Editing Old Italic scripts

{{Short description|Family of writing systems in ancient Italy}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2021}}

{{Infobox writing system
| name        = Old Italic
| nativename  = 
| type        = Alphabet
| languages   = 
| time        = 7th century – 1st century BC
| fam1        = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
| fam2        = [[Proto-Sinaitic script|Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam3        = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
| fam4       = [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] ([[Archaic Greek alphabets#Euboean|Euboean variant]])
| sisters     = 
| children    = [[Runes|Runic]], [[Latin alphabet]]
| unicode     = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10300.pdf U+10300–U+1032F]<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10300.pdf | title = Old Italic | type = chart | publisher = Unicode }}.</ref>
| iso15924    = Ital
| sample      = Marsiliana tablet.svg
| caption     = The ''[[abecedarium]]'' inscribed in the [[Etruscan alphabet#Origins|Marsiliana tablet]], around 700 BC
| imagesize   = 
}}

The '''Old Italic scripts''' are a family of ancient [[writing system]]s used in the [[Italian Peninsula]] between about 700 and 100 BC, for various languages spoken in that time and place. The most notable member is the [[Etruscan alphabet]], which was the immediate ancestor of the [[Latin alphabet]] used by more than 100 languages today, including [[English language|English]]. The [[runes|runic alphabets]] used in [[Northern Europe]] are believed to have been separately derived from one of these alphabets by the 2nd century AD.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=runic alphabet {{!}} writing system |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/runic-alphabet |date=2022-09-02 |language=en}}</ref>

==Origins==
The Old Italic alphabets ultimately derive from the [[Phoenician alphabet]], but the general consensus is that the [[Etruscan alphabet]] was imported from the [[Euboea]]n [[Greek colonisation|Greek colonies]] of [[Cumae]] and [[Ischia|Ischia (Pithekoūsai)]] situated in the [[Gulf of Naples]] in the 8th century BC; this [[Archaic Greek alphabets#Euboean|Euboean alphabet]] is also called 'Cumaean' (after Cumae), or 'Chalcidian' (after its [[Colonies in antiquity|metropolis]] [[Chalcis]]).<ref name="Banti">{{Cite book |last=Banti |first=Luisa |date=1973 |title=Etruscan Cities and Their Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zzu5EjrCrsC&pg=PA193 |location=Berkeley, California |publisher=University of California Press |page=193 |isbn=978-0-520-01910-2 |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref> The Cumaean hypothesis is supported by the 1957–58 excavations of [[Veii]] by the [[British School at Rome]], which found pieces of Greek pottery indicating that contacts between the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan city]] of Veii and the Greek colonies of Cumae and Ischia have existed ever since the second half of the 8th century.<ref name="Banti"/> Other scholars posit a different hypothetical Western Greek alphabet that was even older than those attested to have given rise to the Etruscan letters.<ref name="Banti"/> Whatever the case, the Etruscans added the ''c'', the ''q'' and the combination of ''vh'' or ''hv'' (for /f/) in order to spell sounds that did not exist in Ancient Greek.<ref name="Wallace">{{Cite book |last=Wallace |first=Rex E. |date=2015 |title=A Companion to the Etruscans |chapter=Chapter 14: Language, Alphabet, and Linguistic Affiliation |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H91bCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT309 |location=Chichester |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=309 |isbn=978-1-118-35495-7 |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref> The development and usage of their own Greek-derived alphabet arguably marked the end of the [[Villanovan culture]] and ushered in the Etruscan [[Orientalizing period|Orientalising period]].<ref name="Wallace"/>{{rp|19}}

As the Etruscans were the leading civilization of Italy in that period, it is widely accepted that they spread their alphabet across the peninsula, and the other Old Italic scripts were derived from theirs.<ref name="Wallace"/> Scholars provide three reasons: Etruscans and non-Etruscans had strong contacts in the 8th and 7th centuries, surviving inscriptions from other languages appear later (after the end of the 8th century) than the earliest Etruscan ones (first amongst the [[Umbrians]], [[Faliscans]], [[Latins]], and [[Sabines]] to the south, in the 6th century also in the [[Po Valley]] and amongst the [[Cisalpine Celtic]], [[Venetic language|Venetic]] and [[Rhaetic|Raetic tribes]]), and the letters used in these texts are evidently based on the Etruscan version of the Western Greek alphabet.<ref name="Wallace"/> However, some of them, including the Latin alphabet, retained certain Greek letters that the Etruscans themselves dropped at a rather early stage.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

