Editing Orthoptics

{{Short description|Sub-discipline of ophthalmology}}
'''Orthoptics''' is a profession allied to the [[eye care]] profession. Orthoptists are the experts in diagnosing and treating defects in eye movements and problems with how the eyes work together, called binocular vision. These can be caused by issues with the muscles around the eyes or defects in the nerves enabling the brain to communicate with the eyes. Orthoptists are responsible for the diagnosis and non-surgical management of [[strabismus]] (cross-eyed), [[amblyopia]] (lazy eye) and eye movement disorders.<ref name="IOA">International Orthoptic Association document "professional role"</ref> The word ''orthoptics'' comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words ὀρθός ''orthos'', "straight" and ὀπτικός ''optikοs'', "relating to sight" and much of the practice of orthoptists concerns disorders of [[binocular vision]] and defects of eye movement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tcos.ca/about_orthoptics.html |title=TCOS.ca :: The Canadian Orthoptic Society |access-date=2008-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611094011/http://www.tcos.ca/about_orthoptics.html |archive-date=2008-06-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Orthoptists are trained professionals who specialize in orthoptic treatment, such as eye patches, eye exercises, prisms or [[glasses]]. They commonly work with paediatric patients and also adult patients with neurological conditions such as [[stroke]], [[brain tumour]]s or [[multiple sclerosis]].  With specific training, in some countries orthoptists may be involved in monitoring of some forms of eye disease, such as [[glaucoma]], [[cataract]] screening and [[diabetic retinopathy]].<ref name="Vukicevic">Vukicevic, M., Koklanis, K and Giribaldi, M. ''Orthoptics: Evolving to meet increasing demand for eye service''. In Insight news. March 2013: Sydney, Australia. By Enyeribe Uzoma Emmanuel.</ref>

==Effectiveness==
For children, there is evidence that orthoptics is more effective at treating [[convergence insufficiency]] than home-based pencil or computer training; for adults the effectiveness is less evident.<ref name="cc">{{cite journal|vauthors=Scheiman M, Kulp MT, Cotter SA, Lawrenson JG, Wang L, Li T|date=Dec 2, 2020|title=Interventions for convergence insufficiency: a network meta-analysis|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|volume=2020|issue=12|pages=CD006768|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006768.pub3|pmid=33263359|pmc=8092638}}</ref>

==History==
Orthoptics has a long history in supporting ophthalmic care. French ophthalmologist Louis Emile Javal began using ocular exercises to treat strabismus (squint) and described the practice of orthoptics in his writings in the late 19th century. Mary Maddox pioneered the orthoptic profession and was the first documented orthoptist. She was trained by her father, [[Ernest Maddox|Ernest E. Maddox]], in response to increasing patient demand and time needed to examine and treat patients. Ernest Maddox was a reputed ophthalmologist as well as the inventor of various instruments for investigating binocular vision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orthoptie.net/histoire/bios/maddox.htm|title=Ernest Edmund Maddox (1863 - 1933)|date=2006-06-03|access-date=2014-09-17|language=fr}}</ref> Mary Maddox started her own practice in London in the early 1920s and her first hospital clinic opened at the Royal Westminster Hospital in 1928.<ref name="Vukicevic"/><ref name="Helveston">{{cite journal | last1 = Helveston | first1 = EM | title = Visual training: current status in ophthalmology | journal = American Journal of Ophthalmology | volume = 140 | issue = 5 | pages = 903–10 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16310470 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.06.003 }}</ref> The first Australian hospital clinic with orthoptists was established at the Alfred Hospital in Melbourne in 1931.

