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Operation Bowline
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{{Short description|Series of 1960s US nuclear tests}} {{see also|List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2018}} {{Infobox nuclear weapons test |name = Operation Bowline |picture = [[File:Bowline_Schooner.gif|300px]] |picture_description = Bowline Schooner, 30 kilotons |country = United States |test_site = {{plainlist| *NTS Area 12, Rainier Mesa *NTS Area 16, Shoshone Mountain *NTS Area 19, 20, Pahute Mesa *NTS Areas 5, 11, Frenchman Flat *NTS, Areas 1β4, 6β10, Yucca Flat}} |period = 1968β1969 |number_of_tests = 47 |test_type = cratering, underground shaft, tunnel |max_yield = {{convert|1.2|MtTNT|lk=in}} |previous_series = [[Operation Crosstie]] |next_series = [[Operation Mandrel]] }} {{GeoGroup|article=Operation Bowline}} The '''United States's Bowline nuclear test series'''<ref name=LT_1 /> was a group of 47 [[nuclear test]]s conducted in 1968β1969. These tests<ref group=note>A bomb test may be a salvo test, defined as two or more explosions "where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points and does not exceed 40 kilometers in length". {{cite web|first=V. N.|last=Mikhailov|title=Catalog of World Wide Nuclear Testing|publisher=Begell-Atom|url=http://www.iss-atom.ru/ksenia/catal_nt/1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426102201/http://www.iss-atom.ru/ksenia/catal_nt/1.htm|archive-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref> followed the ''[[Operation Crosstie]]'' series and preceded the ''[[Operation Mandrel]]'' series. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ United States' Bowline series tests and detonations |- !style="background:#ffdead;" | Name <ref group=note>The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.</ref> !style="background:#efefef;" | Date time ([[Universal Time|UT]]) !style="background:#ffdead;" | Local [[Time Zone|time zone]]<ref group=note>To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. Historical time zone data obtained from the [[tz database|IANA time zone database]].</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Time Zone Historical Database| publisher=iana.com| url=http://www.ietf.org/timezones/| access-date=March 8, 2014}}</ref> !style="background:#efefef;" | [[List of nuclear test sites|Location]]<ref group=note>Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.</ref> !style="background:#ffdead;" | [[Elevation]] + height <ref group=note>Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, ''Plumbbob/John''. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.</ref> !style="background:#efefef;" | Delivery <ref group=note>Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the [[Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty]]. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.</ref><br />Purpose <ref group=note>Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.</ref> !style="background:#efefef;" | [[List of nuclear weapons|Device]]<ref group=note>Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.</ref> !style="background:#ffdead;" | [[Nuclear weapon yield|Yield]]<ref group=note>Estimated energy yield in [[TNT equivalent|tons, kilotons, and megatons]]. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).</ref> !style="background:#efefef;" class="unsortable" | [[Nuclear fallout|Fallout]]<ref group=note>Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.</ref> !style="background:#ffdead;" class="unsortable" | References !style="background:#efefef;" class="unsortable" | Notes |- ! ''Spud''{{anchor|Spud}} | {{dts|1968|7|17}} 14:00:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3fy {{coord|37.00095|-115.99962|name=Spud|display=inline}} | {{sort|000937|}}{{convert|1178|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|240.29|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000015000|1.5 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | |- ! ''Tanya''{{anchor|Tanya}} | {{dts|1968|7|30}} 13:00:00.0 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2dt {{coord|37.13317|-116.08312|name=Tanya|display=inline}} | {{sort|000890|}}{{convert|1271|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|381|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000200000|20 kt}} | Venting detected, {{convert|140|Ci|GBq|abbr=on}} | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_48 /> | |- ! ''Imp''{{anchor|Imp}} | {{dts|1968|8|9}} 13:00:00.0 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2bj {{coord|37.16176|-116.07808|name=Imp|display=inline}} | {{sort|001135|}}{{convert|1314|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|178.46|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000003500|350 t}} | Venting detected on site, {{convert|4.2|kCi|TBq|abbr=on}} | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_48 /> | |- ! ''Rack''{{anchor|Rack}} | {{dts|1968|8|15}} 17:00:00.0 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U9ap {{coord|37.12373|-116.0491|name=Rack|display=inline}} | {{sort|001054|}}{{convert|1254|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|199.72|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000010000|1 kt}} | Venting detected, {{convert|10|Ci|GBq|abbr=on}} | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_48 /> | |- ! ''Diana Moon''{{anchor|Diana Moon}} | {{dts|1968|8|27}} 16:30:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U11e {{coord|36.87718|-115.93195|name=Diana