The Old Italic alphabets were used for various different languages, which included some [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] ones (predominantly from the [[Italic languages|Italic]] branch, but also in [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] and probably in inscriptions interpreted as [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]) and some non-Indo-European ones (such as [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] itself).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Everson |first=Michael |url=https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn40/old-italic-glyph-variation.pdf |title=Unicode Technical Note No. 40: Old Italic glyph variation |date=2015-08-06 |access-date=2023-10-21}}</ref>

==Alphabets related to Etruscan==
The following table shows the ancient Italic scripts that are presumed{{by whom|date=August 2021}} to be related to the Etruscan alphabet. Symbols that are assumed to be correspondent are placed on the same column. Many symbols occur with two or more variant forms in the same script; only one variant is shown here. The notations '''[←]''' and '''[→]''' indicate that the shapes shown were used when writing right-to-left and left-to-right, respectively.

'''Warning: For the languages marked [?] the appearance of the "Letters" in the table is whatever one's browser's [[Unicode]] font shows for the corresponding code points in the [[Old Italic (Unicode block)|Old Italic Unicode block]]. The same code point represents different symbol shapes in different languages; therefore, to display those glyph images properly one needs to use a Unicode font specific to that language.'''

{|class="wikitable"
|colspan=31 style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"|'''[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]'''
|-
!Letter [←]
|{{Glyph|Phnx|aleph|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|beth|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|gimel|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|daleth|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|he|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|waw|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|zayin|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|heth|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|teth|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|yodh|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|kaph|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|lamedh|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|mem|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|nun|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|samekh|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|ayin|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|pe|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|sade|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|qoph|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|res|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|sin|12}}
|{{Glyph|Phnx|taw|12}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Value
|ʾ||b||g||d||h||w||z||ḥ||ṭ||y||k||l||m||n||s||ʿ||p||ṣ||q||r||š||t||
|-
| colspan=31 style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"|'''[[Western Greek alphabet|Western Greek]]'''<ref>{{cite book|last=Kirchhoff |first=Adolf |date=1877 |title=Studien zur Geschichte des griechischen Alphabets |url=https://archive.org/details/studienzurgeschi00kirc |publication-place=Berlin |publisher=Dümmler |ol=24337090M |page = [https://archive.org/details/studienzurgeschi00kirc/page/102 102]}}</ref>{{sfn|Kirchhoff|1877|p=[https://archive.org/details/studienzurgeschi00kirc/page/n179 168]}}
|-
!Letter [→]
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Alpha 03}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Beta 16}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Gamma archaic 1}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Delta 04}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Epsilon archaic}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Digamma oblique}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Zeta archaic}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Eta archaic}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Theta archaic}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Iota normal}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Kappa normal}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Lambda 09}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Mu 04}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Nu 01}}
|
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Omicron 04}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Pi archaic}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|San 02}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Koppa normal}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Rho pointed}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Sigma normal}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Tau normal}}
| style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"|{{GrGl|Upsilon normal}}
| style="background-color:#FFB0B0;"|{{GrGl|Chi normal}}
| style="background-color:#FFB0B0;"|{{GrGl|Phi archaic}}
| style="background-color:#FFB0B0;"|{{GrGl|Psi straight}}
|
|
|
|
|-
!Value
|a||b||g||d||e||w||zd||h||tʰ||i||k||l||m||n|| ||o||p||s||k||r||s||t||u||ks||pʰ||kʰ|| || ||
|-
!Transcription
|Α||Β||Γ||Δ||Ε||Ϝ||Ζ||Η||Θ||Ι||Κ||Λ||Μ||Ν||Ξ||Ο||Π||Ϻ||Ϙ||Ρ||Σ||Τ||Υ||X||Φ||Ψ|| || || ||
|-
| colspan=31 style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"|'''[[Etruscan alphabet|Etruscan]]''' – from 7th century BC<ref>{{cite book
  |publisher=Manchester University Press
  |ol=19629507M
  |isbn=0-7190-0902-2
  |publication-place=Manchester
  |title=The Etruscan language
  |url=https://archive.org/details/etruscanlanguage0000bonf
  |last=Bonfante |first=Giuliano
  |date=1983
  |oclc=610734784
  |page=[https://archive.org/details/etruscanlanguage0000bonf/page/64 64]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
  |publisher=DuMont
  |ol=1198388M
  |isbn=3-7701-3128-2
  |publication-place=Köln
  |title=Die Etrusker und ihre Welt
  |url=https://archive.org/details/dieetruskerundih0000stut
  |last=Stützer |first=Herbert Alexander
  |date=1992
  |lccn=94191271
  |oclc=611534598
  |page=[https://archive.org/details/dieetruskerundih0000stut/page/12 12]}}</ref>
|-
!Marsiliana [←]
| {{Glyph|Etru|A-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|B-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|C-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|D-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|E-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|F-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|Z-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|H-02|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|TH-03|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|I-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|K-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|L-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|M-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|N-01|12}}
| {{GrGl|Xi archaic grid|12}}
| {{GrGl|Omicron 04|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|P-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|SH-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|Q-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|R-01|12}}
| {{GrGl|Sigma Z-shaped|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|T-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|V-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|X-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|PH-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|KH-01|12}}
