Municipalities of North Macedonia|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[File:Coat of arms of Ohrid Municipality.svg|15px]] [[Ohrid Municipality|Ohrid]]
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = [[Kiril Pecakov]] ([[VMRO-DPMNE]])
| area_total_sq_mi   = 
| area_total_km2     = 383.93
| population_as_of   = 2021
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://makstat.stat.gov.mk/PXWeb/pxweb/en/MakStat/MakStat__Popisi__Popis2021__NaselenieVkupno__PodatociNaselenie/T1503P21.px/table/tableViewLayout2/ | title=Total resident population of the Republic of North Macedonia by ethnic affiliation, by settlement, Census 2021 }}</ref>
| population_total   = 38818
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| timezone_DST       = 
| utc_offset_DST     = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|41|07|01|N|20|48|06|E|region:MK|display=inline}}
| elevation_m        = 695
| elevation_ft       = 
| postal_code_type   = Postal codes
| postal_code        = 6000
| area_code          = +389 046
| blank_name         = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info         = [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]]
| blank1_name        = Patron saints
| blank1_info        = [[Clement of Ohrid|Saint Clement]] and [[Naum of Ohrid|Saint Naum]]
| footnotes          = {{designation list | embed=yes
   | designation1 = WHS
   | designation1_offname = Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region
   | designation1_type = Natural, Cultural
   | designation1_criteria = i, iii, iv, vii
   | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/99 99]
   | designation1_free1name = Region
   | designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]]
   | designation1_date = 1979 {{small|(3rd [[World Heritage Committee|session]])}}
   | designation1_free2name = Extensions
   | designation1_free2value = 1980, 2019
}}
| official_name      = 
| website            = https://ohrid.gov.mk
}}

'''Ohrid''' ({{langx|mk|Охрид}} {{IPA|mk|ˈɔxrit||Mk-Ohrid.ogg}}) is a city in [[North Macedonia]] and is the seat of the [[Ohrid Municipality]]. It is the largest city on [[Lake Ohrid]] and the [[List of cities in North Macedonia|eighth-largest city]] in the country, with the municipality recording a population of over 42,000 inhabitants as of 2002. Ohrid is known for once having 365 churches,<ref name = ATkhaleej>{{cite web |last=Thomas|first=Anjaly | url = https://www.khaleejtimes.com/features/ohrid-the-city-with-a-church-for-everyday-of-the-year |date=2021-06-24 |publisher = [[Khaleej Times]] | website = khaleejtimes.com | title = Ohrid: The city with a church for everyday of the year | access-date = 2024-07-03 }}</ref> one for each day of the year, and has been referred to as the "Jerusalem of the Balkans".<ref name="Macedonian Spirit 2004, page 72">"The Mirror of the Macedonian Spirit, Zlate Petrovski, Sašo Talevski, Napredok, 2004, {{ISBN|978-9989-730-38-2}}, page 72: "... and Macedonia in the Cathedral Church St. Sofia in the Macedonian Jerusalem&nbsp;— Ohrid..."</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Biljana Vankovska|author2=Hakan Wiberg|author3=Wiberg Hakan|title=Between Past and Future: Civil-military Relations in the Post-communist Balkans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygb-6afEakIC&pg=PA71|year=2003|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-86064-624-9|page=71}}</ref> The city is rich in picturesque houses and monuments, and tourism is predominant. It is located southwest of [[Skopje]], west of [[Resen (town)|Resen]] and [[Bitola]]. In 1979 and in 1980, respectively, Ohrid and Lake Ohrid were accepted as Cultural and Natural [[World Heritage Site]]s by [[UNESCO]]. Ohrid is one of only 40 sites that are part of UNESCO's World Heritage that are Cultural as well as Natural sites.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/99 Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region]</ref>

== Name ==
{{See also|Names of European cities in different languages: M-P#O}}
[[File:Ohrid by night.jpg|thumbnail|left|Ohrid by night. The ancient name of the city was Lychnidos, which probably means "city of light".]]
In antiquity the city was known under the ancient [[Greek language|Greek]] name of Λυχνίς (''Lychnis'') and Λυχνιδός (''Lychnidos'') and the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''Lychnidus'',<ref name="DGRG">{{Cite DGRG|title=Lychnidus}}</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DL%3Aentry+group%3D11%3Aentry%3Dlychnidus-harpers Lychnĭdus], 
Harry Thurston Peck, ''Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898)'', on Perseus</ref> probably meaning "city of light", literally "a precious stone that emits light",<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dluxni%2Fs λυχνίς], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> from λύχνος (''lychnos''), "lamp, portable light".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dlu%2Fxnos λύχνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> [[Polybius]], writing in the second century BC, refers to the town as Λυχνίδιον - ''Lichnidion''.<ref>{{Cite Polybius|34.12}}</ref>

The evolution of the ancient toponym ''Lychnidus'' into ''Oh(ë)r(id)'' required a long-standing period of [[Tosk Albanian]]–[[Eastern South Slavic]] bilingualism, or at least contact, resulting from the Tosk Albanian [[rhotacism]] ''-n-'' into ''-r-'' and Eastern South Slavic [[l-vocalization]] ''ly-'' into ''o-''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Friedman|first=Victor A.|author-link=Victor Friedman|title=Vendi i gegnishtes në gjuhën shqipe dhe në Ballkan|trans-title=The position of Gheg in Albanian and in the Balkans|journal=Phoenix|place=Shkodër|volume=7|issue=1–6|year=2003|pages=40–56|language=aln}} (pp. 44–45).</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Curtis|first=Matthew Cowan|title=Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:osu1338406907|publisher=The Ohio State University |year=2012|page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Demiraj|first=Shaban|author-link=Shaban Demiraj|title=The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated|publisher=[[Academy of Sciences of Albania]]|year=2006b|isbn=9789994381715|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ|page=81}}</ref>

It became capital of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] in the early medieval period, and was often referred to by [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] writers as ''Achrida'' (Ἄχριδα, Ὄχριδα, or Ἄχρις).<ref>[[Anna Komnene]], ''[[Alexiad]]'', 13; [[Cedrenus]], ''Synopsis historion'', vol. ii. p. 468, ed. Bonn; [[John VI Kantakouzenos]], ''History'', 2.21.</ref><ref name="DGRG" /> By 879 AD, the town was no longer called Lychnidos but was referred to as ''Ohrid''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pétrin|first=Nicole|chapter=Caranthani Marahenses: Philological Notes on the Early History of the Hungarians and the Slavs|title=Eurasian Studies Yearbook|volume=70|publisher=Eurolingua|year=1998|isbn=9780931922626|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iq9nAAAAMAAJ|page=59|quote=Another sliver of evidence may be relevant: Gabriel of Ohrid, who attended the Council of 879 in Constantinople (more later) signed with the Slavic name of his see, not the ancient name which was Lychnida.}}</ref><ref>Evans, Thammy, ''Macedonia'', Bradt Travel Guides, 2012, p.173</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohrid.com.mk/history/history.asp?ID=380|title=Ohrid Vacation, Travel, Tourism, Visit Ohrid - Official Web Site of the Municipality of Ohrid|website=www.ohrid.com.mk|access-date=23 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626071127/http://www.ohrid.com.mk/history/history.asp?ID=380|archive-date=26 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and the other [[South Slavic languages]], the name of the city is ''Ohrid'' (Охрид). In [[Albanian language|Albanian]], the city is known as ''Ohër'' or ''Ohri'' and in modern Greek ''Ochrida'' (Οχρίδα, Ωχρίδα) and ''Achrida'' (Αχρίδα).{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} The name of the city in [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]] is {{lang|rup|Ohãrda}}.<ref>[https://www.yumpu.com/ro/document/read/34145586/grailu-armanescu-nr1-2010-tv-radio-makedonia Grailu Armãnescu. Nr. 1 (43)]. p. 15. {{in lang|rup}}</ref>