==Current orthoptic practice==
Orthoptists are mainly involved with diagnosing and managing patients with binocular vision disorders which relate to [[amblyopia]], eye movement disorders, [[extraocular muscle]] balance such as with [[version (eye)|version]], [[refractive|refractive errors]], [[vergence]], accommodation imbalances, [[positive relative accommodation]] and [[negative relative accommodation]]. They work closely with ophthalmologists to ensure that patients with eye muscle disorders are offered a full range of treatment options. According to the [[International Orthoptic Association]], professional orthoptic practice involves the following:<ref name="internationalorthoptics.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalorthoptics.org/download/1160331924_3.1._pr_01_rev_06.doc |title=Archived copy |access-date=May 16, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731141108/http://www.internationalorthoptics.org/download/1160331924_3.1._pr_01_rev_06.doc |archive-date=July 31, 2009 }}</ref>
*'''Primary activities'''
**Ocular motility diagnosis and co-management<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = McCarry | first1 = B | year = 1999 | title = Orthoptists' Current Shared Care Role in Ophthalmology | journal = Br Orthopt J | volume = 56 | pages = 11–18 }}</ref>
**Vision screening. In the UK all school vision screening programmes for children between age 4–5 years is orthoptic led. Screening is either conducted by orthoptists or by health professionals who have received extensive training and certification from their local orthoptic department.
**Assessment of special needs<ref>K.Fitzmaurice, H Maclean "A Method of Assessing Visual Performance Applicable to Multi-Handicapped Children." Trans. IXth IOC, 1999 Ed.Cynthia Pritchard, Marli Kohler, Dagmar Verlohr, p 111-5.</ref>
**Assessment and rehabilitation in neurological disorders<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fowler | first1 = MS | year = 1991 | title = Orthoptic Investigation of Neurological Patients Undergoing Rehabilitation | journal = Br Orthopt J | volume = 48 | pages = 2–7 }}</ref>
*'''Secondary activities'''
**Low vision assessment and management<ref>Enrica Colombo: The Orthoptist Visual-Therapist. Trans. VIIth IOC 1991, Ed G.Tillson, p 365.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fujita | first1 = J. | last2 = Aoki | first2 = S.| year = 2000 | title = Orthoptists in Low Vision Clinic | journal = J.O.J. | volume = 28 | pages = 239–243 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fitzmaurice | first1 = K. | year = 1999 | title = Low [[Vision Rehabilitation|vision rehabilitation]]: An update | journal = Australian Orthoptic Journal | volume = 34 | pages = 9–14 }}</ref>
**[[Glaucoma]] assessment and stable glaucoma management<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Amano | first1 = M. | last2 = Yamaguchi | first2 = N.| year = 1999 | title = Glaucoma Screening in Health Checkups | journal = J.O.J. | volume = 27 | pages = 153–158 | doi=10.4263/jorthoptic.27.153|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free }}</ref>
**Biometry (includes [[sonographer|sonography]] work)<ref name="australianorthopticboard.org.au">{{Cite web|url=http://www.australianorthopticboard.org.au/Registration/Registration.html|title = Australian Orthoptic Board}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Edwards | first1 = RS| year = 1999 | title = The Role of Orthoptists in Biometry | journal = Br Orthopt J | volume = 56 | pages = 19–21 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
**Fundus photography and screening<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2007.01576.x | last1 = Georgievski | first1 = Z | last2 = Koklanis | first2 = K | last3 = Fenton | first3 = A | last4 = Koukouras | first4 = I. | year = 2007 | title = Victorian orthoptists' performance in the photo evaluation of diabetic retinopathy | journal = Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology | volume = 35 | issue = 8| pages = 733–738 | pmid=17997777| s2cid = 8661627 }}</ref>
**Visual electrodiagnosis<ref>JW Weiss, M Munck, E Muller-Feuga: The Orthoptist and Electro-Oculography. Trans. Vth IOC 1983, Ed.AP Ravault, Marlis Lenk, p 373-79</ref>
**[[Retinoscopy]] and refraction, such as using a [[phoropter]] to assess [[refractive error]]s<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ranzco.edu/orthoptists-and-prescribing-in-nsw |title=Orthoptists and Prescribing in NSW, VIC and SA — Ranzco |access-date=2009-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930060920/http://www.ranzco.edu/orthoptists-and-prescribing-in-nsw |archive-date=2011-09-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''Further activities'''
**Specific outpatient waiting list initiatives to reduce the delay for children referred to the eye clinic (filter screening)<ref>VK Lantau et al: State of the Rotterdam Amblyopia Screening Project. Trans. IXth IOC, 1999 Ed.Cynthia Pritchard, Marli Kohler, Dagmar Verlohr, p 39-45.</ref>
**Joint multidisciplinary children's vision screening clinics (orthoptics/optometry)<ref>G.Schalit et al: A New Model for the Evaluation and Management of Strabismus, Amblyopia and Refractive Error in Children. Trans. IXth IOC, 1999 Ed.Cynthia Pritchard, Marli Kohler, Dagmar Verlohr,  p 357.</ref>
**Organisation/prioritisation of the [[strabismus]] surgical admissions list according to agreed criteria
**Assistance with surgical procedures

== Qualifications and training ==
In the US, students of orthoptics must attend two years of fellowship training. {{As of|2019}}, there were thirteen programs affiliated with medical facilities or universities in the US and three in Canada offering an orthoptic curriculum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orthoptics.org/become-an-orthoptist|title = Become an Orthoptist 2022}}</ref>
In the United Kingdom, Austria, Switzerland and Germany, the orthoptic degree is a full time three-year course, including hospital placements to develop and refine clinical skills and specialism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orthoptics.org.uk/information-for-students/|title = How do I become an orthoptist?}}</ref>

Admission criteria vary from school to school; however, national regulations require completion of a baccalaureate degree prior to sitting for the national certifying exams. A personal interview is customarily part of the admissions process. In the UK the majority of orthoptists are employed by the NHS in hospitals or community eye services. They contribute to the wider eye care teams, alongside ophthalmologists and optometrists.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Bates method]]
*[[Diplopia]]
*[[Dissociated vertical deviation]]
*[[Esotropia]]
*[[Exotropia]]
*[[Eye care professional]]
*[[Eyepatch]]
*[[Haploscope]]
*[[Pediatric ophthalmology]]
*[[Pinhole glasses]]
*[[Vision therapy]]
*[[Vision rehabilitation]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Diagnostic ophthalmology]]