Moon|display=inline}} | {{sort|000761|}}{{convert|1004|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|242.01|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapon effect | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000090000|9 kt}} | Venting detected on site, {{convert|12|kCi|TBq|abbr=on}} | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_48 /><ref name=LT_40 /> | |- ! ''Sled''{{anchor|Sled}} | {{dts|1968|8|29}} 22:45:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U19j {{coord|37.25028|-116.34777|name=Sled|display=inline}} | {{sort|001328|}}{{convert|2057|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|728.88|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|002000000|200 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_158 /> | |- ! ''Noggin''{{anchor|Noggin}} | {{dts|1968|9|6}} 14:00:00.13 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U9bx {{coord|37.13597|-116.04824|name=Noggin|display=inline}} | {{sort|000677|}}{{convert|1259|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|581.99|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|001200000|120 kt}} | Venting detected, {{convert|16|Ci|GBq|abbr=on}} | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_48 /><ref name=LT_40 /> | |- ! ''Knife-A''{{anchor|Knife-A}} | {{dts|1968|9|12}} 14:00:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3fb {{coord|37.03178|-116.01237|name=Knife-A|display=inline}} | {{sort|000858|}}{{convert|1190|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|331.8|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000200000|20 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | |- ! ''Stoddard''{{anchor|Stoddard}} | {{dts|1968|9|17}} 14:00:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2cms {{coord|37.11981|-116.12835|name=Stoddard|display=inline}} | {{sort|000902|}}{{convert|1370|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|467.87|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />peaceful research | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000310000|31 kt}} | Venting detected, {{convert|16|Ci|GBq|abbr=on}} | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_48 /><ref name=LT_40 /> | Project Plowshare β clean excavation device development. |- ! ''Hudson Seal''{{anchor|Hudson Seal}} | {{dts|1968|9|24}} 17:05:01.09 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U12n.04 {{coord|37.20473|-116.20727|name=Hudson Seal|display=inline}} | {{sort|001823|}}{{convert|2168|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|344.42|m|abbr=on}} | tunnel,<br />weapon effect | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000200000|20 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_158 /> | |- ! ''Welder''{{anchor|Welder}} | {{dts|1968|10|3}} 14:00:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3fs {{coord|37.04665|-116.03048|name=Welder|display=inline}} | {{sort|001081|}}{{convert|1199|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|117.66|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />safety experiment | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|less than 20 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | |- ! ''Knife-C''{{anchor|Knife-C}} | {{dts|1968|10|3}} 14:29:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3er {{coord|37.02591|-115.99396|name=Knife-C|display=inline}} | {{sort|000899|}}{{convert|1201|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|301.44|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000030000|3 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_40 /> | |- ! ''Vat''{{anchor|Vat}} | {{dts|1968|10|10}} 14:30:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U9cf {{coord|37.13327|-116.04318|name=Vat|display=inline}} | {{sort|001061|}}{{convert|1256|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|194.92|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000010000|1 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | |- ! ''Hula''{{anchor|Hula}} | {{dts|1968|10|29}} 15:36:00.09 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U9bu {{coord|37.11321|-116.0418|name=Hula|display=inline}} | {{sort|001055|}}{{convert|1254|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|198.46|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000002500|250 t}} | Venting detected on site, {{convert|7|Ci|GBq|abbr=on}} | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_48 /> | |- ! ''Bit'' - 1{{anchor|Bit}} | {{dts|1968|10|31}} 18:30:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3gt {{coord|37.04701|-116.03021|name=Bit - 1|display=inline}} | {{sort|001050|}}{{convert|1199|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|148.31|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />safety experiment | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000010000|1 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | simultaneous, separate holes. |- ! ''Bit'' - 2{{anchor|Bit}} | {{dts|1968|10|31}} 18:30:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3gt {{coord|37.04699|-116.03034|name=Bit - 2|display=inline}} | {{sort|001199|}}{{convert|1199|m|abbr=on}} + | underground shaft,<br />safety experiment | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|less than 20 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | simultaneous, separate holes. |- ! ''File''{{anchor|File}} | {{dts|1968|10|31}} 18:30:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3gb {{coord|37.01708|-116.03649|name=File|display=inline}} | {{sort|000956|}}{{convert|1185|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|228.95|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000070000|7 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | |- ! ''Crew'' - 1{{anchor|Crew}} | {{dts|1968|11|4}} 15:15:00.09 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2db {{coord|37.13043|-116.08738|name=Crew - 1|display=inline}} | {{sort|000683|}}{{convert|1287|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|603.5|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000220000|22 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_40 /> | Simultaneous, same hole. |- ! ''Crew'' - 2{{anchor|Crew}} | {{dts|1968|11|4}} 15:16:00.09 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2db {{coord|37.13042|-116.08738|name=Crew - 2|display=inline}} | {{sort|001287|}}{{convert|1287|m|abbr=on}} + | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|less than 20 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | Simultaneous, same hole. |- ! ''Crew'' - 3{{anchor|Crew}} | {{dts|1968|11|4}} 15:16:00.09 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2db {{coord|37.13042|-116.08738|name=Crew - 3|display=inline}} | {{sort|001287|}}{{convert|1287|m|abbr=on}} + | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|less than 20 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | Simultaneous, same hole. |- ! ''Auger''{{anchor|Auger}} | {{dts|1968|11|15}} 15:30:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3fx {{coord|37.04765|-116.00058|name=Auger|display=inline}} | {{sort|000981|}}{{convert|1222|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|240.62|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000010000|1 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | |- ! ''Knife-B''{{anchor|Knife-B}} | {{dts|1968|11|15}} 15:45:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3dz {{coord|37.02609|-116.03412|name=Knife-B|display=inline}} | {{sort|000825|}}{{convert|1188|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|362.94|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000080000|8 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_40 /> | |- ! ''Ming Vase''{{anchor|Ming Vase}} | {{dts|1968|11|20}} 18:00:00.03 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U16a.04 {{coord|37.00973|-116.2072|name=Ming Vase|display=inline}} | {{sort|001623|}}{{convert|1931|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|307.94|m|abbr=on}} | tunnel,<br />weapon effect | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000160000|16 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_158 /> | |- ! ''Tinderbox''{{anchor|Tinderbox}} | {{dts|1968|11|22}} 16:19:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U9az {{coord|37.13987|-116.04312|name=Tinderbox|display=inline}} | {{sort|000821|}}{{convert|1261|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|439.52|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000030000|3 kt}} | Venting detected, {{convert|2|Ci|GBq|abbr=on}} | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_48 /> | |- ! ''Schooner''{{anchor|Schooner}} | {{dts|1968|12|8}} 16:00:00.14 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U20u {{coord|37.34326|-116.56661|name=Schooner|display=inline}} | {{sort|001556|}}{{convert|1668|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|111.22|m|abbr=on}} | cratering,<br />peaceful research | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000300000|30 kt}} | Venting detected off site, {{convert|3.7|MCi|PBq|abbr=on}} | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_48 /><ref name=LT_148 /> | [[Operation Plowshare|Plowshare]] β excavation experiment in hard, dry rock. |- ! ''Bay Leaf''{{anchor|Bay Leaf}} | {{dts|1968|12|12}} 15:00:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3gq {{coord|37.04702|-116.03104|name=Bay Leaf|display=inline}} | {{sort|001068|}}{{convert|1199|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|130.16|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />safety experiment | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|less than 20 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | simultaneous, separate holes. |- ! ''Tyg'' - 1{{anchor|Tyg}} | {{dts|1968|12|12}} 15:10:00.08 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2dc1e {{coord|37.1209|-116.08145|name=Tyg - 1|display=inline}} | {{sort|001044|}}{{convert|1273|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|228.3|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000200000|20 kt}} | Venting detected on site, {{convert|6.8|kCi|TBq|abbr=on}} | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_48 /> | |- ! ''Tyg'' - 2{{anchor|Tyg}} | {{dts|1968|12|12}} 15:10:00.08 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2dc2d {{coord|37.11758|-116.08035|name=Tyg - 2|display=inline}} | {{sort|001019|}}{{convert|1270|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|251|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000030000|3 kt}} | Venting detected on site | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_48 /><ref name=LT_57 /> | |- ! ''Tyg'' - 3{{anchor|Tyg}} | {{dts|1968|12|12}} 15:10:00.08 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2dc3c {{coord|37.11804|-116.07788|name=Tyg - 3|display=inline}} | {{sort|001039|}}{{convert|1268|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|228.3|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000020000|2 kt}} | Venting detected on site | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_48 /><ref name=LT_57 /> | |- ! ''Tyg'' - 4{{anchor|Tyg}} | {{dts|1968|12|12}} 15:10:00.08 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2dc4a {{coord|37.12124|-116.0791|name=Tyg - 4|display=inline}} | {{sort|001272|}}{{convert|1272|m|abbr=on}} + | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000010000|1 kt}} | Venting detected on site | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /> | |- ! ''Tyg'' - 5{{anchor|Tyg}} | {{dts|1968|12|12}} 15:10:00.08 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2dc5b {{coord|37.11985|-116.07744|name=Tyg - 5|display=inline}} | {{sort|001270|}}{{convert|1270|m|abbr=on}} + | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000030000|3 kt}} | Venting detected on site | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /> | |- ! ''Tyg'' - 6{{anchor|Tyg}} | {{dts|1968|12|12}} 15:10:00.08 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2dc6f {{coord|37.11879|-116.08278|name=Tyg - 6|display=inline}} | {{sort|001273|}}{{convert|1273|m|abbr=on}} + | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000040000|4 kt}} | Venting detected on site | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /> | |- ! ''Scissors''{{anchor|Scissors}} | {{dts|1968|12|12}} 15:20:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3gh {{coord|37.00391|-116.04|name=Scissors|display=inline}} | {{sort|000940|}}{{convert|1181|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|240.58|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000010000|1 kt}} | Venting detected on site | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_48 /> | |- ! ''Benham''{{anchor|Benham}} | {{dts|1968|12|19}} 16:30:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U20c - {{coord|37.23142|-116.47448|name=Benham|display=inline}} | {{sort|000484|}}{{convert|1887|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|1402.08|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|011500000|1.2 Mt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | |- ! ''Packard''{{anchor|Packard}} | {{dts|1969|1|15}} 19:00:00.07 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2u {{coord|37.14787|-116.06654|name=Packard|display=inline}} | {{sort|001041|}}{{convert|1288|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|246.89|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapon effect | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000100000|10 kt}} | Venting detected on site, {{convert|7|Ci|GBq|abbr=on}} | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_48 /><ref name=LT_40 /> | |- ! ''Wineskin''{{anchor|Wineskin}} | {{dts|1969|1|15}} 19:30:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U12r {{coord|37.20909|-116.22627|name=Wineskin|display=inline}} | {{sort|001744|}}{{convert|2263|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|518.16|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000400000|40 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_158 /> | |- ! ''Shave''{{anchor|Shave}} | {{dts|1969|1|22}} 15:00:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3gk {{coord|37.01544|-115.99516|name=Shave|display=inline}} | {{sort|000950|}}{{convert|1191|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|240.75|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000020000|2 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | |- ! ''Vise''{{anchor|Vise}} | {{dts|1969|1|30}} 15:00:00.038 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3ej {{coord|37.0533|-116.02998|name=Vise|display=inline}} | {{sort|000749|}}{{convert|1204|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|454.06|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000200000|20 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_40 /><ref name=LT_158 /> | |- ! ''Biggin''{{anchor|Biggin}} | {{dts|1969|1|30}} 15:17:00.12 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U9bz {{coord|37.13326|-116.04113|name=Biggin|display=inline}} | {{sort|001014|}}{{convert|1257|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|242.32|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|less than 20 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | |- ! ''Nipper''{{anchor|Nipper}} | {{dts|1969|2|4}} 15:00:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3gl {{coord|37.00262|-116.01|name=Nipper|display=inline}} | {{sort|000937|}}{{convert|1178|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|240.73|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|less than 20 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | |- ! ''Winch''{{anchor|Winch}} | {{dts|1969|2|4}} 15:00:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3gf {{coord|37.00941|-116.04304|name=Winch|display=inline}} | {{sort|000944|}}{{convert|1185|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|240.63|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000006000|600 t}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | |- ! ''Cypress''{{anchor|Cypress}} | {{dts|1969|2|12}} 16:18:20.88 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U12g.09 {{coord|37.16901|-116.2116|name=Cypress|display=inline}} | {{sort|001905|}}{{convert|2265|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|359.66|m|abbr=on}} | tunnel,<br />weapon effect | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000150000|15 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_158 /> | |- ! ''Valise''{{anchor|Valise}} | {{dts|1969|3|18}} 14:30:00.12 