Editing Online chat

{{Short description|Real-time communication over the internet}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
[[File:Gossip-chat.png|thumb|300px|In this typical online chat program, the window to the left shows a list of contacts, and the window to the right shows a conversation between the user and one of those contacts.]]
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'''Online chat''' is any direct text-, audio- or video-based ([[webcam]]s), one-on-one or one-to-many ([[chat room|group]]) chat (formally also known as [[synchronous conferencing]]), using tools such as [[instant messenger]]s, [[Internet Relay Chat]] (IRC), [[talker]]s and possibly [[Multi-user dungeon|MUD]]s or other [[online game]]s. Online chat includes [[Web application|web-based applications]] that allow communication – often directly addressed, but anonymous between users in a multi-user environment. [[Web conferencing]] is a more specific online service, that is often sold as a service, hosted on a web server controlled by the vendor. Online chat may address [[Point-to-point (telecommunications)|point-to-point]] communications as well as [[multicast]] communications from one sender to multiple receivers and voice and video chat, or may be a feature of a [[web conferencing]] service.

''Online chat'' in a narrower sense is any kind of [[communication]] over the [[Internet]] that offers a [[real-time text|real-time]] transmission of [[text-based|text]] messages from sender to receiver. Chat messages are generally short in order to enable other participants to respond quickly. Thereby, a feeling similar to a [[natural language|spoken conversation]] is created, which distinguishes chatting from other text-based online communication forms such as [[Internet forum]]s and [[email]]. The expression ''online chat'' comes from the word ''[[Wikt:chat|chat]]'' which means "informal conversation".

'''Synchronous conferencing''' or '''synchronous computer-mediated communication''' ('''SCMC''') is any form of [[computer-mediated communication]] that occurs in real-time; that is, there is no significant delay between sending and receiving messages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abrams |first=Zsuzsanna Ittzes |date=2003-04-30 |title=The Effect of Synchronous and Asynchronous CMC on Oral Performance in German |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1540-4781.00184 |journal=The Modern Language Journal |language=en |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=157–167 |doi=10.1111/1540-4781.00184 |issn=0026-7902|url-access=subscription }}</ref> SCMC includes real-time forms of text, audio, and [[Videotelephony|video communication]]. SCMC has been highly studied in the context of [[e-learning]].<ref name="ref 01" />

== History ==
The first online chat system was called [[Talkomatic]], created by Doug Brown and David R. Woolley in 1973 on the [[PLATO System]] at the [[University of Illinois]]. It offered several channels, each of which could accommodate up to five people, with messages appearing on all users' screens character-by-character as they were typed. Talkomatic was popular among PLATO users into the mid-1980s. In 2014, Brown and Woolley released a web-based version of Talkomatic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PLATO {{!}} computer-based education system |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/PLATO-education-system|access-date=2021-11-17|website=Britannica |language=en|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117105441/https://www.britannica.com/topic/PLATO-education-system|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first online system to use the actual command "chat" was created for The Source in 1979 by Tom Walker and Fritz Thane of Dialcom, Inc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A MULTILINGUAL CHAT APPLICATION|url=https://nairaproject.com/projects/3835.html|access-date=2021-11-17|website=nairaproject.com|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117105448/https://nairaproject.com/projects/3835.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other chat platforms flourished during the 1980s. Among the earliest with a [[GUI]] was BroadCast, a [[Mac (computer)|Macintosh]] extension that became especially popular on [[university]] campuses in America and Germany.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://openworks.wooster.edu/voice1991-2000/209|title="Sell a Couch or Make a New Friend: Broadcast Provides Potential Mind Games and Hookups." The Wooster Voice, November 19, 1998, p.8|author=Molly McKinney|journal=The Voice: 1991–2000|date=19 November 1998|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702193056/https://openworks.wooster.edu/voice1991-2000/209/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first transatlantic Internet chat took place between [[Oulu, Finland]] and [[Corvallis, Oregon]] in February 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://securitydigest.org/tcp-ip/archive/1989/02|title=The 'Security Digest' Archives (TM) : TCP-IP Distribution List for February 1989|website=securitydigest.org|access-date=6 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208231416/http://securitydigest.org/tcp-ip/archive/1989/02|archive-date=8 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The first dedicated online chat service that was widely available to the public was the CompuServe [[CB Simulator]] in 1980,<ref name="ColumbusDispatch-1996.05.11" /><ref name="ColumbusDispatch-2000.11.12" /> created by [[CompuServe]] executive Alexander "Sandy" Trevor in [[Columbus, Ohio]]. Ancestors include network chat software such as UNIX [[Talk (software)|"talk"]] used in the 1970s.{{fact|date=August 2020}}

