Editing Old Calendarists

{{Short description|Group of traditionalist Eastern Orthodox bodies}}
{{about|the Eastern Orthodox groups that have left their Churches due to disagreements concerning the Revised Julian calendar|the other name of the Eastern Orthodox movement which separated from mainstream Eastern Orthodoxy in the 1920s|True Orthodoxy|the Assyrian church which keeps its old calendar|Ancient Church of the East}}
{{One source|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox religious group|group=Old Calendarists|region1={{flag|Greece}}|pop1=250 000–2 million (1991);<ref name="Chrysostomos1991">{{Cite journal|url=|title=The old calendarists: A social psychological profile of a Greek Orthodox minority|last1=Chrysostomos|last2=Akakios|date=November 1, 1991|journal=Pastoral Psychology|volume=40|issue=2|pages=83–91|via=Springer Link|doi=10.1007/BF01040490|s2cid=144654988}}</ref> 500 000–800 000 (2005)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/437c9ce134.html|title=Refworld &#124; U.S. Department of State Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2005 - Greece|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|last=Refugees|website=Refworld}}</ref>|region2={{flag|Romania}}|pop2=1 million (1991);<ref name="Chrysostomos1991" /> over 1 million (1999)<ref name=":2"/>|religions=[[Christianity]] ([[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]])|footnotes=|image_caption=|region3={{flag|USA}}|pop3=at least 2,000 (2011)<ref>[[Holy Orthodox Church in North America|HOCNA]] adherents, from Krindatch, A. (2011). ''Atlas of American Orthodox Christian Churches'', p. 44. Brookline, MA: Holy Cross Orthodox Press</ref>}}
{{Eastern Orthodox sidebar}}
'''Old Calendarists''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: ''palaioimerologitai<ref name=":0" />'' or ''palaioimerologites''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=Περισσότερες από 500 επιθέσεις σε θρησκευτικούς χώρους το 2017|url=https://www.kathimerini.gr/society/1001945/perissoteres-apo-500-epitheseis-se-thriskeytikoys-choroys-to-2017/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ}}</ref>), also known as '''Old Feasters''' (''palaioeortologitai''), '''Genuine Orthodox Christians''' or '''True Orthodox Christians''' ('''GOC'''; {{Langx|el|Γνήσιοι Ορθόδοξοι Χριστιανοί|translit=Gnisioi Orthodoxoi Christianoi}}), are traditionalist groups of [[Eastern Orthodox Christians]] that separated from mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches because [[New Calendarists|some of the latter]] [[Council of Constantinople (1923)|adopted]] the [[revised Julian calendar]] while Old Calendarists remained committed to the [[Julian calendar]].''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ware |first=Kallistos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-71s8jEHWJsC |title=Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85065-705-7 |editor-last=Clogg |editor-first=Richard |pages=2–4 |chapter=Old Calendarists |author-link=Kallistos (Ware)}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781405166584|title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity|date=2017-09-01|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-4051-6658-4|editor-last=Parry|editor-first=Ken|location=Oxford, UK|pages=498–9, 355|language=en|chapter=|doi=10.1002/9781405166584|orig-date=1999|editor-last2=Melling|editor-first2=David J.|editor-last3=Brady|editor-first3=Dimitri|editor-last4=Griffith|editor-first4=Sidney H.|editor-last5=Healey|editor-first5=John F.}}</ref>''

Old Calendarists are not in [[Full communion|communion]] with any mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-23|title=Independent Orthodox Churches or the Other Orthodox Family of Churches|url=https://theorthodoxchurch.info/main/non-canonical-orthodox-churches/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE - Media Network|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906110732/https://theorthodoxchurch.info/main/non-canonical-orthodox-churches/}}</ref>

"Old Calendarists" is another name for the [[True Orthodox]] movement in [[Romania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781405166584|title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity|date=2017-09-01|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-4051-6658-4|editor-last=Parry|editor-first=Ken|location=Oxford, UK|pages=498–9|language=en|chapter=True Orthodox church|doi=10.1002/9781405166584|orig-date=1999|editor-last2=Melling|editor-first2=David J.|editor-last3=Brady|editor-first3=Dimitri|editor-last4=Griffith|editor-first4=Sidney H.|editor-last5=Healey|editor-first5=John F.}}</ref>

