Editing Old 100th

{{Short description|Hymn tune}}
{{for|short story by [[Brian Aldiss]]|Old Hundredth (short story)}}{{for|the place|Old Hundred, North Carolina}}
{{Infobox musical composition
| name                = Old 100th
| type                = 
| image               = <!-- without leading "File:" -->
| alt                 = 
| caption             = 
| translation         = <!-- to English, if hymn name is a different language -->
| native_name         = <!-- if hymn name is the translation -->
| native_name_lang    = <!-- two-letter code -->
| composer            = [[Louis Bourgeois (composer)|Louis Bourgeois]]
| genre               = [[Hymn]]
| occasion            = 
| text                = 
| language            = 
| written             = 1551
| based_on            = 
| meter               = 8.8.8.8 [[Long metre|(L.M.)]]
| melody              = 
| composed            = <!-- {{Timeline-event|date={{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}}|end_date={{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}}|location=}} -->
| published           = 
| misc                = {{listen |image=none |help=no |filename=Old100.mid |title=The Old 100th psalm tune |description=An audio example of the tune.}}
}}
"'''Old Hundredth'''" (also known as "'''Old Hundred'''") is a [[hymn tune]] in [[long metre]], from the second edition of the [[Genevan Psalter]]. It is one of the best known melodies in many occidental [[Christian music|Christian]] musical traditions. The tune is usually attributed to the French composer [[Louis Bourgeois (composer)|Louis Bourgeois]] ({{circa|1510}}{{nbsp}}{{ndash}}{{nbsp}}c.{{nbsp}}1560).

Although the tune was first associated with [[Psalm 134]] in the [[Genevan Psalter]], the melody receives its current name from an association with the [[Psalm 100|''100th'' Psalm]], in a translation by [[William Kethe]] titled "'''All People that on Earth do Dwell'''". The melody is also sung to various other lyrics, including the [[Common Doxology]] ("'''Praise God From Whom All Blessings Flow'''") and various German Lutheran chorales. In that latter respect it was used  by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] as a [[cantus firmus]] in his chorale cantata [[Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130|''Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir'' (BWV 130)]].

==Background==
The [[Genevan Psalter]] was compiled over a number of years in the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] city of [[Geneva]], a center of [[Protestant]] activity during the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], in response to the teaching of [[John Calvin]] that communal singing of [[psalms]] in the [[vernacular]] language is a foundational aspect of church life.<ref name="Schuler">Schuler, Dr. Louis E. "Duck". [http://www.credenda.org/issues/13-1musica.php "History of the Genevan Psalter – Part 1"]. ''Credenda/Agenda'', vol.13, no.1 (2007). {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070612055757/http://www.credenda.org/issues/13-1musica.php |date=June 12, 2007 }}</ref> This contrasted with the prevailing Catholic practice at the time in which sacred texts were [[Gregorian chant|chanted]] in [[Latin language|Latin]] by the clergy only.<ref name="PsalterIntro">{{cite web | title = Introduction to the Genevan Psalter | work = The Genevan Psalter | url = http://genevanpsalter.redeemer.ca/psalter_intro.html | access-date = 2008-02-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100328022433/http://genevanpsalter.redeemer.ca/psalter_intro.html | archive-date = 2010-03-28 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Calvinist musicians including Bourgeois supplied many new melodies and adapted others from sources both sacred and secular. The final version of this psalter was completed in 1562.<ref>Havergal, William Henry (1854). ''A history of the old hundredth psalm tune, with specimens.'' Mason Brothers. p. 13.</ref> Calvin intended the melodies to be sung in [[plainsong]] during church services, but harmonized versions were provided for singing at home.