|  
|
|
|
|-
!Archaic (to 5th c.) [←]
| {{Glyph|Etru|A-01|12}}
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|C-01|12}}
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|E-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|F-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|Z-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|H-02|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|TH-03|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|I-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|K-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|L-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|M-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|N-01|12}}
| 
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|P-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|SH-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|Q-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|R-03|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|S-02|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|T-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|V-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|X-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|PH-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|KH-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|F-02|12}}
|
|
|
|-
!Neo (4th to 1st c.)[←]
| {{Glyph|Etru|A-01|12}}
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|C-01|12}}
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|E-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|F-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|Z-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|H-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|TH-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|I-01|12}}
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|L-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|M-02|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|N-02|12}}
| 
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|P-01|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|SH-01|12}}
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|R-04|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|S-02|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|T-02|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|U-02|12}}
| 
| {{Glyph|Etru|PH-02|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|KH-02|12}}
| {{Glyph|Etru|F-02|12}}
|
|
|
|-
! Value
| a
| 
| k
| 
| e
| w
| ts
| h
| t<sup>h</sup>
| i
| k
| l
| m
| n
| 
| 
| p
| ʃ
| k
| r
| s
| t
| u
| s
| p<sup>h</sup>
| k<sup>h</sup>
| f
|
|
|
|-
!Transcription
| a
| 
| c
| 
| e
| v
| z
| h
| θ
| i
| k
| l
| m
| n
| 
| 
| p
| ś
| q
| r
| s
| t
| u
| ṡ
| φ
| χ
| f
|
|
|
|-
|colspan=31 style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"|'''[[Oscan language|Oscan]]''' – from 5th century BC<ref>{{Cite book
  |title=A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian
  |ol=7118142M
  |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofoscanum00buckuoft
  |publisher=Ginn
  |publication-place=Boston
  |last=Buck |first=Carl Darling 
  |date=1904
  |page=[https://archive.org/details/grammarofoscanum00buckuoft/page/22 22]}}</ref>
|-
!Letter [←]
| {{Glyph|Osca|A3|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|B1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|C1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|D1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|E1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|F2|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|Z1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|H1|12}}
|
| {{Glyph|Osca|I1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|K2|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|L2|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|M1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|N1|12}}
| 
| 
| {{Glyph|Osca|P1|12}}
|
|
| {{Glyph|Osca|R1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|S1|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|T2|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|U1|12}}
| 
| 
| 
| {{Glyph|Osca|F3|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|U3|12}}
| {{Glyph|Osca|I2|12}}
|
|-
! Value
|a||b||g||d||ɛ<ref group=lower-alpha name="zair2016">Zair (2016) uses /ɛ/ for <'''e'''> and /e/ for <'''í'''> as phonemic symbols.</ref>||w||ts||h|| ||i||k||l||m||n|| || ||p|| || ||r||s||t||u|| || || ||f||o||e<ref group=lower-alpha name="zair2016" /><ref group=lower-alpha>Buck (1904), p.&nbsp;22: «The '''í''' is used to indicate an open ''i''-sound, representing etymologically a short ''i'', an ''ē'', a short ''e'' in hiatus and occurring regularly in ''i''-diphthongs and in the combination '''ií''' representing ''ī''».</ref>||
|-
! Transcription
|a||b||g||d||e||v||z||h|| ||i||k||l||m||n|| || ||p|| || ||r||s||t||u|| || || ||f||ú||í ||
|-
|colspan=31 style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"|'''[[Lepontic language|Lepontic]]''' – 7th to 5th century BC
|-
!Letter [?][→]
| {{script|Ital|𐌀}}
| 
|
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌄}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌅}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌆}}
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌈}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌉}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌊}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌋}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌌}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌍}}
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌏}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌐}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌑}}
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌓}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌔}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌕}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌖}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌗}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Value
|-
!Transcription
|A|| || || ||E||V||Z|| ||Θ||I||K||L||M||N|| ||O||P||Ś|| ||R||S||T||U||X|| || || || || ||
|-
|colspan=31 style="background-color:#FAFAFA;text-align:center;"|'''[[South Picene language|South Picene]]''' – from 6th century BC
|-
! Letter [?][→]
| {{script|Ital|𐌀}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌁}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌂}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌃}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌄}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌅}}
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌇}}
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌉}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌊}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌋}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌌}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌍}}
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌏}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌐}}
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌒}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌓}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌔}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌕}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌖}}
|
|
|
| {{script|Ital|𐌚}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌞}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌝}}
| {{script|Ital|𐌟}}
|-
! Value
|-
!Transcription
| A||B||G||D||E||V|| ||H|| ||I||K||L||M||N|| ||O||P|| ||Q||R||S||T||U|| || || ||F||Ú||Í||*
|}