==Terminology==
Mainstream Eastern Orthodox Christians that use the [[Julian calendar|old (Julian) calendar]] are not what is designated by the expression "Old Calendarist", because they remain in communion with the [[New Calendarists|Eastern Orthodox churches that use the new calendar]] (the [[Revised Julian calendar]]). Old Calendarists have severed [[Koinonia|communion]] with the mainstream Eastern Orthodox that follow the old calendar, because the latter maintained communion with Eastern Orthodox churches that had adopted the revised calendar. Thus, to be "Old Calendarist" is not the same thing as only following the old calendar. The [[Russian Orthodox Church]], for instance, is not Old Calendarist, but follows the old (Julian) calendar.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ware |first=Kallistos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-71s8jEHWJsC |title=Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85065-705-7 |editor-last=Clogg |editor-first=Richard |page=9 |chapter=Old Calendarists |author-link=Kallistos (Ware)}}</ref>''

== History ==

=== Background ===
Until 1924, the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] universally used the [[Julian calendar]], whereas the [[Roman Catholic Church]], under [[Pope Gregory XIII]], conducted a [[calendar reform]] resulting in the [[Gregorian calendar]] in 1582. The [[Gregorian calendar#Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates|difference between the two calendars]] is 13 days between 1900 and 2100.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anderson|first=L. V.|date=2013-01-07|title=Merry (Russian Orthodox) Christmas!|language=en-US|work=Slate|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2013/01/russian_christmas_date_why_do_eastern_orthodox_christians_celebrate_christmas.html|access-date=2018-02-18|issn=1091-2339}}</ref>

==== 1923 Congress ====
{{See also|New Calendarists}}
In May 1923, the [[Pan-Orthodox Council of Constantinople]], called by Patriarch [[Meletius IV of Constantinople]], adopted the [[Revised Julian calendar]]. This new calendar was different to the Julian calendar, and would not diverge from the [[Gregorian calendar]] for a further 800 years. The Revised Julian calendar replaced the tabular date of [[Easter]] of the Julian calendar with an [[astronomical]] date of Easter. The astronomical Easter was unpopular and hardly used at all, and for the purpose of calculating the date of Easter the Julian calendar was restored. Not all Eastern Orthodox churches were represented at the congress or adopted its decisions, and the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] and some other Eastern Orthodox churches have continued to use the Julian calendar liturgically to this day.

=== Birth ===

==== Greece ====
[[File:Cross_of_Athens_(1925).jpg|thumb|Apparition of the Holy Cross over the Greek Old Calendarist [[Monastery]] of St. John the Theologian in [[Hymettus]], in 1925.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Speake|first=Graham|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ockEAAAQBAJ&dq=Holy+Cross+Monastery+of+St.+John+the+Theologian+old+calendarist&pg=PA1170|title=Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition|date=2021-01-31|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94206-9|page=1170|language=en|chapter=Old Calendarists}}</ref> [[Artist's rendition]] in a newspaper at the time.]]
In 1924, the [[Church of Greece]] adopted the [[Revised Julian calendar]], also called 'New calendar'. "At first, resistance to the New Calendar was muted". The Old Calendarists in Greece were at first a small number of laymen, priests and monks, whose number grew over the years.<ref name=":12" />''<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Ware|first=Kallistos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-71s8jEHWJsC|title=Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=2002|isbn=978-1-85065-705-7|editor-last=Clogg|editor-first=Richard|pages=1–2, 10–12|chapter=Old Calendarists}}</ref>''

Before they were joined by bishops, the Old Calendarist movement in Greece was only composed of priests and laypeople, of which "several hundreds monks from [[Monastic community of Mount Athos|Athos]]"<!--This part is present twice in the article: it is on purpose, see the source.-->.<ref name=":12" />

In 1935, three bishops of the Church of Greece joined the movement and consecrated four new bishops for the movement.''<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":12"/>'' Of those three bishops, [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] {{Interlanguage link|Chrysostomos (Kavourides)|ru|Хризостом (Кавуридис)}} of [[Florina]] became the leader of the Greek Old Calendarist movement. Of the three bishops who had joined, Chrysostom of Zakynthos soon left the movement after the consecration and went back to the Church of Greece. Of the four bishops consecrated, two joined the Church of Greece. This left the Greek Old Calendarist movement with four bishops: Chrysostomos of Florina, Germanos of Demetria, Germanos of the Cyclades, and Matthew (Karpoudakis) of Vrestheni. Those remaining four bishops created an Old Calendarist [[Holy Synod]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite book|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781405166584|title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity|date=2017-09-01|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-4051-6658-4|editor-last=Parry|editor-first=Ken|location=Oxford, UK|pages=353–6|language=en|chapter=Old Calendarists|doi=10.1002/9781405166584|orig-date=1999|editor-last2=Melling|editor-first2=David J.|editor-last3=Brady|editor-first3=Dimitri|editor-last4=Griffith|editor-first4=Sidney H.|editor-last5=Healey|editor-first5=John F.}}</ref>