== History ==

{{Quote box
| width = 23em
| align = left
| bgcolor = #B0D4DE
| title = Historical affiliations
| fontsize = 85%
| quote = <poem>
[[Illyrians]] ([[Enchele]] [[Dassaretii]]) 8th century BC-5th century BC
[[Illyrian kingdom]] 5th century BC-358 BC
[[Kingdom of Macedonia]] 358 BC- 300BC
[[Illyrians]]([[Dassaretii]]) 3rd century BC-250 BC
[[Illyrian kingdom]] 250 BC-228 BC
[[Kingdom of Macedonia]] 228 BC-208 BC
[[Kingdom of Dardania]] 208 BC-170 BC
[[Kingdom of Macedonia]] 170 BC-148 BC
[[Roman Republic]] 148 BC - 27 BC
[[Roman Empire]] 27 BC – 395
[[Byzantine Empire]] 395–842
[[First Bulgarian Empire]] 842–1018
[[Byzantine Empire]] 1018–1083
[[Bohemond I]] 1083–1085
[[Byzantine Empire]] 1085–1203
[[Second Bulgarian Empire]] 1203–1208
[[Strez]] 1208–1214
[[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]] and [[Empire of Thessalonica|Thessalonica]] 1214–1230
[[Second Bulgarian Empire]] 1230–1263
[[Byzantine Empire]] ~1250–1334
[[Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346)|Serbian Kingdom]] 1334 - ~1336
[[Gropa family]] ~1336 – ???
[[Lordship of Prilep]] ??? – ~1373
[[Gropa family]] ~1373–1395
[[Ottoman Empire]] 1395–1464
[[League of Lezhë]] 1464-1466
[[Ottoman Empire]] 1466–1912
[[Kingdom of Serbia]] 1912–1915
[[Kingdom of Bulgaria]] 1915–1918
[[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] 1918–1941
[[Kingdom of Bulgaria]] 1941–1944
[[SFR Yugoslavia]] 1944–1991
[[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]]/[[North Macedonia]] 1991–present
</poem>
}}

=== Antiquity ===
[[File:Ausgrabungsstätte Plaošnik - Altstadt von Ohrid.jpg|right|thumb|Ruins of the ancient site of Lychnidos]]

The earliest inhabitants of the wider Lake Ohrid region were the [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] [[List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes|tribes]] of [[Enchele]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6GO3qtZGcRcC&dq=Lychnidos+Enchelei&pg=PA537 Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase, Walter de Gruyter, 1983], {{ISBN|3-11-009525-4}}, p. 537</ref> and [[Dassaretii]].<ref name="Šašel Kos"/><ref name="Fasolo"/> According to a tradition the town was founded by [[Cadmus]], the [[Phoenicia]]n king of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], who fled to Enchele after being banished from [[Boeotia]]. In addition to Ohrid, called Lychnidos ({{langx|grc|Λυχνιδός}}) in classical antiquity, he is said to have founded [[Budva]] in [[Montenegro]].{{sfn|Wilkes|1992|pp=98-99}}<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg7000.tlg001.perseus-grc2:7.697 Greek Anthology Book 7, § 7.697]</ref> Lychnidos was the capital city of the Illyrian Dassaretii.<ref name="Šašel Kos">{{cite book|last=Šašel Kos|first=Marjeta|title=Brill's New Pauly, Antiquity, Volume 7 (K-Lyc)|chapter=Lychnidus|editor-last1=Hubert|editor-first1=Cancik|editor-last2=Schneider|editor-first2=Helmuth|editor-last3=Salazar|editor-first3=Christine F.|volume=7|year=2005|publisher=Brill|isbn=9004122702|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTEOAQAAMAAJ|page=913|quote='''Lychnidus''' (Λυχνιδός, Λυχνίς, ''Lychnidós'', ''Lychnís''), Capital city of the Illyrian Dassaretae (→ Dassaretia) on the → ''via Egnatia'' (Str. 7,7,4; It. Ant. 318), modern Ohrid in Macedonia on Lake Ohrid.}}</ref><ref name="Fasolo">{{cite book|last=Fasolo|first=Michele|editor1=Cesare Marangio|editor2=Giovanni Laudizi|chapter=La via Egnatia nel territorio della Repubblica di Macedonia|title=Παλαιά Φιλία [Palaià Philía]: studi di topografia antica in onore di Giovanni Uggeri|year=2009|publisher=Mario Congedo editore|volume=4|series=Journal of Ancient Topography - Rivista di Topografia Antica|language=it|isbn=9788880868651|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ctSQwAACAAJ|page=606|quote=La via proseguiva verso Ohrid, la città sul sito del-l'antica ''Lychnidòs'', antica capitale della tribù illirica dei Dassareti.}}</ref>

According to recent excavations, this was a town as early as of the era of king [[Philip II of Macedon]].<ref name="recent">
{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.culture.in.mk/story.asp?id=12676
 |title       = Culture&nbsp;— Republic of Macedonia
 |publisher   = culture.in.mk
 |access-date  = 13 October 2008
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20081202033839/http://www.culture.in.mk/story.asp?id=12676
 |archive-date = 2 December 2008}}</ref> They conclude that [[Samuil's Fortress, Ohrid|Samuil's Fortress]] was built on the site of an earlier fortification, dated to the 4th century BC.<ref name="recent" /> In 210 BCE, [[Philip V of Macedon]] raided a number of southern Illyrian communities. He maintained a garrison at Lychnidos but lost control of the settlement in 208 BCE, when its commander joined local leader Aeropus and invited the [[Dardani]] in the region.{{sfn|Wilkes|1992|p=170}}

During the Roman conquests, towards the end of 3rd and the beginning of 2nd century BC, Lychnidus is mentioned as a town near or within Dassaretia. In Roman times, it was located along the ''[[Via Egnatia]]'', which connected the [[Adriatic]] port Dyrrachion (present-day [[Durrës]]) with [[Byzantium]].<ref name="Šašel Kos"/><ref name="Fasolo"/> Archaeological excavations (e.g., the [[Polyconch Basilica]] from the 5th century) prove an early adoption of Christianity in the area. Bishops from Lychnidos participated in multiple [[ecumenism|ecumenical]] councils.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