{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

[[Image:Venetic Raetic Camunic Lepontic alphabets.png|thumb|upright 1.3|The alphabets of Este (Venetic), Magrè and Bolzano/Bozen-Sanzeno (Raetic), Sondrio (Camunic), Lugano (Lepontic)]]

Missing from the above table:
* [[Venetic language|Venetic]]
* [[Faliscan alphabet|Faliscan]]
* [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]]
* [[North Picene language|North Picene]]
* [[Rhaetic language|Rhaetic]] (Raetic)
* [[Camunic language|Camunic]]

===Etruscan alphabet===
{{alphabet}}
{{Main|Etruscan alphabet}}
Various [[Indo-European languages]] belonging to the [[Italic languages|Italic]] branch ([[Faliscan language|Faliscan]] and members of the [[Sabellian (language)|Sabellian]] group, including [[Oscan]], [[Umbrian]], and [[South Picene]], and other Indo-European branches such as [[Venetic]]) originally used the alphabet. Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, [[North Picene]], and South Picene all derive from an Etruscan form of the alphabet.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is the Indo-European Family of Languages? |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/indo-european-or-ie-1691060 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fortson |first1=Benjamin W. |title=Indo-European language and culture : an introduction |date=2004 |publisher=Blackwell Pub |location=Malden, MA |isbn=1-4051-0316-7 |url=https://people.umass.edu/sharris/in/e412/BC%202%20Indo-European.pdf}}</ref>

===Nucerian alphabet===
[[Image:Segni alfabeto nucerino.tif|700px]]

The ''[[Nuceria]]n alphabet'' is based on inscriptions found in southern Italy ([[Nocera Superiore]], [[Sorrento]], [[Vico Equense]] and other places). It is attested only between the 6th and the 5th century BC.
The most important sign is the /S/, shaped like a fir tree, and possibly a derivation from the [[Phoenician alphabet]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