While the Greek Old Calendarists were "[o]riginally perhaps a million strong", they were severely [[Religious persecution|persecuted]] by the [[Greece|State of Greece]]; Metropolitan Chrysostomos was imprisoned in [[Lesbos]] in 1951 as part of those persecutions.<ref name=":122" />
===== Splits =====
[[File:Timeline of the main Old Calendarists and True Orthodox Greek Eastern Orthodox Churches (2021).svg|thumb|Timeline of the main Greek Old Calendarist churches until 2021.]]
The Greek Old Calendarists experienced schism in 1937, due to a disagreement on the validity of the [[sacraments]] performed by members of churches which have adopted the [[Revised Julian calendar|reformed calendar]].<ref name=":12" /> After Chrysostomos, head of the Holy Synod, refused to declare the sacraments of the [[New Calendarists]] as [[Grace in Christianity|graceless]], bishop Matthew led the group which seceded from the Holy Synod.<ref name=":122" />

After this, Matthew ordained a number of bishops himself, and formed a separate Holy Synod of which he was the head as archbishop of Athens. Matthew died in 1950.<ref name=":122" />

After Chrysostomos' death in 1955, his group had no bishop until 1960, when two bishops of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia]] (ROCOR) consecrated {{Interlanguage link|Akakios (Pappas senior)|lt=Akakios|ru|Акакий (Паппас-старший)}} archbishop. Akakios consecrated other bishops with the participation of another different ROCOR bishop. Akakios was succeeded by {{Interlanguage link|Auxentios (Pastras)|lt=Auxentios|ru|Авксентий (Пастрас)}}. Under Auxentios, "complicated patterns of division and realignment occurred both within his own jurisdiction and among the followers of Archbishop Matthew". Due to this, in 1999 there were at least five different Greek Old Calendarist churches, each headed by a different archbishop of Athens. Additionally, there was also a [[Orthodox Church of Greece (Holy Synod in Resistance)|'Cyprianite' Greek Old Calendarist Church]], whose adjective derives from its leader, bishop [[Kyprianos Koutsoumpas|Cyprian of Oropos and Phyli]].<ref name=":122" />

In 1971, the ROCOR tried to unite the factions of Greek Old Calendarists, but failed. In 1999, the most important groups of Greek Old Calendarists were the Chrysostomites, the Matthewites, and the Cyprianites.<ref name=":12" />

==== Romania ====
Also in 1924, the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]] adopted the revised calendar; at this moment the Old Calendarist movement began in [[Romania]].<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":122" /> The [[abbot]] of Prokof, {{Interlanguage link|Glycerius Tănase|ro|Glicherie Tănase}}, became the head of the Old Calendarist movement in Romania. [[Hierarchs]] in Greece, supporting the Old Calendarists, did not manage to consecrate Tanase a bishop due to interventions of the Greek State.<ref name=":122" />

By 1936, many parishes had left the Romanian Orthodox Church to become Old Calendarist, and more than forty new churches had been built for the use of Romanian Old Calendarist communities.<ref name=":122" />

From 1935 and onwards, the Romanian government enacted "drastic measures" aimed to "eradicate organized opposition" to the Romanian Orthodox Church. Due to this, Romanian Old Calendarist churches and monasteries "were razed", and Romanian Old Calendarists activists were incarcerated. "Many, like Abbot Pambo, were killed and Glicherie Tănase was repeatedly imprisoned." Those persecutions went on "until the collapse of the [Romanian] regime at the end of the [[Second World War]]."<ref name=":122" />

In 1955, one bishop of the Romanian Orthodox Church, Metropolitan {{Interlanguage link|Galaction Cordun|ro|Galaction Cordun}}, joined the Old Calendarist movement in Romania.<ref name=":122" /> Before they were joined by a bishops, the Old Calendarist movement in Romania was only composed of priests and laypeople, of which "several hundreds monks from [[Monastic community of Mount Athos|Athos]]"<!--This part is present twice in the article: it is on purpose, see the source.-->.<ref name=":12" />