=== Middle Ages ===
[[File:Plaoshnikmosaic.JPG|thumb|left|Floor mosaic in the Poly[[Conch (architecture)|conch]] Basilica]]
[[File:Ohrid annunciation icon.jpg|thumb|''The Annunciation'' from Ohrid, one of the most admired [[icon]]s of the [[Palaeologan Renaissance|Paleologan Mannerism]] from the [[Church of Saints Clement and Panteleimon|Church of St Clement]]]]
[[File:Battle of Ohrid.png|thumb|right|220px|The Battle of Ohrid in 1464 where the [[List of Albanian monarchs|Albanian ruler]] [[Skanderbeg]] defeated the Ottomans]]
The [[South Slavs]] began to arrive in the area during the 6th century AD. By the early 7th century, it was colonized by a Slavic tribe known as the [[Berziti]]. Bulgaria conquered the city around 840.<ref>Dimitar Bechev, ''Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia'',
Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Scarecrow Press, 2009; {{ISBN|0810862956}}, pg. xx.</ref>

The name ''Ohrid'' first appeared in 879. The [[Ohrid Literary School]], established in 886 by [[Clement of Ohrid]], became one of the two major cultural centres of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]]. Between 990 and 1015, Ohrid was the empire's capital and stronghold.<ref>''Old Hermit's Almanac'' by Edward Hays, 1997;{{ISBN|978-0-939516-37-7}}, pg. 82: ''"... He sent word to Samuel, the ruler in the Bulgarian capital of Ohrid, that he was returning 15,000 of his prisoners of war. ..."''</ref>

From 990 to 1018, Ohrid was also the seat of the [[Bulgarian Patriarchate]].<ref>Paul Robert Magocsi, ''Historical Atlas of Central Europe'', (University of Washington Press, 2002), pg. 10.</ref> After the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] reconquest of the city in 1018 by [[Basil II]], the Bulgarian Patriarchate was downgraded to an [[Archbishopric of Ohrid]], and placed under the authority of the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]].

The higher clergy after 1018 was almost invariably Greek, including during the period of [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] domination, until the abolition of the archbishopric in 1767. At the beginning of the 16th century, the archbishopric reached its peak, subordinating the [[Sofia]], [[Vidin]], [[Wallachia|Vlach]] and [[Moldavia]]n eparchies, part of the former medieval [[Serbian Patriarchate of Peć]], (including [[Patriarchal Monastery of Peć]] itself), and even the Orthodox districts of Italy ([[Apulia]], [[Calabria]] and [[Sicily]]), [[Venice]] and [[Dalmatia]].

As an episcopal city, Ohrid was a cultural center of great importance for the Balkans. Almost all surviving churches were built by the Byzantines and by the Bulgarians, with the rest dating back to the short time of Serbian rule during the late [[Middle Ages]].<ref>[http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/ohrid.html Ohrid],  worldheritagesite.org. Accessed 3 September 2022.</ref>

[[Bohemund I of Antioch|Bohemond]], leading a [[Italo-Normans|Norman]] army from southern Italy, took the city in 1083. The Byzantines regained it in 1085. Albanian ruler [[Golem of Kruja]] (~1250) likely had had control over Ohrid but it was later ceded to the Byzantine Empire by negotiation.<ref>Macrides, Ruth (2007). ''George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary''. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-921067-1}}, p. 259: "As Ochrid is mentioned [...] it may be that Ochrid was also under Petraliphas' control or, more likely, Goulamos (see §49.30) and was ceded to the emperor by negotiations with these men [...]."</ref> In the 13th and 14th century, the city changed hands between the [[Despotate of Epirus]], the [[Bulgaria]]n, Byzantine and [[Serbian Empire]]s, and [[Albanians|Albanian]] rulers. In the mid-13th century, Ohrid was one of the cities ruled by [[Pal Gropa]], a member of the Albanian noble [[Gropa family]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2009/mphlae01.pdf|title=Regnum Albaniae and the Papal Curia|last=Lala|first=Etleva|author2=Gerhard Jaritz|year=2008|publisher=Central European University|page=59|access-date=3 February 2011}}</ref> 
In a text by [[John VI Kantakouzenos|Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos]], there is mention of nomadic Albanians present in the vicinity of Ohrid at around 1328.<ref>http://albanianhistory.net/1328_Cantacuzene/index.html, "''While the emperor was spending about eight days in Achrida (Ohrid), the Albanian nomads living in the region of Deabolis ([[Devoll Municipality|Devoll]]) appeared before him, as well as those from Koloneia ([[Kolonja]]) and those from the vicinity of Ohrid.''" This meeting was estimated to have taken place at around February 1328</ref> The presence of the Turkish community dates from their settlement in Ohrid during 1451–81.<ref name="Wlodzimierz104105"/>

In 1334, the city was captured by [[Stefan Uroš IV Dušan]] and incorporated in the Serbian Empire.<ref name="Dobson2000">{{cite book|last=Dobson|first=Richard Barrie|title=Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=om4olQhrE84C&pg=PA1044|access-date=19 April 2011|year=2000|publisher=Editions du Cerf|isbn=978-1-57958-282-1|page=1044}}</ref> After Dusan's death, the city came under the control of [[Andrea Gropa]]. After his death, [[Prince Marko]] incorporated it in the [[Kingdom of Prilep]].<ref name="Soulis1984">{{cite book|last=Soulis|first=George Christos|title=The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331-1355) and his successors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXFpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22andrew+gropa%22|access-date=16 April 2011|year=1984|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Library and Collection|isbn=978-0-88402-137-7|page=142}}</ref>

In the early 1370s, Marko lost Ohrid to Pal II Gropa, another member of the Gropa family, and unsuccessfully tried to recapture it in 1375 with [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] assistance.<ref name="Tsvetkov1993">{{cite book|last=Tsvetkov|first=Plamen S.|title=A history of the Balkans: a regional overview from a Bulgarian perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VR5pAAAAMAAJ|access-date=19 April 2011|year=1993|publisher=EM Text|isbn=978-0-7734-1956-8|page=219}}</ref> 
 
In 1395, the Ottomans under [[Bayezid I]] captured the city, which became the seat of the newly established [[Sanjak of Ohrid]]. Some time after [[Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg]] had liberated [[Krujë]] to begin his rebellion, his troops—in coordination with [[Gjergj Arianiti]] and [[Zaharia Gropa]] (of the local Albanian [[Gropa family|Gropa]] noble family)—liberated Ohrid and the castle of [[Svetigrad]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dervishi |first1=Nebi |title=Etnokultura e Fushëgropës së Ohrit |date=2005 |publisher=Çabej |location=Tetovo |page=86 |access-date=24 October 2021|url=https://www.botimpex.com/index.php?p=liber&l=4042}}</ref>

