Editing Open architecture

{{Short description|Software design paradigm emphasizing ease of swapping out and modifying components}}
{{distinguish|Open-source architecture}}{{distinguish|Open platform}}
'''Open architecture''' is a type of [[computer architecture]] or [[software architecture]] intended to make adding, upgrading, and swapping components with other computers easy.<ref name="II2011">{{cite book|author=Clifton A. Ericson, II|title=Concise Encyclopedia of System Safety: Definition of Terms and Concepts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uousK00QAREC&pg=PA272|date=12 April 2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-02865-0|page=272}}</ref> For example, the [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://forwardthinking.pcmag.com/pc-hardware/286065-why-the-ibm-pc-had-an-open-architecture |title=Why the IBM PC Had an Open Architecture |author=Michael J. Miller |date=August 8, 2011|work=[[pcmag.com]] |quote=''"In some ways, the most far-reaching decision made by the team that built the IBM PC was to use an open architecture, rather than one that was proprietary to IBM. That decision led to the market for add-in boards, for large numbers of third party applications, and eventually to a large number of competitors all creating "IBM-compatible" machines. [[William C. Lowe|Bill Lowe]] went to IBM's Corporate Management Committee in July 1980 to propose the project"''}}</ref> [[Amiga 2000]]<ref>[https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/history-of-computers,4518-31.html Computer History: From The Antikythera Mechanism To The Modern Era] on [[tomshardware.com]] by Aris Mpitziopoulos "''Amiga was one of the first computers with an open architecture. It had two expansion slots, one on the side and one on the bottom.''" (July 3, 2016)</ref> and [[Apple IIe]] have an open architecture supporting plug-in cards, whereas the [[Apple IIc]] computer has a '''closed architecture'''. Open architecture systems may use a standardized [[system bus]] such as [[S-100 bus|S-100]], [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]] or [[Industry Standard Architecture|ISA]] or they may incorporate a proprietary bus standard such as that used on the [[Apple II]], with up to a dozen slots that allow multiple hardware manufacturers to produce add-ons, and for the user to freely install them. By contrast, closed architectures, if they are expandable at all, have one or two "expansion ports" using a proprietary connector design that may require a license fee from the manufacturer, or enhancements may only be installable by technicians with specialized tools or training.

[[Computer platform]]s may include systems with both open and closed architectures. The [[Mac mini]] and [[Compact Macintosh]] are closed; the [[Macintosh II]] and [[Power Mac G5]] are open. Most [[Desktop computer|desktop PCs]] are open architecture.

Similarly, an open software architecture is one in which additional software modules can be added to the basic framework provided by the architecture. Open APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) to major software products are the way in which the basic functionality of such products can be modified or extended. The [[Google APIs]] are examples. A second type of open software architecture consists of the messages that can flow between computer systems. These messages have a standard structure that can be modified or extended per agreements between the computer systems. An example is IBM's [[Distributed Data Management Architecture]].

Open architecture allows potential users to see inside all or parts of the architecture without any proprietary constraints.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk2qCAAAQBAJ&pg=PP6 |title=TRON Project 1987 Open-Architecture Computer Systems: Proceedings of the Third TRON Project Symposium|isbn=9784431680697|last1=Sakamura|first1=Ken|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer }}</ref> Typically, an open architecture publishes all or parts of its architecture that the developer or integrator wants to share. The [[open business]] processes involved with an open architecture may require some license agreements between entities sharing the architecture information. Open architectures have been successfully implemented in many diverse fields, including the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/spring08/HowAndWhy.html|title=The HOW and WHY of OPEN ARCHITECTURE|work=[[navy.mil]]|access-date=2015-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705034123/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/spring08/HowAndWhy.html|archive-date=2015-07-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Open network architecture]] for equal-access requirements in telecommunications
* [[Open-source software]] for software that can be modified and rebuilt
* [[Open-source hardware]]
* [[Open platform]]
* [[Open standard]]

== References ==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Open Architecture}}
[[Category:Computer architecture]]
[[Category:Software architecture]]
[[Category:Open standards| ]]
[[Category:Open-source hardware]]