Editing Open-mid front rounded vowel

{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨œ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=œ
|ipa number=311
|decimal=339
|x-sampa=9
|kirshenbaum=
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0153.svg
|imagesize=150px
|braille=ow
}}
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}
[[File:Spectrogram of open-mid front rounded vowel (IPA œ).png|thumb|Spectrogram of {{IPA|[œ]}}]]

The '''open-mid front rounded vowel''', or '''low-mid front rounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound, used in some [[Speech|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents the sound is {{angbr IPA|œ}}. The symbol [[œ]] is a lowercase [[ligature (typography)|ligature]] of the letters [[o]] and [[e]]. The letter {{angbr IPA|ɶ}}, a [[small capital]] version of the {{angbr|[[Œ]]}} ligature, is used for a different vowel sound: the [[open front rounded vowel]].

==Open-mid front compressed vowel==
The '''open-mid front compressed vowel''' is typically transcribed in IPA simply as {{angbr IPA|œ}}, which is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated [[IPA diacritic]] for compression. However, the compression of the lips can be shown by the letter {{IPAalink|β̞}} as {{angbr IPA|ɛ͡β̞}} (simultaneous {{IPA|[ɛ]}} and labial compression) or {{angbr IPA|ɛᵝ}} ({{IPA|[ɛ]}} modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic {{angbr IPA|&nbsp;&nbsp;͍ }} may also be used with a rounded vowel letter {{angbr IPA|œ͍}} as an ''ad hoc'' symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

===Features===
{{open-mid vowel}}
{{front vowel}}
{{compressed vowel}}

===Occurrence===
Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.