Chat is implemented in multiple [[videoconferencing|video-conferencing]] tools. A study of chat use during work-related videoconferencing found that chat during meetings allows participants to communicate without interrupting the meeting, plan action around common resources, and enables greater inclusion.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Sarkar|first1=Advait|title=The promise and peril of parallel chat in video meetings for work|date=2021-05-08|url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3451793|work=Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|pages=1–8|place=New York, NY, USA|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|doi=10.1145/3411763.3451793|isbn=978-1-4503-8095-9|access-date=2021-11-01|last2=Rintel|first2=Sean|last3=Borowiec|first3=Damian|last4=Bergmann|first4=Rachel|last5=Gillett|first5=Sharon|last6=Bragg|first6=Danielle|last7=Baym|first7=Nancy|last8=Sellen|first8=Abigail|s2cid=233987188 }}</ref> The study also found that chat can cause distractions and information asymmetries between participants.

== Types ==
According to the type of media used, synchronous conferencing can be divided into<ref name="ref 01">{{cite journal |last1=Grant |first1=Michael M |last2=Cheon |first2=Jongpil |title=The Value of Using Synchronous Conferencing for Instruction and Students |url=http://anitacrawley.net/Articles/Grant%202007%20value%20and%20effectiveness%20of%20wc.pdf |journal=Journal of Interactive Online Learning |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033758/http://anitacrawley.net/Articles/Grant%202007%20value%20and%20effectiveness%20of%20wc.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-08 |accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref>
* '''audio conferencing:''' only audio is used 
* '''video conferencing:''' Both audio (voice) and video and pictures are used.

According to the number of access point used, synchronous conferencing can be divided into 
* '''point-to-point:''' Only two computers are connected end to end.
* '''multi-point:''' Two or more than two computers are connected.

== Methods ==
Some of the methods used in synchronous conferencing are:
* '''Chat (text only)''': Multiple participants can be logged into the conference and can interactively share resources and ideas. There is also an option to save the chat and archive it for later review.
* '''Voice (telephone or [[Voice over IP|voice-over IP]])''': This is a conference call between the instructor and the participating students where they can speak through a built-in microphone or a headset.
* '''[[Video conferencing]]''': This may or may not require the participants to have their webcams running. Usually, a video conference involves a live feed from a classroom or elsewhere or content.
* '''[[Web conferencing]]''': This includes Webinar (Web-based seminar) as well. Unlike in video conferencing, participants of web conferencing can access a wider variety of media elements. Web conferences are comparatively more interactive and usually incorporate chat sessions as well.
* '''[[Virtual worlds]]''': In this setup, students can meet in the virtual world and speak with each other through headsets and VoIP. 	This can make learning more productive and engaging when the students can navigate the worlds and operate in their avatar.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/930542375 |title=Learning in virtual worlds: research and applications |date=2016 |publisher=AU Press, Athabasca University |isbn=978-1-77199-133-9 |editor-last=Gregory |editor-first=Sue |series=Issues in distance education |location=Edmonton, Alberta |oclc=930542375 |editor-last2=Lee |editor-first2=Mark J. W. |editor-last3=Dalgarno |editor-first3=Barney |editor-last4=Tynan |editor-first4=Belinda}}</ref>