From 14–15 September 1464, 12,000 Albanian troops of the [[League of Lezhë]] and 1,000 of the [[Republic of Venice]] [[Battle of Ohrid|defeated]] a 14,000-man Ottoman force near the city in the [[Battle of Ohrid]]. When [[Mehmed II]] returned from [[Albania]] after his actions against Skanderbeg in 1466, he dethroned Dorotheos, the [[Archbishop of Ohrid]], and expatriated him—together with his clerks and boyars and considerable number of citizens of Ohrid—to [[Istanbul]], probably because of their anti-Ottoman activities during Skanderbeg's rebellion amid which many citizens of Ohrid, including Dorotheos and his clergy, supported Skanderbeg and his fight.<ref>{{Citation |last=Shukarova |first=Aneta |author2= Mitko B. Panov|author3=Dragi Georgiev|author4=Krste Bitovski|author5=Ivan Katardžiev|author-link5=Ivan Katardžiev|author6=Vanche Stojchev|author7= Novica Veljanovski|author8=Todor Chepreganov |editor=Todor Chepreganov |title= History of the Macedonian People |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/66035878/History-of-The-Macedonian-People-ed-Todor-Chepreganov-Institute-of-National-History-Skopje-2008 |access-date= 26 December 2011|year= 2008 |publisher= Institute of National History |location= Skopje |isbn=978-9989-159-24-4 |oclc=276645834 |page=133 |quote= deportation of the Archbishop of Ohrid, Dorotei, to Istanbul in 1466, together with other clerks and bolyars who probably were expatriated because of their anti Ottoman acts during the Skender-Bey’s rebellion.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author= Srpsko arheološko društvo |title=Starinar |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nIDjAAAAMAAJ|year= 1951 |publisher= Arheološki institut |location= Belgrade |language= sr |oclc=1586392 |page=181 |quote=После борби које је водио султан Мехмед против Скендербега 1466 године. Пошто је победио Скендербега, султан је, у повратку, преселио известан број грађана и свргнуо охридског архиепископа Доротеја. Очигледно је, да су бар извесни Охриђани покушали да се ослободе Турака и да су и да су помагали борбу Скендербега. Исто тако је јасно да је ову акцију помагао и охридски архиепископ Доротеј.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Balkan studies|year=1984|publisher=Bulgarian Academy of Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj9pAAAAMAAJ&q=skanderbeg+ohrid+archbishop|author=Institut za balkanistika|access-date=9 January 2012|page=71|quote=Mehmed II moved considerable number of prominent Ohrid families. The cause for that was the worsening of the relations between Ottoman authorities and Ohrid archbishopic... were in favor of helping the struggle of Albanian people}}</ref>

=== Ottoman period ===
During the 16th century, Ohrid was located in the Sanjak of Ohrid. In the years 1529–1536, Sanjak of Ohrid had 33,271 households (32,648 Christians and 623 Muslims), with 1331 widows and 3392 unmarried singles. There were 859 settlements and 10 cities, with an average of 28.7 houses per settlement. Ohrid itself had 337 Christian families, 44 unmarried singles, 12 widows and 93 Muslim families. In 1583, the Sanjak of Ohrid was made up of several Kazas, including the Kaza of Ohrid, which were in turn made of Nahiyes; the Ottoman Defter recorded, within the Nahiya of Ohrid, 2,920 Christian homes, 627 unmarried singles and 465 Muslim families within a total of 107 settlements.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dervishi |first1=Nebi |title=Etnokultura e Fushëgropës së Ohrit |date=2005 |publisher=Çabej |location=Tetovo |pages=113–114 |access-date=24 October 2021|url=https://www.botimpex.com/index.php?p=liber&l=4042}}</ref>

In 1889, according to a French research, the city had 2.500-3.000 houses and approximately 12.000 individuals, of which 2/3 were [[Bulgarians]] and [[Vlachs]] and the rest 1/3 were Albanophone Muslims with 20-25 [[Slavophone Greeks|Slavophone Greek]] families.<ref>G. A. Mano, Résumé géographique de la Grèce et de la Turquie d’Europe, «Collection des Résumés géographiques», Paris 1826, t. 5, p. 545.</ref> The Christian population declined during the first centuries of Ottoman rule. In 1664, there were only 142 Christian households. The situation changed in the 18th century when Ohrid emerged as an important trade center on a major [[Via Egnatia|trade route]]. At the end of this century it had around five thousand inhabitants.<ref name="Iseni2008">{{cite book|last=Iseni|first=Bashkim|title=La Question Nationale En Europe Du Sud-Est: Genese, Emergence Et Developpement de L'Identite Nationale Albanaise Au Kosovo Et En Macedoine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAdlqwCm_9sC&pg=PA120|access-date=23 December 2010|year=2008|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-03911-320-0|page=120}}</ref>
[[File:Ochrida by Edward Lear 1848.jpg|thumb|275x275px|“Ochrida" by Edward Lear, 1848]]
Towards the end of the 18th century and in the early part of the 19th century, Ohrid region, like other parts of European Turkey, was a hotbed of unrest. In the 19th century the region of Ohrid became part of the [[Pashalik of Scutari]], ruled by the [[Bushati]] family.<ref name="Iseni2008"/>

After the Christian population of the bishopric of Ohrid voted on a plebiscite in 1874 overwhelmingly in favour of joining the [[Bulgarian Exarchate]] (97%), the Exarchate became in control of the area.<ref>[http://www.promacedonia.org/pp_ht/pp_ht_4.html Църква и църковен живот в Македония, Петър Петров, Христо Темелски, Македонски Научен Институт, София, 2003 г.]</ref> In 1889, [[Gustav Weigand]] discovered in Ohrid the important [[Codex Dimonie]], a collection of Aromanian-language religious texts.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://akad.gov.al/ash/images/2022/pdf/20220118Studia_Albanica_1_2017.pdf#page=11|title=The first Aromanian literature: the teaching writings (Theodor Cavallioti, Daniil Moscopolean, Constantin Ucuta)|first1=Nicolae|last1=Saramandu|author-link1=Nicolae Saramandu|first2=Manuela|last2=Nevaci|journal=[[Studia Albanica]]|volume=54|issue=1|pages=11–27|year=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107205201/https://akad.gov.al/ash/images/2022/pdf/20220118Studia_Albanica_1_2017.pdf#page=11|archive-date=7 November 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> In statistics gathered by [[Vasil Kanchov]] in 1900, the city of Ohrid was inhabited by 8000 Bulgarians, 5000 Turks, 500 Muslim Albanians, 300 Christian Albanians, 460 Vlachs and 600 Romani.<ref>Vasil Kanchov (1900). ''[http://www.promacedonia.org/vk/vk_2_39.htm Macedonia: Ethnography and Statistics]''. Sofia. p. 252.</ref> The Bulgarian researcher [[Vasil Kanchov]] wrote in 1900 that many Albanians declared themselves as Turks. Ohrid, the population that declared itself Turkish "was of Albanian blood", but it "had been Turkified after the Ottoman invasion, including Skanderbeg", referring to Islamization.<ref name="ReferenceA">Salajdin SALIHI. "DISA SHËNIME PËR SHQIPTARËT ORTODOKSË TË REKËS SË EPËRME". FILOLOGJIA - International Journal of Human Sciences 19:85-90.</ref>

