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{{Short description|Ethnic Chinese residing outside of China}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Use British English|date=March 2015}} {{Infobox ethnic group | native_name = {{ubl|{{lang|zh-hant|海外華人}}，{{lang|zh-hans|海外华人}}|{{lang|zh-hant|海外中國人}}，{{lang|zh-hans|海外中国人}}}} | image = [[File:Map of the Chinese Diaspora in the World.svg|300px]] | population = 60,000,000<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhuang |first=Guotu |year=2021 |title=The Overseas Chinese: A Long History |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379264_eng |publisher=UNESDOC |page=24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suryadinata |first=Leo |year=2017 |title=Blurring the Distinction between Huaqiao and Huaren: China's Changing Policy towards the Chinese Overseas |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/658015/pdf |url-status=live |journal=Southeast Asian Affairs |location=Singapore |publisher=[[ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute]] |volume=2017 |issue=1 |page=109 |jstor=pdf/26492596.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ac19f5fdd9d010b9985b476a20a2a8bdd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128232425/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/658015/pdf |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=20 February 2020}}</ref><br />10,500,000 (born in mainland China, 2023) | region1 = {{flag|Thailand}} | pop1 = [[Thai Chinese|9,392,792]] (2012) | ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?chinese-diaspora|title=Chinese Diaspora|access-date=2022-04-01|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927053139/https://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?chinese-diaspora|url-status=live}}</ref> | region2 = {{flag|Malaysia}} | pop2 = [[Malaysian Chinese|6,892,367]] (2020) | ref2 = <ref name="DOSM2020">{{Cite journal |date=Dec 2022 |title=Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Urban and Rural |journal=[[Department of Statistics Malaysia]] |pages=273–355 |isbn=978-967-253-683-3}}</ref> | region3 = {{flag|United States}} | pop3 = [[Chinese Americans|5,457,033]] (2023) | ref3 = <ref name="ACS 2023">{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B02018 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=2024-09-21 |title=US Census Data }}</ref> | region4 = {{flag|Indonesia}} | pop4 = [[Chinese Indonesians|2,832,510]] (2010) | ref4 = {{sfn|Ananta|Arifin|Hasbullah|Handayani|2015|pp=119–122}} | region5 = {{flag|Singapore}} | pop5 = [[Chinese Singaporeans|2,675,521]] (2020) | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Census 2020 |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr1/cop2020sr1.pdf |website=Singapore Department of Statistics |access-date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611051404/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr1/cop2020sr1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | region6 = {{flag|Myanmar}} | pop6 = [[Chinese people in Myanmar|1,725,794]] (2011) | ref6 = <ref name="Poston and Wong" /> | region7 = {{flag|Canada}} | pop7 = [[Chinese Canadians|1,715,770]] (2021) | ref7 = <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-15 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – Canada – Visible minority |at=Chinese |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=30&SearchText=Canada |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=[[Statistics Canada]] |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108053001/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=30&SearchText=Canada |url-status=live }}</ref> | region8 = {{flag|Australia}} | pop8 = [[Chinese Australians|1,390,637]] (2021) | ref8 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats {{!}} Australian Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/AUS |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.abs.gov.au}}</ref> | region9 = {{flag|Philippines}} | pop9 = [[Chinese Filipino|1,350,000]] (2013) | ref9 = <ref>{{Cite press release|title=Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday|date=January 21, 2013|publisher=PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines|url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp|last1=Macrohon|first1=Pilar|access-date=9 October 2015|archive-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409034225/http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> | region10 = {{flag|South Korea}} | pop10 = [[Chinese in South Korea|1,070,566]] (2018) | ref10 = <ref name="kr2018" /> | region11 = {{flag|Vietnam}} | pop11 = [[Hoa people|749,466]] (2019) | ref11 = <ref name="GSO2019"/> | region12 = {{flag|Japan}} | pop12 = [[Chinese people in Japan|744,551]] (2022) | ref12 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/publications/press/13_00028.html |title=令和４年６月末現在における在留外国人数について | 出入国在留管理庁 |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101215618/https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/publications/press/13_00028.