Metropolitan Galaction, while under [[house arrest]], consecrated other Old Calendarist bishops:<ref name=":122" /> {{Interlanguage link|Eulogius Oța|ro|Evloghie Oța}}, {{Interlanguage link|Methodius Marinache|ro|Meftodie Marinache}}, and Glycerius Tănase.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=20 June 1999|title=Mitropolitul Glicherie Tanase va fi canonizat saptamina viitoare|url=http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/mitropolitul-glicherie-tanase-va-fi-canonizat-saptamina-viitoare-568675.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130705212612/http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/mitropolitul-glicherie-tanase-va-fi-canonizat-saptamina-viitoare-568675.html|archive-date=2013-07-05|access-date=2021-12-13|website=[[Evenimentul Zilei]]}}</ref> Later, [[Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Romania|a Holy Synod of the Romanian Old Calendarists]] was "formally established".<ref name=":122" />

Since the [[Nicolae Ceaușescu|Ceaușescu]] period, the Romania Old Calendarist Church "has flourished, establishing a vigorous [[Parish|parochial]] and monastic life."<ref name=":122" /> Since the [[Romanian Revolution|fall of Ceaușescu]], the Romanian Old Calendarist movement "has grown notably."<ref name=":2" />

The Romanian Old Calendarist movement remained united, unlike the Greek Old Calendarist movement.<ref name=":2" />

Metropolitan Galaction was the first head of the Romanian Old Calendarist, until his death in 1959. Galaction was succeeded as head by Tănase, who became the second leader of the Romania Old Calendarist Church, from 1960 until his death in 1985.<ref name=":1" /> Tanase was [[canonized]] by the Romania Old Calendarist Church in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 1999|title=Alte stiri|url=https://www.ziaruldeiasi.ro/national-extern/alte-stiri~nitj9|access-date=2021-12-13|website=Ziarul de Iași}}</ref>

==== Bulgaria ====
{{See also|Old Calendar Bulgarian Orthodox Church}}
The [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]] adopted the revised Julian calendar in 1968. The Protection Convent near [[Sofia]] became a center of the resistance to this adoption. In 1993, {{ill|Photius Siromakhov|bg|Фотий Триадицки}} of Triadista was consecrated bishop by the [[Orthodox Church of Greece (Holy Synod in Resistance)|Cyprianite Old Calendarist Church]] to be [[hierarch]] of the Bulgarian Old Calendarists.<ref name=":122" />

==== Ukraine ====
{{hatnote|Further information: {{ill|Reform of the church calendar in Ukraine|uk|Реформа церковного календаря в Україні|display=1}}}}
The autocephalous [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]] adopted the Revised Julian calendar in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=OCU switches to a new calendar|url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2023/05/24/162722/|work=[[Istorychna Pravda]]|date=24 May 2023|access-date=24 May 2023|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> The canonical Ukrainian Orthodox Church commonly referred to by the exonym [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate]] did not switch to the Revised Julian calendar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine's Orthodox Church, Greek Catholic Church start dialogue on church calendar reform|url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/880696.html|work=[[Interfax-Ukraine]]|date=26 December 2022|access-date=24 May 2023|language=English}}</ref>

== Intercommunion ==
In 1977, a declaration of [[intercommunion]] between the [[Orthodox Church of Greece (Holy Synod in Resistance)|Cyprianite Old Calendarist Church]] and the [[Old Calendarist Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Old Calendarist Church]] was signed.<ref name=":122" />

In 1994, an act establishing communion between the [[ROCOR]] and the Cyprianite Old Calendarist Church established full communion between those two churches, as well as between Romanian and [[Old Calendar Bulgarian Orthodox Church|Bulgarian]] Old Calendarist churches. Those four churches were therefore "in a single communion".<ref name=":122" />

The Cyprianite Old Calendarist Church severed its communion with the ROCOR in 2005, because they considered the ROCOR was going to enter into a [[Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate|union with the Moscow Patriarchate]], and had "jettisoned" its "''anti-[[ecumenist]] outlook''" as well as its cooperation with the Cyprianite Old Calendarist Church. Two weeks prior to the Cyprianite Old Calendarist Church's decision, the ROCOR had severed communion with the Cyprianite Old Calendarist Church due to its leader consecrating a bishop in [[Ossetia]] as Bishop {{Interlanguage link|Eparchy of Alania|lt=of Alania|ru|Аланская епархия}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Holy Synod in Resistance and Her [''sic''] Attitude Towards the Union of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad with the Moscow Patriarchate|url=https://www.hsir.org/Mitropolitika_en/E1a4015EnosisMPDiasporas5-07.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Русская зарубежная церковь прекратила общение с греческим "Синодом противостоящих" и сделала еще один шаг навстречу Московскому патриархату|url=http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=8278|access-date=2021-11-15|website=www.interfax-religion.ru}}</ref>