The majority of the Christian inhabitants of the city were under the supremacy of the Bulgarian Exarchate. According to " La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne ", statistics of the secretary of the exarchate Dimitar Mishev on the Christian population in Macedonia, in 1905 the Christian population of Ohrid consisted of 7,768 Exarchist Bulgarians, 168 Greek Patriarchal Bulgarians, 56 Serboman Patriarchal Bulgarians, 660 Vlachs and 6 Albanians. In the city there is 1 secondary and 5 primary Bulgarian schools and 1 primary Greek, Serbian and Wallachian school each.<ref>D.M.Brancoff (1905). ''La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne''. Paris. pp. 118-119.</ref>

Modern Albanian study claims that in 1903 the Cartographic Society of Sofia registered incorrectly 8,893 households of Albanian or Vlach ethnicity in the [[Sanjak of Ohrid|Kaza of Ohrid]]. There were supposedly 2,610 households registered in Ohrid, but after further analysis of the documents by Dervishi et al., it was discovered that the city actually had 3,700 households; there were 2,100 [[Islam in Albania|Albanian Muslim]] households, 150 [[Christianity in Albania|Albanian Christian]] households, 900 [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] households, 300 [[Vlachs|Vlach]] households, 210 [[Serbians|Serb]] households and 39 [[Greeks|Greek]] households. The Cartographic Society of Sofia also incorrectly registered many villages - that were in fact inhabited entirely or mostly by Albanians (both Christians and Muslims) - as Bulgarian. 14 villages were registered as Albanian with 991 households, but further investigation by Dervishi et al. revealed that the number was actually 2,400. Therefore, with those corrections, the [[Sanjak of Ohrid|Kaza of Ohrid]] had 5,336 [[Albanians|Albanian]] households, 4,347 [[South Slavs|Slavic]] households, 1,549 mixed household and 125 [[Vlachs|Vlach]] households that were mainly spread across two villages. By the end of [[North Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rule]], the Kaza of Ohrid itself numbered to 38,000 Albanian inhabitants and 36,500 non-Albanian (Bulgarian, Serbs, Vlachs and Orthodox Albanians who recognised the exarch and were therefore classed as Bulgarians) inhabitants as indicated by statistics gathered from the Ottoman authorities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dervishi |first1=Nebi |title=Etnokultura e Fushëgropës së Ohrit |date=2005 |publisher=Çabej |location=Tetovo |pages=173–174 |access-date=24 October 2021 |url=https://www.botimpex.com/index.php?p=liber&l=4042}}</ref>{{undue weight inline|date=October 2021}}{{verify source|date=October 2021}}

=== Modern ===
[[File:Robevihouse.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Robevi family house|house of the wealthy Robevi family]]]]

Before 1912, Ohrid was a township center bounded to [[Monastir, Macedonia|Monastir]] [[sanjak]] in [[Manastir Vilayet]] (present-day [[Bitola]]). The city remained under Ottoman rule until 29 November 1912, when the Serbian army took control of the city during the [[Balkan Wars]] and later made it the capital of Ohrid district. In Ohrid, Serbian forces killed 150 Bulgarians and [[Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars|500 people consisting of Albanians]] and Turks.<ref name="Kramer138">{{cite book|last=Kramer|first=Alan|title=Dynamic of destruction: Culture and Mass killing in the First World War|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191580116|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Gbgs1XFKTcC&q=albanians|pages=138}}</ref> In September 1913 local Albanian and pro-Bulgarian [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]] leaders [[Ohrid–Debar Uprising|rebelled]] against the [[Kingdom of Serbia]]. It was occupied by [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]] between 1915 and 1918 during [[World War I]].

Bulgarian ethnographer [[Yordan Ivanov (literary historian)|Yordan Ivanov]], professor at the University of Sofia, wrote in 1915 that Albanians, since they did not have their own alphabet, lacked a consolidated national consciousness and were being influenced by foreign propaganda, declared themselves as Turks, Greeks and Bulgarians, depending on which religion they belonged to. Albanians in Ohrid were losing their mother tongue.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

During [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] Ohrid continued to be as an independent district (''Охридски округ'') (1918–1922), then it became a part of [[Administrative divisions of Yugoslavia|Bitola Oblast]] (1920–1929), and then from 1929 to 1941, Ohrid was part of the [[Vardar Banovina]]. It was occupied again by [[Bulgaria]] between 1941 and 1944 during [[World War II]]. Since the days of [[SFR Yugoslavia]] Ohrid has been the municipal seat of [[Municipality of Ohrid]] (Општина Охрид). Since 1991 the town was part of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia).

On 20 November 1993, [[Avioimpex Flight 110]] crashed near Ohrid, killing all 116 people on board. It is the deadliest aviation disaster to occur in North Macedonia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19931120-1|title=ASN Aircraft accident Yakovlev Yak-42D RA-42390 Ohrid Airport (OHD)|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref>

==Geography and climate==
Ohrid is located in the south-western part of North Macedonia, on the shore of [[Lake Ohrid]], at an elevation of 695 meters [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]].

Ohrid has a [[warm-summer mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: '''Csb'''), bordering on an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: '''Cfb''') moderated by its elevation, as the mean temperature of the warmest month is just above {{convert|22|°C|1|abbr=on}} and every summer month receives less than {{convert|40|mm|in}} of rainfall. The coldest month is January with the average temperature {{convert|2.5|°C|1|abbr=on}} or in a range between {{convert|6.2|°C|1|abbr=on}} and {{convert|-1.5|°C|1|abbr=on}}. The warmest month is August with average range of {{convert|27.7|°C|0|abbr=on}}-{{convert|14.2|°C|1|abbr=on}}. The rainiest month is November, which sees on average {{convert|90.5|mm|1|abbr=on}} of rain. The summer months of June, July and August receive the least amount of rain, around {{convert|30|mm|1|abbr=on}}. The absolute minimum temperature is {{convert|-17.8|°C|1|abbr=on}} and the maximum {{convert|38.5|°C|1|abbr=on}}.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|location = Ohrid
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan high C = 6.2
|Feb high C = 7.6
|Mar high C = 11.0
|Apr high C = 15.1
|May high C = 20.4
|Jun high C = 24.8
|Jul high C = 27.6
|Aug high C = 27.7
|Sep high C = 23.6
|Oct high C = 17.7
|Nov high C = 11.6
|Dec high C = 7.2
|year high C = 16.7
|Jan low C = -1.5
|Feb low C = -0.9
|Mar low C = 1.2
|Apr low C = 4.6
|May low C = 8.7
|Jun low C = 12.0
|Jul low C = 14.0
|Aug low C = 14.2
|Sep low C = 11.2
|Oct low C = 7.2
|Nov low C = 3.1
|Dec low C = 0.0
|year low C = 6.2
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 53.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 60.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 55.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 55.9
|May precipitation mm = 56.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 33.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 30
|Aug precipitation mm = 30.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 47.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 76.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 90.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 71.3
|Jan precipitation days = 11
|Feb precipitation days = 12
|Mar precipitation days = 11
|Apr precipitation days = 13
|May precipitation days = 12
|Jun precipitation days = 8
|Jul precipitation days = 6
|Aug precipitation days = 6
|Sep precipitation days = 7
|Oct precipitation days = 10
|Nov precipitation days = 12
|Dec precipitation days = 13
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organisation]] (UN)<ref name= WMO >{{cite web
  | url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1499
  | title = World Weather Information Service – Ohrid, Macedonia
  | access-date = 29 June 2015
  | publisher = United Nations |date=31 July 2015}}</ref>
|date=June 2015
}}