{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|[[Asturian language|Asturian]]
| Some [[Western Asturian|Western dialects]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=García|first=Fernando Álvarez-Balbuena|date=2015-09-01|title=Na frontera del asturllionés y el gallegoportugués: descripción y exame horiométricu de la fala de Fernidiellu (Forniella, Llión). Parte primera: fonética|url=https://www.unioviedo.es/reunido/index.php/RFA/article/view/10904|journal=Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana|language=und|volume=14|issue=14|issn=2341-1147}}</ref>
| {{lang|as|fu'''ö'''ra}}
| {{IPA|[ˈfwœɾɐ]}}
| 'outside'
| Realization of {{angbr|o}} in the diphthong {{angbr|uo}}. May also be realized as {{IPAblink|ɵ}} or {{IPAblink|ø}}.
|-
|[[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]]
|[[Azerbaijani dialects|North Azerbaijani]]
| {{lang|az|bən'''ö'''vşəyi}}
| {{IPA|[bænœy̑ʃæji]}}
| 'purple'
| 
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] || [[Amstetten dialect]]<ref name="tm82">{{Harvcoltxt|Traunmüller|1982}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=290}}</ref> || {{lang|bar-AT|S'''eil'''}} || {{IPA|[sœː]}} || 'rope' || Contrasts close {{IPAblink|y}}, near-close {{IPAblink|ø̝}}, close-mid {{IPAblink|ø}} and open-mid {{IPA|[œ]}} front rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded {{IPAblink|ä}}.<ref name="tm82"/> Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɶ}}.
|-
| [[Northern Bavarian|Northern]]{{sfnp|Rowley|1990|p=422}} || {{lang|bar|I h'''e'''lfad}} || {{IPA|[i ˈhœlʲfɐd̥]}} || 'I'd help' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} before {{IPA|/l/}}.{{sfnp|Rowley|1990|p=422}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Breton language|Breton]] || All speakers{{sfnp|Ternes|1992|p=433}} || ''l'''eu'''r''|| {{IPA|[lœːr]}}|| 'floor'|| Short counterpart of {{IPAslink|øː}}.{{sfnp|Ternes|1992|pp=431, 433}} May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ø}}.
|-
| Bas-Léon{{sfnp|Ternes|1992|pp=431, 433}} || {{example needed|date=May 2017}} || || || Long; contrasts with the short open-mid {{IPA|/œ/}} and the long close-mid {{IPAslink|øː}}. Other speakers have only one mid front rounded vowel {{IPAslink|øː}}.{{sfnp|Ternes|1992|pp=431, 433}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Buwal language|Buwal]]{{sfnp|Viljoen|2013|p=50}} || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[kʷœ̄lɛ̄lɛ̄]}} || 'fine' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} when adjacent to a labialized consonant.{{sfnp|Viljoen|2013|p=50}}
|-
|[[Catalan language|Catalan]]
|[[Capcir|Capcinès]]
|{{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|ll'''u'''na]]}}
|{{IPA|['ʎœnə]}}
|'Moon'
|Realization [œ] of “u” in [[Capcir]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'associació fonètica internacional | language=ca | trans-title=Application to Catalan of the transcription principles of the International Phonetic Association | url=https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000504/00000072.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126230355/https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000504/00000072.pdf | archive-date=2025-01-26}}</ref> See [[Catalan phonology]].
|-
|[[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|[[Cantonese]]
|{{lang|yue|[[Chinese characters|長]]}} / {{Transliteration|yue|[[Yale romanization of Cantonese|ch'''eu'''ng4]]}}
|{{IPA|[tsʰœːŋ˩]}}
|'long'
|See [[Cantonese phonology]]
|-
|[[Lombard language|Lombard]]
|[[Lombard language|Lombard]]
|{{lang|lmo|fi'''œ'''}}
|{{IPA|[fjœː]}}
|'boy','man'
|Occurs naturally in the language, most frequently in western and northern regions, alternating with [[ø]] in many words, and rendered under the letter 'œ', while [ø] is under the letter ö.
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard{{sfnp|Grønnum|1998|p=100}} || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|g'''ø'''re]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkœːɐ]}} || 'to do' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɶː}}. See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=76}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=137}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|man'''oeu'''vre]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Nl-manoeuvre.ogg|[maˈnœːvrə]|help=no}} || 'manoeuvre' || Occurs only in a few loanwords.{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=76}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=137}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| Some speakers{{sfnp|van de Velde|van Hout|2002}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|parf'''um''']]}} || {{IPA|[pɑrˈfœ̃ː]}} || 'perfume' || Nasalized; occurs only in a few loanwords and it is used mainly in southern accents. Often nativized as {{IPA|[ʏm]}}.{{sfnp|van de Velde|van Hout|2002}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| [[The Hague dialect]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=136}} || {{lang|nl-NL|[[Dutch orthography|'''ui'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[œːt]}} || 'out' || Corresponds to {{IPA|[œy]}} in standard Dutch.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=135–136}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[English language|English]] || General [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=188}}{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|pp=582, 591}} || rowspan="3" | ''[[English orthography|b'''ir'''d]]'' || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[bœːd]}} || rowspan="3" | 'bird' || May be mid {{IPAblink|œ̝ː}} instead. In broader varieties, it is close-mid or higher.{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=188}}{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|pp=582, 591}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=607}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɵː}}. See [[New Zealand English phonology]]
|-
| [[Scouse]]{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|pp=118, 138}} || Possible realization of the merged {{sc2|SQUARE}}–{{sc2|NURSE}} vowel {{IPA|/eː/}}.{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|pp=118, 138}}
|-
| Southern [[Welsh English|Welsh]]{{sfnp|Penhallurick|2004|p=104}} || Also described as mid {{IPAblink|œ̝ː}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=381}} and close-mid {{IPAblink|øː}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|p=95}}{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}
|-
| General [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=118}} || [[English orthography|''g'''o''''']] || {{IPA|[ɡœː]}} || 'go' || Some speakers. Can be a diphthong of the type {{IPA|[œʉ̯]}}~{{IPA|[œɘ̯]}} instead. Other South African varieties do not monophthongize. See [[South African English phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|p=225}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|j'''eu'''ne]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-jeune.wav|[ʒœn]|help=no}} || 'young' || See [[French phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Galician language|Galician]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gramática da lingua galega|last=Freixeiro Mato, X. Ramón.|date=2006|publisher=Edicions A Nosa Terra|isbn=84-8341-060-5|edition=2.|location=[Vigo, Spain]|oclc=213259857}}</ref>
| {{lang|gl|s'''e'''mana}}
| {{IPA|[s̺œˈmãnɐ̃]}}
| ˈweek'
| Labialization of pre-tonic {{IPA|[e]}}, which is usually realized as {{IPA|[o]}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Hall|2003|pp=97, 107}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|H'''ö'''lle]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈhœlə]}} || 'hell' || See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| Western Swiss accents<!--NOT 'dialects', the source talks about Standard German spoken with Western Swiss accents-->{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=65}} || {{lang|de-CH|[[German orthography|sch'''ö'''n]]}} || {{IPA|[ʃœːn]}} || 'beautiful' || Close-mid {{IPAblink|øː}} in other accents.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|pp=34, 65}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] || Many dialects{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|p=221}} || {{lang|li|m'''äö'''}} || {{IPA|[mœː]}} || 'sleeve' || Central {{IPAblink|ɞː}} in [[Maastrichtian dialect|Maastricht]];{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} the example word is from the Hasselt dialect.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Low German]]{{sfnp|Prehn|2012|p=157}} 
| || {{lang|nds|s'''ö'''ss}} / {{lang|nds-NL|z'''ö'''s}} || {{IPA|[zœs]}} || 'six' ||
|-
|[[East Pomeranian dialect|Espírito Santo East Pomeranian]]{{Sfnp|Schaeffer|Meireles|2014|p=51}}
| colspan="2" align="center" |{{IPA|['hœɫ]}}
|'hell'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]{{sfnp|Fort|2001|p=411}}{{sfnp|Peters|2017|p=?}} || {{lang|stq|b'''ö'''lkje}} || {{IPA|[ˈbœlkjə]}} || 'to rear' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] || Hindeloopers{{sfnp|van der Veen|2001|p=102}} || {{example needed|date=September 2015}} || || || rowspan="2" | See [[West Frisian phonology]]
|-
| Súdwesthoeksk{{sfnp|van der Veen|2001|p=102}}{{sfnp|Hoekstra|2001|p=83}} || {{lang|fy|sk'''oa'''lle}} || {{IPA|[ˈskœlə]}} || 'school'
|}