==Lyrics==
The original lyrics set to this tune in the Genevan Psalter are a paraphrase of Psalm 134:

<score lang="lilypond"> 
{ \key g \major
\time 2/2
\set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t
\tempo 2=52
\set Staff.midiInstrument = "oboe"
\omit Score.TimeSignature
\override Score.BarNumber  #'transparent = ##t
\relative c'' {
\cadenzaOn g2 g4 fis e d g2 a b \bar"|" b2 b4 b a g c2 b a \bar "|" \break
g2 a4 b a g e2 fis g \bar"|" d'2 b g a4 c b2 a g1 \bar "|." }
\addlyrics {                                     %this matches more or less with the English given earlier:
Vous, saints mi -- ni -- stres du Sei -- gneur,  %Ye, holy ministers of the Lord
Qui, dé -- vou -- és à son hon -- neur,          %Who, dedicated to his honour
Veil -- lez la nuit dans sa mai -- son,          %Watch by night in his abode
Pré -- sen -- tez -- lui votre o -- rai -- son. }  %Present him your oration
}
</score>
Or, in English translation:<ref name="Kethe">{{cite web  | title = The Genevan Psalter | url = http://genevanpsalter.redeemer.ca/psalm_texts.htm#psalm134 | access-date = 2008-02-19 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080205220757/http://genevanpsalter.redeemer.ca/psalm_texts.htm#psalm134 |archive-date = February 5, 2008}}</ref>
<poem>You faithful servants of the Lord,
sing out his praise with one accord,
while serving him with all your might
and keeping vigil through the night.

Unto his house lift up your hand
and to the Lord your praises send.
May God who made the earth and sky
bestow his blessings from on high.</poem>

[[File:Old Hundredth Sternold & Hopkins (1628), crop.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.1|The Old Hundredth metrical setting from a 1628 printing of the Sternhold and Hopkins Psalter.]]
Old 100th is commonly used to sing the lyrics that begin "All People That on Earth Do Dwell," [[Psalm 100]], a version that originated in the Anglo-Genevan Psalter (1561) and is attributed to the Scottish clergyman [[William Kethe]].<ref>{{cite web | title = William Kethe| work = The CyberHymnal | url = http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/k/e/t/kethe_w.htm | access-date = 2019-03-25 }}</ref> Kethe was in exile at [[Geneva]] at this time, as the [[Scottish Reformation]] was only just beginning. The first verse is as follows:<ref name="AllPeople">{{cite web  | title = All People that on Earth Do Dwell | work = Hymnary | url = http://hymnary.org/text/all_people_that_on_earth_do_dwell | access-date = 2017-08-26 }}</ref>

<poem>All people that on earth do dwell,
Sing to the Lord with cheerful voice;
Him serve with mirth, His praise forth tell;
Come ye before Him and rejoice.</poem>

This version was sung at the [[coronation of Queen Elizabeth II]] in 1953, with harmonization and arrangement by the composer [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]].

A hymn commonly sung to Old 100th is "Praise God, from Whom All Blessings Flow," using the text often referred to as the [[Doxology]], written in 1674 by [[Thomas Ken]], a bishop in the [[Church of England]].<ref name="Ken">{{cite web  | title = Thomas Ken | work = The CyberHymnal | url = http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/k/e/n/ken_t.htm | access-date = 2019-03-25 }}</ref>  This hymn was originally the final verse of a longer hymn entitled "[[Awake, My Soul, and With the Sun]],"<ref name="PraiseGodFromWhom">{{cite web  | title = Praise God, from Whom All Blessings Flow | work = The CyberHymnal | url = http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/d/o/x/doxology.htm | access-date = 2019-03-25 }}</ref> though it is most commonly sung by itself as a [[doxology]]. The traditional text is:

<poem>Praise God, from Whom all blessings flow;
Praise Him, all creatures here below;
Praise Him above, ye heavenly host;
Praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.</poem>

In the United States, this version is particularly emblematic of [[Mainline Protestant]] churches, and often evokes nostalgia among churchgoers. Different versions of that text are also widely used, including [[nontrinitarian]] and [[gender neutral]] variations. 