== Demographics ==
{{historical population|1948|11169|1953|12640|1961|16492|1971|26369|1981|39093|1991|42908|2002|42033|2021|38818|align=right|cols=1|source=<ref>{{cite web |title=Population by age and sex, by settlements, according to the censuses conducted in the Republic of Macedonia after the Second World War|url=https://makstat.stat.gov.mk/PXWeb/pxweb/en/MakStat/MakStat__Popisi__PopisNaNaselenie__PopisiNaseleniMesta/Popisi_nm_1948_2002_NasPoVozrPol_ang.px/table/tableViewLayout2/?rxid=cc8e0490-07b6-4002-adf4-9b4891b66655|publisher=MakStat}}</ref><ref name="2021census"/>|percentages=pagr}}
At the [[2021 North Macedonia census|2021 census]], Ohrid had 38,818 residents with the following ethnic makeup:<ref name="2021census">[https://makstat.stat.gov.mk/PXWeb/pxweb/en/MakStat/MakStat__Popisi__Popis2021__NaselenieVkupno__PodatociNaselenie/T1503P21.px/table/tableViewLayout2/?rxid=cc8e0490-07b6-4002-adf4-9b4891b66655 Total resident population of the Republic of North Macedonia by ethnic affiliation, by settlement, Census 2021]</ref>
*Macedonians, 28,920 (74.5%)
*Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources, 3,421 (8.8%)
*others, 2,728 (7.0%)
*Albanians, 1,924 (5.0%)
*Turks, 1,825 (4.7%)

As of the 2002 census, the city of Ohrid has 42,033 inhabitants and the ethnic composition was the following:<ref name="Statistical Office">[http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaX.pdf Macedonian census, language and religion]</ref>

*Macedonians, 33,791 (80.4%)
*Albanians, 2,959 (7.0%)
*Turks, 2,256 (5.4%)
*others, 3,027 (7.2%)

The mother tongues of the city's residents include the following:
*Macedonian, 34,910 (83.1%)
*Albanian, 3,957 (9.4%)
*Turkish, 2,226 (5.3%)
*others, 1,017 (2.4%)

The religious composition of the city was the following:
*Orthodox Christians, 33,987 (80.9%)
*Muslims, 7,599 (18.1%)
*others, 447 (1.1%)

The oldest inhabitants of Ohrid are a few families that reside in the Varoš neighbourhood.<ref name="Wlodzimierz104105" /> Other Macedonians have settled in Ohrid and originate from the villages of the Kosel, Struga, Drimkol, Debarca, [[Malesia, Macedonia|Malesija]] and Kičevo regions and other areas from southern Macedonia.<ref name="Wlodzimierz104105" />  Albanians in Ohrid originate from Albanian villages located on the western and southern areas of Lake Ohrid.<ref name="Wlodzimierz104105" /> There is a sizeable amount of [[Turkification|Turkified]] Albanians in Ohrid who originate from the cities of [[Elbasan]], [[Durrës]] and [[Ulcinj]].<ref name="Wlodzimierz104105" /> The local [[Romani people in the Republic of Macedonia|Romani]] population in Ohrid originates from Podgradec and speaks the southern [[Tosk Albanian]] dialect.<ref name="Wlodzimierz104105" />

The earliest presence of the Aromanian population in Ohrid dates to 1778 arriving from [[Moscopole]], others from [[Kavajë]] (late 18th century), from the [[Myzeqe]] region, Elbasan, [[Llëngë]] and [[Mokër]] region (mid. 19th century) and also from [[Gorna Belica]] and [[Malovišta]] (late 19th century).<ref name="Wlodzimierz104105" /> A large part of Ohrid's Aromanian population has emigrated to [[Trieste]], [[Odessa]] and [[Bucharest]].<ref name="Wlodzimierz104105">{{cite book|last=Włodzimierz|first=Pianka|title=Toponomastikata na Ohridsko-Prespanskiot bazen|year=1970|publisher=Institut za makedonski jazik "Krste Misirkov"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ELRAAAAMAAJ|pages=104–105}} "Најстари староседелци во градот се неколкуте старински родови во Варош. Другите Македонци се доселени од селата покрај Охридското Езеро, од Коселска Долина, Струшко Поле, Дримкол, Дерарца, Малесија, Кичевско и други краишта од Западна Македонија. По 1949 год. се доселени и повеќе семејства од Егејска Македонија. Турците се населени овде во год. 1451-81. Има и доста турцизирани Албанци (од Елбасанско, Драч, Улцињ). Албанците инаку се дојдени во градот од околните села на југ и запад од Охридското Езеро. Има и православни Албанци дојдени од Поградец, Лин, Черава и Пискупија во II пол. на XIX век. Власите се доселувале најпрво од Москополе (од 1778 год.), Каваја (крајот на XVIII век), Мизакија, Елбасан и Ланга во Мокра (сред. на XIX век), од Г. Белица и Маловишта (Битолско) кон крајот на минатиот век. Доста голем дел од нив се иселиле во Трст, Одеса и Букурешт. Циганите се доселени од Поградечко, зборуваат албански (тоскиски).... Циганите веројатно се определиле како Шиптари или Турци."</ref> Orthodox Albanians are also present and settled in Ohrid during the second half of the 19th century and originate from [[Pogradec]], [[Lin, Korçë|Lin]], [[Çërravë]] and [[Peshkopi]].<ref name="Wlodzimierz104105" />

All Turks from the village of [[Peštani]] after selling properties and land moved to Ohrid by 1920 and today those few families are known as ''Peştanlı''.<ref name="Wrocławski74">{{cite book|last=Wrocławski|first=Krzysztof|title=Македонскиот народен раскажувач Димо Стенкоски|year=1979|publisher=Институт за фолклор|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2_YAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8+|pages=74}} "Денеска во Охридско живеат неколку турски семејства познати како Пештанлии. Тие се, имено, преселници од селото. По 1920 год. нема во Пештани „Турци" староседелци. Напуштајќи го селото, муслиманите ги продале куќите и полињата."</ref> In 1949, additional families from [[Aegean Macedonia]] settled in Ohrid.<ref name="Wlodzimierz104105" />