== Synchronous vs asynchronous conferencing ==
Both synchronous and [[asynchronous conferencing]] are [[online conferencing]] where the participants can interact while being physically located at different places in the world. Asynchronous conferencing allows the students to access the learning material at their convenience while synchronous conferencing requires that all participants including the instructor and the students be online at the time of the conference.<ref name="ref 01"/>

While synchronous conferencing enables real-time interaction of the participants, asynchronous conferencing allows participants to post messages and others can respond to it at any convenient time. Sometimes a combination of both synchronous and asynchronous conferencing is used. Both methods give a permanent record of the conference.<ref name="Ref 02">{{cite web|title=What is online conferencing?|url=http://www.online-conference.net/what.htm|website=Online Conferencing|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref>

== Critical factors for effective implementation ==
There are four critical factors identified for implementing synchronous conferencing for effective instruction to the students<ref name="ref 01"/>
* Video and audio quality which depends on technical factors like higher bandwidth and processing capabilities of the system.
* Training time depends on the familiarity and proficiency of the instructors and the students with the technology.
* Teaching strategies depend on the adaptability of the instructors to the new methods, preparing appropriate and effective training materials, and motivating students.
* Direct meeting of the instructor and the students.

== Synchronous conferencing in higher education ==
Synchronous conferencing in education helps in the delivery of content through digital media. Since this is real-time teaching, it also brings the benefits of face-to-face teaching in distance learning.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ericson Nolasco |first=Clyde |date=2022-02-01 |title=Online Distance Learning: The New Normal In Education |url=https://elearningindustry.com/online-distance-learning-the-new-normal-in-education |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=eLearning Industry |language=en-US}}</ref> Multiple higher education institutions offer well-designed quality e-learning opportunities. 
Some of the advantages of synchronous conferencing in education are:<ref name="Ref 04"/><ref name="Ref 07">{{cite web|last1=Ferriter|first1=Bill|title=Using videoconferencing to connect your class to the world|url=http://www.learnnc.org/lp/pages/6559|website=Learn NC|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref>
* Helps the students to connect with not only their teachers and peers but also with recognized experts in the field regardless of the geographical distance and different time zones.
* Provides opportunities for both the teachers and the students to expand their knowledge outside the classroom.
* Helps students who are home-bound or limited mobility to connect with their classrooms and participate in learning.
* Helps the faculties to conduct classes when they are not able to come to classes due to an emergency.
* Supports real-time collaboration, interaction, and immediate feedback
* Encourage students to learn together and in turn, develop cultural understanding
* Personalized learning experience for the students
* Real-time discussion opportunities for students promoting student engagement
* Active interaction can lead to an associated community of like-minded students
* Saves travel expenses and time

== Implementation of educational technology ==
The tools for implementing synchronous conferencing depend on the type of educational problem addressed. This is in turn decides the method of synchronous conferencing to be used and the tool to be used in the learning context. The tool selected addresses the problem of improving the learning outcomes which cannot be solved with an asynchronous environment. There are a number of tools and platforms available for synchronous conferencing.<ref name="Ref 04"/>
* Smartphone applications
* Web conferencing tools
* Video conferencing tools
* Video and hangout platforms
* Shared whiteboards
The selection of tools and platforms also depends on the group size which depends on the activity for the course design.

== Chatiquette ==
The term ''[[chatiquette]]'' (chat etiquette) is a variation of [[Etiquette (technology)#Netiquette|netiquette]] (Internet etiquette) and describes basic rules of online communication.<ref name="LivingInternet" /><ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Mills" /> These conventions or guidelines have been created to avoid misunderstandings and to simplify the communication between users. Chatiquette varies from community to community and generally describes basic [[courtesy]]. As an example, it is considered rude to write only in upper case, because it appears as if the user is shouting. The word "chatiquette" has been used in connection with various chat systems (e.g. [[Internet Relay Chat]]) since 1995.<ref name="LuleåTekniskaUniversitet" /><ref name="Cnet" />