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U9by {{coord|37.13909|-116.04171|name=Valise|display=inline}} | {{sort|001170|}}{{convert|1261|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|90.25|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />safety experiment | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|less than 20 kt}} | Venting detected | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_48 /> | |- ! ''Chatty''{{anchor|Chatty}} | {{dts|1969|3|18}} 14:40:00.43 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2bn {{coord|37.16224|-116.07679|name=Chatty|display=inline}} | {{sort|001117|}}{{convert|1312|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|194.77|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000008000|800 t}} | Venting detected, {{convert|0.7|Ci|GBq|abbr=on}} | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_48 /> | |- ! ''Barsac''{{anchor|Barsac}} | {{dts|1969|3|20}} 18:12:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3gc {{coord|37.02203|-116.03098|name=Barsac|display=inline}} | {{sort|000882|}}{{convert|1187|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|304.13|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000100000|10 kt}} | Venting detected on site, {{convert|43|Ci|GBq|abbr=on}} | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_40 /> | |- ! ''Coffer''{{anchor|Coffer}} | {{dts|1969|3|21}} 14:30:00.41 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2de {{coord|37.13325|-116.0876|name=Coffer|display=inline}} | {{sort|000826|}}{{convert|1291|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|464.82|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000260000|26 kt}} | Venting detected, {{convert|10|Ci|GBq|abbr=on}} | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_48 /> | |- ! ''Gourd-Amber'' - 1{{anchor|Gourd-Amber}} | {{dts|1969|4|24}} 13:04:00.14 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2bf {{coord|37.16393|-116.08061|name=Gourd-Amber - 1|display=inline}} | {{sort|001138|}}{{convert|1320|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|181.3|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000008000|800 t}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_57 /> | simultaneous, separate holes. |- ! ''Gourd-Brown'' - 2{{anchor|Gourd-Brown}} | {{dts|1969|4|24}} 13:04:00.14 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2bl {{coord|37.15998|-116.08186|name=Gourd-Brown - 2|display=inline}} | {{sort|001317|}}{{convert|1317|m|abbr=on}} + | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|less than 20 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | simultaneous, separate holes. |- ! ''Blenton''{{anchor|Blenton}} | {{dts|1969|4|30}} 17:00:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U7p {{coord|37.08145|-116.01481|name=Blenton|display=inline}} | {{sort|000697|}}{{convert|1255|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|557.73|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000510000|51 kt}} | Venting detected on site | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_48 /><ref name=LT_158 /> | |- ! ''Thistle''{{anchor|Thistle}} | {{dts|1969|4|30}} 17:00:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U7t {{coord|37.09023|-116.00651|name=Thistle|display=inline}} | {{sort|000720|}}{{convert|1281|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|560.47|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000380000|38 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_158 /> | |- ! ''Purse''{{anchor|Purse}} | {{dts|1969|5|7}} 13:45:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U20v {{coord|37.28283|-116.50153|name=Purse|display=inline}} | {{sort|001229|}}{{convert|1828|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|598.75|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000900000|90 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_40 /> | |- ! ''Aliment''{{anchor|Aliment}} | {{dts|1969|5|15}} 18:00:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2gj {{coord|37.01185|-115.98583|name=Aliment|display=inline}} | {{sort|000966|}}{{convert|1207|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|240.51|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000020000|2 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | |- ! ''Ipecac'' - 1{{anchor|Ipecac}} | {{dts|1969|5|27}} 14:00:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3hka {{coord|37.01498|-116.00292|name=Ipecac - 1|display=inline}} | {{sort|001056|}}{{convert|1181|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|124.18|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />safety experiment | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|less than 20 kt}} | Venting detected on site | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_48 /> | simultaneous, separate holes. |- ! ''Ipecac'' - 2{{anchor|Ipecac}} | {{dts|1969|5|27}} 14:00:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3hkb {{coord|37.01482|-116.00086|name=Ipecac - 2|display=inline}} | {{sort|001182|}}{{convert|1182|m|abbr=on}} + | underground shaft,<br />safety experiment | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000000000|less than 20 kt}} | Venting detected on site | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /> | simultaneous, separate holes. |- ! ''Torrido''{{anchor|Torrido}} | {{dts|1969|5|27}} 14:15:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U7w {{coord|37.07506|-115.99617|name=Torrido|display=inline}} | {{sort|000755|}}{{convert|1270|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|514.72|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000220000|22 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_40 /><ref name=LT_158 /> | |- ! ''Tapper''{{anchor|Tapper}} | {{dts|1969|6|12}} 14:00:00.04 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U3go {{coord|37.00879|-116.03109|name=Tapper|display=inline}} | {{sort|000878|}}{{convert|1181|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|303|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000100000|10 kt}} | Venting detected on site | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_150 /><ref name=LT_40 /> | |- ! ''Bowl'' - 1{{anchor|Bowl}} | {{dts|1969|6|26}} 16:00:00.13 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2bo1 {{coord|37.16244|-116.07949|name=Bowl - 1|display=inline}} | {{sort|001117|}}{{convert|1316|m|abbr=on}} β {{convert|198.12|m|abbr=on}} | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000020000|2 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_44 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | simultaneous, separate holes. |- ! ''Bowl'' - 2{{anchor|Bowl}} | {{dts|1969|6|26}} 16:00:00.13 | style="text-align:center;" | PST (β8 hrs)<br /> || [[Nevada National Security Site|NTS]] Area U2bo2 {{coord|37.16072|-116.0801|name=Bowl - 2|display=inline}} | {{sort|001315|}}{{convert|1315|m|abbr=on}} + | underground shaft,<br />weapons development | | style="text-align:center;" | {{sort|000030000|3 kt}} | | <ref name=LT_1 /><ref name=LT_34 /><ref name=LT_6 /> | simultaneous, separate holes. |} {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=LT_1>{{citation| last1=Yang| first1=Xiaoping| first2=Robert| last2=North| first3=Carl| last3=Romney| date=August 2000| title=CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3)| publisher=SMDC Monitoring Research}}</ref> <ref name=LT_34>{{citation| publisher=Sandia National Laboratories| date=July 1, 1994| title=Official list of underground nuclear explosions| url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Nevada.html| access-date=December 18, 2013}}</ref> <ref name=LT_44>{{citation| last1=Norris| first1=Robert Standish| first2=Thomas B.| last2=Cochran| date=February 1, 1994| title=United States nuclear tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992 (NWD 94-1)| journal=Nuclear Weapons Databook Working Paper| publisher=Natural Resources Defense Council| location=Washington, DC| url=http://docs.nrdc.org/nuclear/files/nuc_02019401a_121.pdf| access-date=October 26, 2013| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194805/http://docs.nrdc.org/nuclear/files/nuc_02019401a_121.pdf| archive-date=October 29, 2013}}</ref> <ref name=LT_6>{{citation| publisher=Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office| date=December 1, 2000| title=United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992| type=DOE/NV-209 REV15| location=Las Vegas, NV| url=http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/publications/historical/DOENV_209_REV15.pdf| access-date=December 18, 2013| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012160826/http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/publications/historical/DOENV_209_REV15.pdf| archive-date=October 12, 2006}}</ref> <ref name=LT_48>{{citation| publisher=DOE Nevada Operations Office| date=August 1996| title=Radiological Effluents Released from U.S. Continental Tests 1961 Through 1992 (DOE/NV-317 Rev. 1)| url=http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/publications/historical/DOENV_317.pdf| access-date=October 31, 2013| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103041622/http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/publications/historical/DOENV_317.pdf| archive-date=November 3, 2013}}</ref> <ref name=LT_150>{{citation| url=http://www.cancer.gov/i131/fallout/Chapter2.pdf| access-date=January 5, 2014| title=Estimated exposures and thyroid doses received by the American people from Iodine-131 in fallout following Nevada atmospheric nuclear bomb tests, Chapter 2| publisher=National Cancer Institute| year=1997}}</ref> <ref name=LT_40>{{citation| last=Bolt| first=Bruce A.| year=1976| title=Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes: The Parted Veil| publisher=W.H. Freeman and Co.| location=San Francisco, CA}}</ref> <ref name=LT_158>{{citation| last1=Hechanova| first1=Anthony E.| first2=James E.| last2=O'Donnell| date=September 25, 1998| title=Estimates of yield for nuclear tests impacting the groundwater at the Nevada Test Site| publisher=Nuclear Science and Technology Division}}</ref> <ref name=LT_148>{{citation| url=http://www.nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests| access-date=January 6, 2014| last=Sublette| first=Carey| title=Nuclear Weapons Archive}}</ref> <ref name=LT_57>{{citation| publisher=Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of Defense| location=Washington, DC| title=Operation Argus, 1958| year=1982| type=DNA6039F| url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112075683737;view=1up;seq=11| access-date=November 26, 2013}}</ref> }} {{US Nuclear Tests}} [[Category:Explosions in 1968]] [[Category:Explosions in 1969]] [[Category:1968 in military history]] [[Category:1969 in military history]] [[Category:Nevada Test Site nuclear explosive tests|Bowline]] [[Category:1968 in the United States]] [[Category:1969 in the United States]]
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