===Rhaetic alphabets===
[[File:Raetic alphabets.jpg|thumb|The Raetic alphabets]]
Attested in almost 400 inscriptions from mainly the [[Trentino]] and [[South Tyrol]] regions of Northern Italy, and [[North Tyrol]] (Austria) in two distinct alphabets: the alphabet of [[Sanzeno]], and the alphabet of Magrè (near [[Schio]]). It was used to write the [[Rhaetic]] language.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Schumacher |first1=Stefan |last2=Salomon |first2=Corinna |title=Die rätischen Inschriften vom Schneidjoch (Brandenberger Alpen, Tirol) |date=2019 |magazine=Die Höhle |number=70 |pages=159–174 |url=https://tir.univie.ac.at/images/8/88/Steinberg.pdf |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tir.univie.ac.at/wiki/Raetica |title=Raetica |website=Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum |editor-last1=Schumacher |editor-first1=Stefan |editor-last2=Salomon |editor-first2=Corinna |editor-last3=Kluge |editor-first3=Sindy |editor-last4=Bajc |editor-first4=Gudrun |editor-last5=Braun |editor-first5=Martin |date=2020 |access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Salomon |first=Corinna |date=2020 |title=Raetic |journal=Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua |issue=20 |pages=263–298 |doi=10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.380|issn=1578-5386 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Venetic alphabet===
Alphabet of Este: Similar but not identical to that of Magrè, [[Venetic]] inscriptions.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

===Camunic alphabet===
{{Further|Camunic language}}
Inscribed [[abecedaria]] and other short inscriptions found on [[rock drawings in Valcamonica]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Stefan |last=Schumacher |url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631220398_chunk_g97806312203989_ss1-3 |title=Camunic: Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe |website=Blackwell Reference Online |date=2000 |access-date=2023-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314192121/http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631220398_chunk_g97806312203989_ss1-3 |archive-date=14 March 2014 |doi=10.1002/9781405166294}}</ref>

===Latin alphabet===
{{Main|History of the Latin alphabet}}
[[Image:Duenos inscription.jpg|thumb|[[Duenos inscription]], 6th century BC]]
21 of the 26 archaic Etruscan letters were adopted for [[Old Latin]] from the 7th century BC, either directly from the [[Cumae alphabet]], or via archaic Etruscan forms, compared to the classical Etruscan alphabet retaining B, D, K, O, Q, X but dropping Θ, Ξ, Ϻ, Φ, and Ψ.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sampson |first=Geoffrey |date=1985 |title=Writing systems: a linguistic introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/writingsystems00geof |url-access=registration |publication-place=Stanford, Calif. |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/writingsystems00geof/page/109 109] |isbn=978-0-8047-1254-5 |lccn=84040708}}</ref>

{| cellpadding = '5'
| {{script|Ital|𐌀}} || {{script|Ital|𐌁}} || {{script|Ital|𐌂}} || {{script|Ital|𐌃}} || {{script|Ital|𐌄}} || {{script|Ital|𐌅}} || {{script|Ital|𐌆}} || {{script|Ital|𐌇}} || {{script|Ital|𐌉}} || {{script|Ital|𐌊}} || {{script|Ital|𐌋}} || {{script|Ital|𐌌}} || {{script|Ital|𐌍}} || {{script|Ital|𐌏}} || {{script|Ital|𐌐}} || {{script|Ital|𐌒}} || {{script|Ital|𐌓}} || {{script|Ital|𐌔}} || {{script|Ital|𐌕}} || {{script|Ital|𐌖}} || {{script|Ital|𐌗}}
|-
| A || B || C || D || E || F || Z || H || I || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || T || V || X
|}

===South Picene alphabet===
{{Further|South Picene language}}
The South Picene alphabet, known from the 6th century BC, is most like the southern [[Etruscan alphabet]] in that it uses ''Q'' for /k/ and ''K'' for /g/.
{{angbr|.}} is a reduced {{angbr|o}} and {{angbr|:}} is a reduced {{angbr|8}}, used for {{IPA|/f/}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Phonetics and Philology: Sound Change in Italic |first=Jane |last=Stuart-Smith |date=2004 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-925773-6 }}</ref>