Chatrooms can produce a strong sense of [[online identity]] leading to [[IRC subculture|impression of subculture]].<ref name="Wired-2007.05" />

Chats are valuable sources of various types of information, the automatic processing of which is the object of chat/[[text mining]] technologies.<ref name="KatanovStateUniversityRussia" />

== Limitations ==
Some limitations for synchronous conferencing in learning are:<ref name="Ref 04">{{cite web|last1=Ozden|first1=Sule|title=Student Perceptions of Web-conferencing in Hybrid Classes|url=http://udel.edu/~shule/new/ActionResearchPaper.pdf|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Ref 05">{{cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Lynn|last2=Fyvie|first2=Barb|last3=Koritko|first3=Brenda|title=Best practices in synchronous conferencing moderation|journal=The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning|date=June 2006|volume=7|issue=1|doi=10.19173/irrodl.v7i1.308|url=http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/308/483|accessdate=25 September 2015|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Disjointed discussions, not connected in time
* Lack of effective moderation and/or clear guidelines for learners
* Difficulty in collaborating on online projects
* Lack of proper communication with the instructor and students.
* Technical issues may arise if not analysed and planned in advance
* Lack of familiarity with the tools
* Limited time to complete the learning activity and to incorporate interactions with the learners

== Social criticism ==
Criticism of online chatting and [[text messaging]] include concern that they replace proper English with [[shorthand]] or with an almost completely new hybrid language.<ref name="UofPenn-Zimmer" /><ref name="UofPenn-Liberman" /><ref name="UofPenn-Zwicky" />

Writing is changing as it takes on some of the functions and features of speech. Internet [[chat room]]s and rapid real-time [[teleconferencing]] allow users to interact with whoever happens to coexist in [[cyberspace]]. These virtual interactions involve us in 'talking' more freely and more widely than ever before.<ref name="Merchant" /> With chatrooms replacing multiple face-to-face conversations, it is necessary to be able to have quick conversation as if the person were present, so some learn to [[Words per minute|type as quickly]] as they would normally speak. Some critics{{Who|date=May 2010}} are wary that this casual form of speech is being used so much that it will slowly take over common grammar; however, such a change has yet to be seen.

With the increasing population of online chatrooms there has been a massive growth<ref name="Guardian-2009.06.10" /> of new words created or [[Internet slang|slang words]], a number of them documented on the website [[Urban Dictionary]]. [[Sven Birkerts]] wrote:<blockquote>
"as new electronic modes of communication provoke similar anxieties amongst critics who express concern that young people are at risk, endangered by a rising tide of information over which the traditional controls of print media and the guardians of knowledge have no control on it".<ref name="Birkerts" /></blockquote>

In Guy Merchant's journal article Teenagers in Cyberspace: An Investigation of Language Use and Language Change in Internet Chatrooms; Merchant says<blockquote>
"that teenagers and young people are in the leading the movement of change as they take advantage of the possibilities of digital technology, drastically changing the face of literacy in a variety of media through their uses of mobile phone text messages, e-mails, web-pages and on-line chatrooms. This new literacy develops skills that may well be important to the labor market but are currently viewed with suspicion in the media and by educationalists.<ref name="Merchant" /></blockquote>  Merchant also says "Younger people tend to be more adaptable than other sectors of society and, in general, quicker to adapt to new technology. To some extent they are the innovators, the forces of change in the new communication landscape."<ref name="Merchant" /> In this article he is saying that young people are merely adapting to what they were given.