== Demography ==
In 1999, it was estimated that "[t]here are probably over one million Old Calendarists in Romania, somewhat fewer in Greece, and considerably fewer in [[Bulgaria]], [[Cyprus]], and the [Eastern Orthodox] [[diaspora]]."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781405166584|title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity|date=2017-09-01|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-4051-6658-4|editor-last=Parry|editor-first=Ken|location=Oxford, UK|page=499|language=en|chapter=True Orthodox church|doi=10.1002/9781405166584|editor-last2=Melling|editor-first2=David J.|editor-last3=Brady|editor-first3=Dimitri|editor-last4=Griffith|editor-first4=Sidney H.|editor-last5=Healey|editor-first5=John F.}}</ref>

== Categories ==
There exists two trends within Old Calendarism. The first one is "resistance Old Calendarism", the second is "[[Fundamentalism|integrist]] Old Calendarism".<ref name=":122" />

The first position "expresses resistance to what it sees as unlawful innovation and walls itself off from churches using the [[Revised Julian calendar|new calendar]] and compromised by what is seen as the [[Heresy in Christianity|heresy]] of [[ecumenism]]. It refuses, however, to condemn the [[Rite (Christianity)|rites]] and [[sacraments]] of New Calendarists as devoid of [[Grace in Christianity|grace]], and seeks by witness and courteous dialogue to draw the [Eastern] Orthodox majority to its traditionalist outlook." This trend is to be found for example in among the [[True Orthodox]] of Cyprianite stance.<ref name=":122" />

The second position "rejects all [[New Calendarist]] churches, all those in [[Koinonia|communion]] with New Calendarists and all who refuse to reject the sacraments of the New Calendarists as outside the [Eastern] Orthodox Church and therefore as having sacraments devoid of grace." Churches which hold this position "see themselves as the surviving [Eastern] Orthodox church, maintaining the integrity of [Eastern] Orthodox tradition in the face of massive apostasy." This trend is to be found for example in the Old Calendarist churches of the Matthewite succession.<ref name=":122" />

In 1999, it was noted that "a more recent cause of division, especially among Matthewites, is the [[icon]] of the [[Holy Trinity]] portraying God the Father as "the Ancient of Days": some Old Calendarists reject the icon, others reject the rejecters as [[Iconoclasm|iconoclasts]]."<ref name=":2" />

== Groups ==
Old Calendarist groups include:

* Greek Old Calendarists, composed of numerous churches of which are:
**[[Holy Synod of Milan]]
** [[Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of North and South America and the British Isles]]
**{{ill|Church of the Genuine Orthodox Christians of Greece (Chrysostomos Synod)|de|Kirche der wahren orthodoxen Christen Griechenlands (Chrysostomos-Synode)}}
***{{ill|Alania Diocese|os|Алайнаг епархи}}
**{{Interlanguage link|Church of the Genuine Orthodox Christians of Greece (Matthew Synod)|fr|Vraie Église orthodoxe de Grèce - Synode matthéiste}}
**{{Interlanguage link|Church of the Genuine Orthodox Christians of Greece (Gregorian Synod)|fr|Vraie Église orthodoxe de Grèce - Synode grégorien}}
**{{Interlanguage link|Church of the Genuine Orthodox Christians of Greece (Kirykos Synod)|fr|Vraie Église orthodoxe de Grèce - Synode Kirykos}}
**{{Interlanguage link|Church of the Genuine Orthodox Christians of Greece of the Patristic Calendar|lt=|fr|Église des vrais chrétiens orthodoxes de Grèce - Synode du calendrier Patristique}}
*** [[Autonomous Orthodox Metropolis of Ecuador and Latin America]]
*** [[True Orthodox Metropolis of Germany and Europe]]
**[[Holy Orthodox Church in North America]]
**[[Orthodox Church of Greece (Holy Synod in Resistance)]] (defunct)
**[[Indonesian Orthodox Church (Old Calendarist)|Indonesian Orthodox Church]]
* [[Old Calendar Bulgarian Orthodox Church]]
* [[Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Romania]]