In Yugoslav censuses, Albanophone Ohrid Romani mainly declared as Albanians.<ref name="Duijzings195200203218" /> As [[Albanian nationalism (Republic of Macedonia)|tensions between Albanians and the state increased over numbers regarding community size and sociopolitical rights]], Romani identity became politicized and contested from the 1990s onward.<ref name="Duijzings195200203218" /> Ohrid Albanophone Romani refused identification as ''Albanians'' seeing it as a result of [[Albanisation]] (or to be called ''Gypsies'') and with encouragement from Macedonian circles now refers to itself as ''[[Egyptians (Balkans)|Egyptians]]'' whose ancestors migrated from Egypt many centuries ago.<ref name="Duijzings195200203218" /> The Albanian language is considered by Ohrid Albanophone Romani as only an idiom of the home and not a mother tongue.<ref name="Duijzings195200203218" /> Turkish speaking Romani reside in Ohrid that during the Yugoslav period self declared themselves mainly as Turks,<ref name="Wlodzimierz104105" /> while within independent Macedonia they identify as Egyptians.<ref name="Duijzings195200203218">{{cite book|last=Duijzings|first=Ger|chapter=The Making of Egyptians in Kosovo and Macedonia|editor1-last=Govers|editor1-first=Cora|editor2-last=Vermeulen|editor2-first=Hans|title=The politics of ethnic consciousness|year=1997|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781349646739|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJsYDAAAQBAJ&q=ohrid+egyptians+albanian&pg=PA194|pages=195, 200–203, 218}}</ref>
In the latter decades of the 20th century, some Albanian speaking Muslim Romani from the villages of [[Krani]] and [[Nakolec]] have migrated to Ohrid.<ref name="Sugarman910">{{cite book|last=Sugarman|first=Jane|title=Engendering song: Singing and subjectivity at Prespa Albanian weddings|year=1997|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226779720|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x41vWj_ESu8C&q=Roma&pg=PR9|pages=9–10}}</ref>

{{wide image|Panorama of Ohrid.jpg|1000px|Panorama of Ohrid}}

== Cultural Heritage sites ==
[[File:Ohrid from Samuel's Fortress 2.jpg|thumb|right|Ohrid]]
[[File:Iglesia de San Pantaleón, Ohrid, Macedonia, 2014-04-17, DD 35 HDR.jpg|thumb|The church of St. Clement and St. Panteleimon in Ohrid]]
[[File:Sv.Bogorodica Perivlepta-1.jpg|thumb|[[Church of the Holy Mother of God, Ohrid|Mother of God Perybleptos church]], located across the icon gallery]]
[[File:St Sophia (Ohrid).jpg|thumbnail|[[Church of St. Sophia, Ohrid|Church of Saint Sophia]]]]
[[File:Воска амам Охрид (1).jpg|thumb|Voska Hamam]]
[[File:Манчевци (7).JPG|thumb|Mančevci early Christian basilica]]

Ohrid Municipality is home to over 100 sites declared as Cultural Heritage by the Ministry of Culture, of which most lie within the city of Ohrid.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kultura.gov.mk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/NACIONALEN_REGISTAR_NA_OBJEKTI_KOI_SE_ZASTITENO_KULT_NASLEDSTVO_31122012-3.doc |format=DOC |title=СПИСОК НА ЗАШТИТЕНИ ДОБРА |language=mk |publisher=Ministry of Culture |year=2012 |pages=20–21 }}</ref>

=== Archaeological sites ===
*[[Ancient Theatre of Ohrid]] from Hellenistic and Roman time
*[[:mk:Видобишта (Охрид)|Vidobišta]] Roman-era tombs
*[[:mk:Козлук (Охрид)|Kozluk]], Roman-era settlement
*[[:mk:Манчевци|Mančevci site]] with early Christian basilica
*[[:mk:Хермелеја (Охрид)|Hermeleja]], Roman-era settlement
*[[Saint Erasmus, Ohrid|Saint Erasmus]]
*[[:mk:Караѓулевци (Охрид)|Karagjulevci tombs]] from Ancient Macedonian era
*[[Samuel's Fortress, Ohrid|Samuel's Fortress]] and remaining portions of the city walls
*[[Plaošnik]]
*[[:mk:Студенчишка базилика|Studenčišta basilica]]
*[[:mk:Црква „Св. 40 Севастиски Маченици“ - Охрид|Saint 40 Holy Martyrs]] early Christian basilica

=== Christian sites ===
There is a legend supported by observations by the 17th century Ottoman traveler [[Evliya Çelebi]] that there were 365 chapels within the town boundaries, one for every day of the year. Today this number is significantly smaller.
*[[:mk:Гроб на Григор Прличев|Grave of Grigor Prličev]]
*[[Church of Saints Clement and Panteleimon]]
*[[:mk:Црква „Св. Богородица Челница“ - Охрид|Church of the Holy Mother of God Čelnica]]
*[[:mk:Црква „Мали Свети Врачи“|Little Church of Saint Vrači (Saints Kuzman and Damjan)]]
*[[:mk:Црква „Св. Димитриј“ - Охрид|Church of Saint Demetrius]]
*[[:mk:Црква „Св. Богородица Болничка“ - Охрид|Church of the Holy Mother of God - Bolnička]]
*[[:mk:Црква „Св. Никола Болнички“ - Охрид|Church of Saint Nicholas - Bolnički]]
*[[:mk:Црква „Пресвета Богородица Перивлептос“ - Охрид|Church of the Holy Mother of God - Perivleptos]]
*[[:mk:Црква „Св. Климент Охридски“ - Охрид|Little Church of Saint Clement]]
*[[Church of St. John at Kaneo|Church of Saint John the Baptist - Kaneo]]
*[[Church of St. Sophia, Ohrid|Church of Saint Sophia]]
*[[:mk:Црква „Св. Константин и Елена“ - Охрид|Church of Saints Constantine and Elena]]
*[[:mk:Црква „Успение на Пресвета Богородица“ - Охрид|Church of the Holy Mother of God Kamensko]]
*[[:mk:Црква „Св. Никола Геракомија“ - Охрид|Church of Saint Nicholas - Gerakomija]]
*[[:mk:Црква „Св. Никола Арбанашки“ - Охрид|Church of Saint Nicholas - Arbanaški]]
*[[:mk:Црква „Св. Никола Чудотворец“ - Охрид|Church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker]]
*[[:mk:Црква „Големи Свети Врачи“|Church of Saint Vrači (Saints Kuzman and Damjan)]], with frescos from the 14th century. A 14th-century icon from the church is depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] of the 1000 [[Macedonian denar|denars]] banknote, issued in 1996 and 2003.<ref>[http://www.nbrm.gov.mk National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia]. Macedonian currency. Banknotes in circulation: [http://www.nbrm.gov.mk/default-en.asp?ItemID=6952ADD956EBFB459A15A404C33CC691 1000 Denars]{{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} (1996 issue) & [http://www.nbrm.gov.mk/default-en.asp?ItemID=DE6805545764DF4A8895DE62BFA0151D 1000 Denars] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080329135028/http://www.nbrm.gov.mk/default-en.asp?ItemID=DE6805545764DF4A8895DE62BFA0151D |date=29 March 2008 }} (2003 issue). – Retrieved on 30 March 2009.</ref>
*[[:mk:Црква „Св. Ѓорѓи“ - Охрид|Church of Saint George]]
*[[:mk:Црква „Св. Никола“ - Охрид|Church of Saint Nicholas]]

Besides being a holy center of the region, it is also the source of knowledge and pan-Slavic literacy. [[Saint Panteleimon, Ohrid|The restored Monastery]] at [[Plaošnik]] was actually one of the oldest Universities in the western world, dating before the 10th century. Several of Ohrid's best-known churches and monasteries, such as the [[Monastery of Saint Naum]] lie in its surrounding villages.