==Synchronous conferencing protocols==
Synchronous conferencing protocols include:

* [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] (Internet Relay Chat)
* [[Protocol for Synchronous Conferencing|PSYC]] (Protocol for Synchronous Conferencing)
* [[SILC (protocol)|SILC]] (Secure Internet Live Conferencing protocol)
* [[Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol|XMPP]] (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol)
* [[SIMPLE (instant messaging protocol)]] (Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions)

== Software and protocols ==
The following are common chat programs and protocols:
<!-- No external links in this section, Wikipedia articles only please -->

{{colbegin}}
* [[AOL Instant Messenger|AIM]] (No longer available)
* [[Camfrog]]
* [[Campfire (software)|Campfire]]
* [[Discord (software)|Discord]]
* [[XMPP]]
* [[Flock (messaging service)|Flock]]
* [[Gadu-Gadu]]
* [[Google Talk]] (No longer available)
* [[I2P#Instant messaging|I2P-Messenger]] (anonymous, end-to-end encrypted IM for the [[I2P]] network)
* [[ICQ]] (OSCAR)
* [[Internet Citizen's Band|ICB]]
* [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]]
* [[Line (software)|Line]]
* [[Mattermost]]
* [[Messages (Apple)|Apple Messages]]
* [[Microsoft Teams|Teams]]
* [[Paltalk]]
* [[RetroShare]] (encrypted, decentralized)
* [[Signal (messaging app)|Signal]] (encrypted messaging protocol and software)
* [[SILC (protocol)|SILC]]
* [[Skype]]
* [[Slack (software)|Slack]]
* [[Talk (software)|Talk]]
* [[Talker]]
* [[TeamSpeak]] (TS)
* [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]]
* [[Tencent QQ|QQ]]
* [[The Palace (computer program)|The Palace]] (encrypted, decentralized)
* [[WebChat Broadcasting System]] (WBS)
* [[WeChat]]
* [[WhatsApp]]
* [[Windows Live Messenger]]
* [[Yahoo! Messenger]]  (No longer available)
{{colend}}

Chat programs supporting multiple protocols:
<!-- No external links in this section, Wikipedia articles only please -->

{{colbegin}}

* [[Adium]]
* [[Google Hangout|Google+ Hangouts]]
* [[IBM Lotus Sametime|IBM Sametime]]
* [[Kopete]]
* [[Miranda NG]]
* [[Pidgin (software)|Pidgin]]
* [[Quiet Internet Pager]]
* [[Trillian (software)|Trillian]]
* [[Windows Live Messenger]]{{colend}}

Web sites with browser-based chat services:

{{colbegin}}
* [[Chat-Avenue]]
* [[Convore]] (No longer available)
* [[Cryptocat]]
* [[eBuddy]]
* [[Facebook]]
* [[FilmOn]]
* [[Gmail]]
* [[Google+]] (No longer available)
* [[Interactive television|Chat Television]] (No longer available)
* [[MeBeam]]
* [[Meebo]] (No longer available)
* [[Mibbit]] (No longer available)
* [[Omegle]] (no longer available)
* [[Talkomatic]]
* [[Tinychat]]
* [[Tokbox]] (No longer available)
* [[Trillian (software)|Trillian]]
* [[Userplane]] (No longer available)
* [[Woo Media]] (No longer available)
* [[Zumbl]] (No longer available){{colend}}

== See also ==
<!-- Please do not insert chat software/brand names to this specific section.
     They stick out of place for generic 'See Also' references -->
* [[Asynchronous conferencing]]
* [[Chat room]]
* [[Collaborative software]]
* [[Instant messaging]]
* [[Internet forum]]
* [[Multi-user dungeon|MUD]]s (Multi-User Dungeons)
* [[Online dating service]]
* [[Real-time text]]
* [[Videotelephony]]
* [[Voice chat]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs =

<ref name="Birkerts">Birkerts, S. "Sense and semblance: The implications of virtuality." In B. Cox (Ed.), ''Literacy is not enough''.  Manchester University Press. 1998</ref>

<ref name="Cnet">[https://web.archive.org/web/19961221112318/http://www.cnet.com/Content/Reviews/Compare/Chat/ss07.html CNET reviews - comparative reviews - chat clients - chatiquette] The Internet Archive</ref>