==Unicode==
{{Main|Old Italic (Unicode block)}}

The Old Italic alphabets were unified and added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in March 2001 with the release of version 3.1. The Unicode block for Old Italic is U+10300–U+1032F without specification of a particular alphabet (i.e. the Old Italic alphabets are considered equivalent, and the font used will determine the variant).<ref>{{Citation|author=The Unicode Consortium|title=Unicode Standard Annex #27, The Unicode Standard, Version 3.1.|date=2001-05-16|url=https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr27/tr27-4.html#block|section=7.10 Old Italic (new section)}}</ref>

Writing direction (right-to-left, left-to-right, or [[boustrophedon]]) varies based on the language and even the time period. For simplicity most scholars use left-to-right and this is the Unicode default direction for the Old Italic block. For this reason, the glyphs in the code chart are shown with left-to-right orientation.<ref>{{Citation|title=Proposal for encoding the Etruscan script in ISO/IEC 10646|date=1997-08-16|first1=John|last1=Jenkins|first2=Michael|last2=Everson|authorlink2=Michael Everson|section=E.Processing|url=https://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/plane-1/eo.html#processing}}</ref>

{{Unicode chart Old Italic}}
<!--
===Letters with transliteration===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Letter!!Translit.!!Name
!
!Letter!!Translit.!!Name
!
!Letter!!Translit.!!Name
|-
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌀}}||a||a
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌁}}||b||be
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌂}}||c||ke
|-
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌃}}||d||de
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌄}}||e||e
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌅}}||v||ve
|-
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌆}}||z||ze
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌇}}||h||he
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌈}}||þ||the
|-
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌉}}||i||i
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌊}}||k||ka
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌋}}||l||el
|-
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌌}}||m||em
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌍}}||n||en
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌎}}||š||esh
|-
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌏}}||o||o
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌐}}||p||pe
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌑}}||ś||she
|-
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌒}}||q||ku
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌓}}||r||er
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌔}}||s||es
|-
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌕}}||t||te
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌖}}||u||u
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌗}}||x||eks
|-
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌘}}||ph||phe
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌙}}||ch||khe
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌚}}||f||ef
|-
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌛}}||ř||ers
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌜}}||ç||che
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌝}}||í||ii
|-
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌞}}||ú||uu
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌟}}||*||ess
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌠}}||I||1
|-
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌡}}||V||5
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌢}}||X||10
|
|style="font-size:x-large"|{{script|Ital|𐌣}}||L||50
|}-->

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
* [[Euboean alphabet]]
* [[Alphabets of Asia Minor]]
* [[Linear A]]
* [[Linear B]]
* [[Old European script]]
* [[Trojan script]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Bonfante |first1=Giuliano |author-link=Giuliano Bonfante |first2=Larissa |last2=Bonfante |author2-link=Larissa Bonfante |title=The Etruscan Language: An Introduction |location=Manchester |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2002 |edition=2nd |isbn=0-7190-5539-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Mullen |first=Alex |title=Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean: Multilingualism and Multiple Identities in the Iron Age and Roman Periods |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-107-02059-7}}

==External links==
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Old Italic script}}
* {{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050330053810/http://etp.classics.umass.edu/ |archive-date=2005-03-30 |df=dmy-all |title=Etruscan Texts Project |quote=A searchable online database of Etruscan inscriptions |url=http://etp.classics.umass.edu/ |url-status=dead |publisher=U. Mass.}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10300.pdf |title=Old Italic |website=Unicode.org}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/etruscan.htm |title=The Etruscan alphabet |website=Omniglot.com}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/olditalic.htm |title=Old Italic alphabets |website=Omniglot.com}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ancientscripts.com/etruscan.html |title=Etruscan |website=AncientScripts.com}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ancientscripts.com/oscan.html |title=Oscan |website=AncientScripts.com |access-date=2006-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025161323/http://www.ancientscripts.com/oscan.html |archive-date=2015-10-25 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_OldItalic.html |title=Unicode Fonts |website=www.wazu.jp}}

{{list of writing systems}}
{{Etruscans}}

[[Category:Languages of ancient Italy]]
[[Category:Obsolete writing systems]]
[[Category:Palaeography]]

[[it:Lingua etrusca#Alfabeto]]