==Open-mid front protruded vowel==
{{Infobox IPA
|above = Open-mid front protruded vowel
|ipa symbol = œ̫
|ipa symbol2 = œʷ
|ipa symbol3 = ɛʷ
}}

[[J. C. Catford|Catford]] notes{{full citation needed|date=July 2019}} that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few, such as [[Scandinavian languages]], have protruded front vowels. One Scandinavian language, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see [[near-close front rounded vowel]], with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, {{angbr IPA|&nbsp;&nbsp;̫}}, will be used here as an ''ad hoc'' symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is {{angbr IPA|œʷ}} or {{angbr IPA|ɛʷ}} (an open-mid front vowel modified by endolabialization), but it could be misread as a diphthong.

Acoustically, the sound is "between" the more typical compressed open-mid front vowel {{IPA|[œ]}} and the unrounded open-mid front vowel {{IPAblink|ɛ}}.

=== Features ===
{{open-mid vowel}}
{{front vowel}}
{{protruded vowel}}

=== Occurrence ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 20}}{{sfnp|Kvifte|Gude-Husken|2005|p=2}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian orthography|n'''ø'''tt]]}} || {{IPA|[nœ̫tː]}} || 'nut' || The example word is from [[Urban East Norwegian]], in which the vowel has also been described as mid central {{IPAblink|ɞ̝}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=16–17}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard{{sfnp|Eliasson|1986|p=273}}{{sfnp|Thorén|Petterson|1992|pp=13–14}}{{sfnp|Riad|2014|p=38}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''ö'''ra]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|sv-öra.ogg|[²œ̫ːra̠]}} || 'ear' || Allophone of {{IPA|/œ/}} and most often also {{IPA|/øː/}} before {{IPA|/r/}}.{{sfnp|Eliasson|1986|p=273}}{{sfnp|Thorén|Petterson|1992|pp=13–14}}{{sfnp|Riad|2014|p=38}} May be more open {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɶ}}, {{IPAplink|ɶː}}]}} for younger speakers from Stockholm.{{sfnp|Riad|2014|p=38}} See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| Younger Stockholm speakers{{sfnp|Riad|2014|p=38}} || {{lang|sv-SE|[[Swedish alphabet|k'''ö'''pa]]}} || {{IPA|[²ɕœ̫ːpa̠]}} || 'to buy' || Higher {{IPAblink|øː}} for other speakers. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

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{{refend}}

==External links==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Open-Mid Front Rounded Vowel}}
[[Category:Open-mid vowels]]
[[Category:Front vowels]]
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