<ref name="ColumbusDispatch-1996.05.11">"CompuServe Innovator Resigns After 25 Years", ''[[The Columbus Dispatch]]'', 11 May 1996, p. 2F.</ref>

<ref name="ColumbusDispatch-2000.11.12">Mike Pramik, "Wired and Inspired", ''[[The Columbus Dispatch]]'', (Business page), 12 November 2000.</ref>

<ref name="Guardian-2009.06.10">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/jun/10/english-million-word-milestone | work=The Guardian | first=Alexandra | last=Topping | title='Web 2.0' declared millionth word in English language | date=10 June 2009 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024030033/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/jun/10/english-million-word-milestone | archive-date=24 October 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="KatanovStateUniversityRussia">{{cite web|url=http://yatsko.zohosites.com/texor-a-chat-mining-program.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101231438/http://yatsko.zohosites.com/texor-a-chat-mining-program.html|archive-date=1 November 2014 |title=Texor |publisher=Yatsko's Computational Linguistics Laboratory |access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="LuleåTekniskaUniversitet">{{cite web |url=http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1552/1998/02/HTML/3.html |title=Electronic Discourse - On Speech and Writing on the Internet - 3. Internet Relay Chat Discourse |publisher=Epubl.luth.se |access-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304124733/http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1552/1998/02/HTML/3.html |archive-date=4 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="LivingInternet">{{cite web |url=http://www.livinginternet.com/r/ru_chatq.htm |title=IRC Chatiquette – Chat Etiquette |publisher=Livinginternet.com |date=28 November 1995 |access-date=19 January 2012 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402232802/https://www.livinginternet.com/r/ru_chatq.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Merchant">Merchant, Guy . "Teenagers in cyberspace: an investigation of language use and language change in internet chatrooms." ''[[Journal of Research in Reading]]''. 2001, Vol. 24, Iss. 3, ISSN 0141-0423.</ref>

<ref name="Mills">[http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_mills_internet_1/39/10079/2580371.cw/content/index.html Using the Internet for Active Teaching and Learning, Steven C. Mills] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019190313/http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_mills_internet_1/39/10079/2580371.cw/content/index.html |date=19 October 2008 }} {{ISBN|0-13-110546-9}}</ref>

<!--ref name="Times-2006.10.17">{{cite news|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/public_law/article603710.ece|author=Michael Herman|title=Chat room user guilty of web rage | work=The Times | location=London | date=17 October 2006 | access-date=20 May 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref-->

<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/about-instant-messaging|title=BBC - WebWise - How do I use instant messaging (IM)?|publisher=Uits.uark.edu|access-date=1 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703234150/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/about-instant-messaging|archive-date=3 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="UofPenn-Liberman">Liberman, Mark. [http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=4099 Language Log: Texting and language skills] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115225333/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=4099 |date=15 January 2013 }}, 
[[University of Pennsylvania]], 2 August 2012.</ref>

<ref name="UofPenn-Zimmer">Zimmer, Ben. [http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=609 Language Log: Shattering the illusions of texting] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216221511/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=609 |date=16 February 2013 }}, [[University of Pennsylvania]], 18 September 2008.</ref>

<ref name="UofPenn-Zwicky">Zwicky, Arnold. [http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=613 Language Log: The decline of writing in Dingburg] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216221513/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=613 |date=16 February 2013 }}, www.aarichats.com[[University of Pennsylvania]]. 19 September 2008.</ref>

<ref name="Wired-2007.05">{{cite magazine|url=http://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/commentary/sexdrive/2007/05/sexdrive_0504|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220072457/http://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/commentary/sexdrive/2007/05/sexdrive_0504|archive-date=20 December 2014|author=Regina Lynn|title=Virtual Rape Is Traumatic, but Is It a Crime? | magazine=Wired|date=4 May 2007}}</ref>
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{{Computer-mediated communication}}
{{Telecommunications}}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Online chat| ]]
[[Category:Internet culture]]