== See also ==
* [[Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar]]
* [[Independent sacramental movement]]
* [[New Calendarists]]
* [[Old Believers]]

==References==

<references />

==Further reading==

*{{cite book|last=Kitsikis|first=Dimitri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33x_AAAACAAJ|title=The Old Calendarists and the Rise of Religious Conservatism in Greece|publisher=Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies|year=1995|isbn=978-0-911165-33-3|location=Etna, California|author-link=Dimitri Kitsikis}}
*{{cite book|last=Moss|first=Vladimir|url=http://www.romanitas.ru/eng/TOC,%201970-2000.htm|title=A Short History of the True Orthodox Church of Greece (1970-2000)|year=2001}}
* {{cite book |author=Епископ [[Atanasije Jevtić |Атанасије]] |title=Заблуде расколника тзв. "старокалендараца" |date=2004 |publisher=Братство Св. Симеона Мироточивог |location=Требиње – Врњци}}
* {{cite book |author=[[:ru:Слесарев, Александр Валерьевич |Слесарев А. В.]] |url=https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Istorija_Tserkvi/starostilnyj-raskol-v-istorii-pravoslavnoj-tserkvi-1924-2008/ |title=Старостильный раскол в истории Православной Церкви (1924—2008) |date=2009 |publisher=Изд-во Крутицкого подворья. Общество любителей церковной истории |location=Moscow}}
* ''Бочков П. В., свящ.'' Обзор неканонических православных юрисдикций XX—XXI вв.: монография. В 4 т. — Т. 4: Греческий старостильный раскол. — 2-е изд., испр. и доп. — СПб.: Своё издательство, 2018. — 282 с.
* {{Cite book|last=Speake|first=Graham|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ockEAAAQBAJ&dq=Holy+Cross+Monastery+of+St.+John+the+Theologian+old+calendarist&pg=PA1170|title=Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition|date=2021-01-31|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94206-9|pages=1169–70|language=en|chapter=Old Calendarists}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia|year=2016|title=Church of the Genuine Orthodox Christians of America|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|url=|last=|first=|editor-last=Kurian|editor-first=George Thomas|volume=5|pages=575–6|language=en|isbn=978-1-4422-4432-0|editor-last2=Lamport|editor-first2=Mark A.}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey|last=Roberson|first=Ronald|chapter-url=https://cnewa.org/eastern-christian-churches/orthodox-church/orthodox-churches-of-irregular-status/the-old-calendar-orthodox-churches/|via=CNEWA|access-date=2021-12-02|edition=7th|language=EN|chapter=The Old Calendar Orthodox Churches}}
*{{Cite web|date=2021-03-15|title=Report to the Episcopal Conference Concerning Accusations of ROCOR Interference in the Affairs of the Church of Greece|url=https://www.rocorstudies.org/2021/03/15/report-to-the-episcopal-congress-concerning-accusations-of-rocor-interference-in-the-affairs-of-the-church-of-greece/|access-date=2021-11-11|website=ROCOR Studies|language=en-US}}
'''Publications by Old Calendarist clergy on the subject'''

* {{Cite journal|last=Cyprian of Oropos and Fili|author-link=Kyprianos Koutsoumpas|date=1982|title=The True Orthodox Christians of Romania|url=https://nicefor.info/the-true-orthodox-christians-of-romania-1982-metropolitan-cyprian-i-2013/|journal=The Orthodox Word|location=Platina, CA|publisher=St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood|volume=18|issue=1 (102)|pages=5–15}}
* {{cite book |url= |title=The Struggle Against Ecumenism: The History of the True Orthodox Church of Greece from 1924 to 1994 |publisher=[[Holy Orthodox Church in North America]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-943405-09-4 |location=Boston, MA}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Chrysostomos|last2=Akakios|date=November 1, 1991|title=The old calendarists: A social psychological profile of a Greek Orthodox minority|url=|journal=Pastoral Psychology|volume=40|issue=2|pages=83–91|doi=10.1007/BF01040490|s2cid=144654988|via=Springer Link}}

*[http://bulgarian-orthodox-church.org/ch-life/official/EcclesiologicalPosition-en.pdf The Ecclesiological Position of the Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Bulgaria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005070521/http://bulgarian-orthodox-church.org/ch-life/official/EcclesiologicalPosition-en.pdf |date=2013-10-05 }}, by Bishop Photii of Triaditsa

[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Old Calendarism]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox belief and doctrine]]
[[Category:Julian calendar]]