The melody can be used for any hymn text in [[Meter (hymn)|long meter]], that is, with four lines of eight syllables in [[iambic feet]]. The hymn ''From all that dwell below the skies'', a paraphrasing of [[Psalm 117]] by [[Isaac Watts]] with the Doxology as the final verse, is commonly sung to the tune.<ref>Church Publishing (1985). ''The Hymnal, 1982, Volume 2.'' Church Publishing, Inc. p. 380.</ref> In the [[Sacred Harp]] and other [[shape note]] singing traditions, the tune is sung with the text "O Come, Loud Anthems Let Us Sing," a metrical paraphrase of [[Psalm 95]] from [[Tate and Brady]]'s ''A New Version of the Psalms of David.'' The popular [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] version ''Hoʻonani i ka Makua mau'' was translated by [[Hiram Bingham I]] and is published in hymnals.<ref>[https://hymnary.org/text/hoonani_i_ka_makua_mau Hoʻonani i ka Makua mau] at ''Hymnary.org''; [http://www.huapala.org/ChristReligious/Hoonani_Ka_Makua.html Hoʻonani i ka Makua mau] at ''Huapala.org''</ref>

==Tune==
<!--image displayed wider than 400px for clarity
[[Image:Old 100th Parsons.png|thumb|640px|center|Old 100th psalm tune in the tenor voice. This, the oldest known English harmonization of the tune, by [[William Parsons (composer and copyist)|William Parsons]], was first published in [[John Day (printer)|Day]]'s ''Whole Booke of Psalmes'' and widely republished thereafter.<ref>Havergal 1854, p. 40.</ref>]]
-->
The tune first appeared in the Genevan Psalter, coupled with French metrical text for Psalm 134. Over the years, the tune was sometimes rhythmically modified. Below it is as set by Johann Sebastian Bach in the final movement of his cantata {{lang|de|[[Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130|Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir]]}} (BWV 130).
<score lang="lilypond">
{ \new PianoStaff <<
    \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t
  \override Score.BarNumber  #'transparent = ##t
  \new Staff << 
    \new Voice \relative c'' {\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"church organ" \tempo 4 = 104 \voiceOne \clef treble \key c \major \time 3/4 \partial 4
    c4 | c2 b4 | a2 g4 | c2 d4 | e2\fermata \bar"" \break
    e4 | e2 e4 | d2 c4 | f2 e4 | d2\fermata \bar"" \break
    c4 | d2 e4 | d2 c4 | a4 b2 | c2\fermata \bar"" \break
    g'4 | e4. d8 c4 | d4. e8 f4 | e4 d2 | c2\fermata \bar "|."
 } 
    \new Voice \relative c'' { \voiceTwo 
    g4 | g2 g8 f | e4. f8 g4 | e c' b | g2
    g4 | g2 g4 | f e e | a4 g8 f c'4 | b2
    e,8 fis | g2 g4 | gis2 a4 | a g8 f g4 | g2
    g4 | g4. f8 g4 | a g c | c b8 a g4 | g2
 } 
  >>
  \new Staff <<
    \new Voice \relative c' {\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"church organ" \clef bass \key c \major \time 3/4 \voiceOne
    e4 | e2 d4 | c2 c4 | c g g' | e2
    c4 | c2 b8 a | b2 c4 | c4. b8 g'4 | g2
    c,4 | b2 c4 | b2 c4 | c4 b8 c d4 | e2
    d4 | c g c | c b a | g g'4.  f8 | e2
    
 }
    \new Voice \relative c { \voiceTwo 
    c4 | c8 d e f g4 | a,8 b c d e4 | a e g | c,2
    c4 | c8 d e f g4 | gis8[ fis gis e] a g | f4 e8 d c4 | g'2 
    a4 | g8[ f e d] c d | e[ d c b] a g | f'4 d g | c,2
    b4 | c8[ b c d] e c | f[ e f g] a b | c4 g2 | c,2
 } 
   >> >> }
</score>