=== Islamic sites ===
*Voska Hamam
*Eski Hamam
*[[:mk:Теќе „Зејнел Абедин-паша“|Zejnel Abedin Pasha Tekke]]<ref name="anasay" /><ref name="heritage" /> 
*Sinan Çelebi Türbe<ref name="heritage">{{cite web |url=http://haemus.org.mk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Ottoman_Monuments-in-Macedonia.pdf |title=Ottoman Monuments |publisher=Macedonian Cultural Heritage |date=2008 |website=www.haemus.org.mk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404072514/http://haemus.org.mk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Ottoman_Monuments-in-Macedonia.pdf |access-date=2023-02-13|archive-date=4 April 2019 }}</ref><ref name="timeless" />
*[[:mk:Алипашина џамија (Охрид)|Ali Pasha Mosque]]<ref name="anasay">{{cite web |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/514362 |title=OHRİ'DEKİ (MAKEDONYA) OSMANLI DÖNEMİ CAMİLERİ |last=Yilmaz |first=Edip |date=2008 |website=www.dergipark.org.tr |access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref><ref name="heritage"/>
*Hajdar Pasha Mosque<ref name="anasay" /><ref name="goruma">{{cite web |url=https://www.goruma.de/laender/europa/mazedonien/sehenswuerdigkeiten |title=Nordmazedonien: Sehenswürdigkeiten |publisher=Goruma |website=www.goruma.de |access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref>
*Hadži Durgut Mosque<ref name="anasay" /><ref name="goruma" />
*Hadži Hamza Mosque<ref name="anasay" />

=== National Liberation War sites ===
*Memorial mound on Slavej Planina
*Common grave of fallen National Liberation War soldiers
*Memorial plaque  of fallen professors and students of the Ohrid Gymnasium in the National Liberation War

=== Old town architecture ===
Dozens of individual homes and commercial buildings in Ohrid are listed as Cultural Heritage sites. Some of these, such as the [[Robevi family house]] and the Prličev family home, the [[Uzunov]] family home, function as museums today. Also included are the Saint Clement of Ohrid Gymnasium, the Ohrid Clock Tower,<ref name="timeless">{{cite web |url=https://macedonia-timeless.com/img/Otoman-monuments-ENG.pdf |title=Ottoman Monuments |publisher=Agency for Promotion and Support of Tourism of the Republic of Macedonia |date=2008 |website=www.macedonia-timeless.com |access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref> and the [[Institute for Protection of Cultural Monuments and National Museum|Icon Gallery]].

== Transportation ==
[[File:StPaultheApostleAirport-2.jpg|thumbnail|[[Ohrid "St. Paul the Apostle" Airport]]]]

There is a nearby international airport, [[Ohrid Airport]] (now known as "St. Paul the Apostle Airport").

Until 1966, Ohrid was linked to [[Skopje]] by the [[Ohrid line]], a {{convert|167|km}} long {{track gauge|600mm|disp=1}} narrow-gauge railway.

==Sports==
[[FK Ohrid|GFK Ohrid Lihnidos]] is a [[association football|football]] team playing at the [[SRC Biljanini Izvori]] stadium in the city. As of the 2021–22 season they play in the second tier of the Macedonian Football League system.

[[FK Voska Sport]] is also a [[Association football|football]] team in Ohrid that competes in the [[Macedonian First Football League|Macedonian First League]] as of the 2023–24 season.

RK Ohrid is a [[handball]] team playing at [[Biljanini Izvori Sports Hall]] arena, with a capacity of 3,500. As of the 2016–17 season they play in the [[Macedonian Handball Super League]], which is the top tier.

The [[Ohrid Swimming Marathon]] is an international open water swimming competition, always taking place in the waters of Lake Ohrid. The swimmers are supposed to swim {{convert|30|km|0|abbr=on}} from the [[monastery of Saint Naum]] to the [[Ohrid harbor]].

== Recurring events ==
* [[Ohrid Summer Festival]], annual theater and music festival from July to August
* [[Ohrid Choir Festival]], annual international choir festival at the end of August
* [[Balkan Folklore Festival]], annual folklore music and dance festival at the beginning of July
* ''Balkan music square festival'', music festival in August in which ethnic musicians from the whole Balkan peninsular participate
* [[Ohrid Fest]] (Охридски Трубадури), music festival in August in which musicians from the whole Balkan peninsular participate. This festival is held for four days which are divided into 
**Debutant Night, 
**Folk Night, 
**Pop Night and 
**International Night.
* [[World Prized of Humanism]] in the [[Ohrid Academy of Humanism]], created by [[Jordan Plevnes]]
* [[Ohrid art and scientific meetings]] (Охридска научна и уметничка визита), held in House of Uranija-MANU, Ohrid by Macedonian academy of science and arts

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in North Macedonia}}
Ohrid is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{Cite web|title=ПРИЈАТЕЛСКИ И ЗБРАТИМЕНИ ГРАДОВИ - Ohrid.gov.mk|url=https://ohrid.gov.mk/пријателски-и-збратимени-градови/|access-date=2021-09-04|language=mk}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|MNE}} [[Budva Municipality|Budva]], Montenegro
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Caen]], France
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Givatayim]], Israel
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Inđija]], Serbia
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Kragujevac]], Serbia
*{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Mostar]], Bosnia and Herzegovina
*{{flagicon|ALB}} [[Pogradec]], Albania
*{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Piran]], Slovenia
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Safranbolu]], Turkey
*{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Stari Grad, Sarajevo|Stari Grad (Sarajevo)]], Bosnia and Herzegovina
<!--Trogir - not twinning-->
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Vidovec, Varaždin County|Vidovec]], Croatia
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Vinkovci]], Croatia
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], Canada
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[City of Wollongong|Wollongong]], Australia
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Yalova]], Turkey
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{portal|North Macedonia}}
* [[Archbishopric of Ohrid]]
* [[List of archbishops of the Archbishopric of Ohrid]]
* [[List of people from Ohrid]]
* [[Ohrid Agreement]]
* [[Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric]]
* [[Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Sources ==
*{{cite book|last=Wilkes|first=John|title=The Illyrians|year=1992|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9780631146711|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8q0QgAACAAJ&q=Wilkes%20the%20illyrians}}

== External links ==
{{wikivoyage|Ohrid}}
*{{commons category-inline}}
* {{official website|http://www.ohrid.gov.mk }}
* [http://www.visit-ohrid.com/ Visit Ohrid] – A site to book rooms in Ohrid
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Ochrida|short=x}}

{{Ohrid}}
{{Ohrid Municipality}}
{{Towns in the Republic of Macedonia}}
{{Illyrians}}
{{Capitals of Bulgaria}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ohrid| ]]
[[Category:Cities in North Macedonia]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in North Macedonia]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in North Macedonia]]
[[Category:Illyrian North Macedonia]]
[[Category:Former capitals of Bulgaria]]