==In other works==
<!-- date order -->
*''Voluntary on the Old Hundredth'' – also called ''The 100th Psalm tune. Set as a Lesson''. This is an organ piece using the psalm tune as a theme, not unlike a [[chorale prelude]], and was meant for church use. Authorship is somewhat dubious, the piece was either written by [[John Blow]] or his student [[Henry Purcell]].
* "Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir", a hymn in twelve stanzas by [[Paul Eber]] after [[Philipp Melanchthon]]'s "[[Dicimus grates tibi]]", for [[Michaelmas]], is sung to the same tune ([[Johannes Zahn|Zahn]] No.&nbsp;368). [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] harmonized this hymn in the [[Chorale cantata (Bach)|chorale cantata]] [[Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130|BWV 130]], and in the [[List of chorale harmonisations by Johann Sebastian Bach|four-part chorales]] BWV&nbsp;326 and BWV&nbsp;327.<ref>[[Uwe Wolf (musicologist)|Uwe Wolf]] (editor), Henry S. Drinker (translator). "Foreword", p.&nbsp;4 in [https://www.carus-verlag.com/en/choir/sacred-choral-music/johann-sebastian-bach-herr-gott-dich-loben-alle-wir-oxid-7.html?redirected=1 ''Johann Sebastian Bach: Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir (Lord God, we praise thee all of us) BWV 130'' (Partitur/Full score).] Carus, 2015</ref><ref>Luke Dahn. [http://www.bach-chorales.com/BWV0130_6.htm BWV&nbsp;130.6] at {{url|bach-chorales.com}}(2017)</ref>
*[[Hubert Parry]] – ''Three Chorale Fantasias'' is based on the Old 100th.<!-- date ? died 1918 -->
*[[Virgil Thomson]] – quoted in several movements of his score for ''[[The Plow that Broke the Plains]]'' (1936).
*[[Paul Hindemith]] – quoted in his ''[[Trauermusik]]'' (January 1936).<ref>[[Michael Steinberg (music critic)|Michael Steinberg]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=t8oXNX2tY8AC&dq=werner+reinhart&pg=PA213 ''The Concerto'']</ref>
*[[Benjamin Britten]] – 1948 cantata [[St. Nicolas (Britten)|St Nicolas]]
*[[David Maslanka]] – Symphony No. 4
*[[Frank Ticheli]] – Angels in the Architecture
*[[Felix Mendelssohn]] – Piano Trio in C minor Op 66, 4th movement Finale
*[[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] – The Old 100th Psalm Tune ("All people that on earth do dwell") – originally composed for the 1953 coronation of Queen Elizabeth II; with a brass fanfare and borrowing a [[fauxbourdon]] setting by [[John Dowland]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Old Hundredth Psalm Tune: All People that on Earth do Dwell |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-old-hundredth-psalm-tune-9780193547216?cc=us&lang=en&# |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=28 April 2020 |date=31 March 1969|isbn = 978-0-19-354721-6}}</ref>
*The 1893 song "[[The Volunteer Organist]]" by [[George Spaulding]] features the Old Hundredth in its refrain - it is played by the piano and is harmonised to an original vocal melody. 
*In [[The Adventures of Tom Sawyer]] by [[Mark Twain]], the congregation sings "Old Hundredth" (called "Old Hundred" here) to celebrate the reappearance of [[Tom Sawyer]], [[Huck Finn]] and Joe Harper at the funeral service being held for them after they had gone missing and were presumed dead.  
*[[Patrick O'Brian]] makes frequent reference to it in his [[Aubrey–Maturin series]] of historical fiction novels, as being one of the traditional hymns sung by the sailors on Sundays.<ref>The Hundred Days, p.111 (Vol. Book 19) (Aubrey/Maturin Novels)
By Patrick O'Brian</ref>

"Old Hundred" was the first work transmitted by telephone during Graham Bell first demo at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Boston, May 10, 1876).<ref>Robert V. Bruce, Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, Cornell University Press, 1973, p.189.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Metrical psalter]]
* [[Psalm 100]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMSLP|work=The Old Hundredth Psalm Tune (Vaughan Williams, Ralph)|cname=Old 100th (setting by Vaughan Williams)}}
{{Hymns and songs based on Psalms}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hymn tunes]]
[[Category:Psalm settings]]
[[Category:Songs based on American history]]
[[Category:Protestant hymns]]
[[Category:1551 works]]