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | region13 = {{flag|France}} | pop13 = [[Chinese diaspora in France|600,000-700,000]] (2021) | region14 = {{flag|United Kingdom}} | pop14 = [[British Chinese|502,216]] (2021) | ref14 = <ref name="Poston and Wong" /> | region15 = {{flag|Italy}} | pop15 = [[Chinese people in Italy|308,984]] (2020) | ref15 = <ref>[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)]]: ''[http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/129854 I cittadini non comunitari regolarmente soggiornanti] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113203531/http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/129854 |date=November 13, 2014 }}''. Retrieved 5 January 2015.17</ref> | region16 = {{flag|Brazil}} | pop16 = [[Chinese Brazilians|252,250]] (2011) | ref16 = <ref name="Poston and Wong" /> | region17 = {{flag|New Zealand}} | pop17 = [[Chinese New Zealanders|247,770]] (2018) | ref17 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=National ethnic population projections, by age and sex, 2018 (base) – 2043 Information on table.|access-date=31 October 2021|url=http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/index.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201145406/http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> | region18 = {{flag|India}} | pop18 = [[Chinese people in India|200,000]] (2016) | ref18 = <ref name="Poston and Wong" /> | region19 = {{flag|Germany}} | pop19 = [[Chinese people in Germany|155,955]] (2023) | ref19 = <ref name="bib2017">{{Cite web |date=2 May 2024 |title=Ausländische Bevölkerung nach Geschlecht und ausgewählten Staatsangehörigkeiten |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Tabellen/auslaendische-bevoelkerung-geschlecht.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=Federal Statistical Office of Germany}}</ref> | region20 = {{flag|Laos}} | pop20 = [[Laotian Chinese|176,490]] (2011) | ref20 = <ref name="Poston and Wong" /> | region21 = {{flag|Cambodia}} | pop21 = [[Cambodian Chinese|343,855–700,000 ]] (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/Final%20Report%20CSES%202013.pdf|title=Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2013|publisher=National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Government of Cambodia|pages=12|date=July 2014|access-date=2024-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113144749/http://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/Final%20Report%20CSES%202013.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> | languages = [[Chinese languages]] | religions = {{hlist|[[Taoism]]|[[Buddhism]]|[[Christianity]]|[[Islam]]<ref name="More Islamic Chinnese">{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315225159-2/islamic-less-chinese-explorations-overseas-chinese-muslim-identities-malaysia-chow-bing-ngeow-hailong-ma |chapter=More Islamic, no less Chinese: explorations into overseas Chinese Muslim identities in Malaysia|doi=10.4324/9781315225159-2 |title=Chinese Minorities at Home and Abroad |date=2018 |last1=Ngeow a |first1=Chow Bing |last2=Ma b |first2=Hailong |pages=30–50 |isbn=978-1-315-22515-9 |s2cid=239781552 }}</ref>|Other}} }} {{Infobox Chinese | t = 海外華人 | s = 海外华人 | p = Hǎiwài huárén | t2 = 海外中國人 | s2 = 海外中国人 | p2 = Hǎiwài Zhōngguórén }} '''Overseas Chinese''' people are [[Chinese people|people of Chinese origin]] who reside outside [[Greater China]] ([[mainland China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]], and [[Taiwan]]).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goodkind |first1=Daniel |title=The Chinese Diaspora: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Trends |url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2019/demo/Chinese_Diaspora.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220152138/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2019/demo/Chinese_Diaspora.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-20 |url-status=live |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, there were over 40.3 million overseas Chinese.<ref name="Poston and Wong">{{cite journal |last1=Poston |first1=Dudley |last2=Wong |first2=Juyin |date=2016 |title=The Chinese diaspora: The current distribution of the overseas Chinese population |url= |journal=Chinese Journal of Sociology |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=356–360 |doi=10.1177/2057150X16655077 |s2cid=157718431 |access-date=}}</ref> As of 2023, there were 10.5 million people living outside mainland China who were born in mainland China.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Living outside China has become more like living inside China |url=https://www.economist.com/china/2024/02/26/living-outside-china-has-become-more-like-living-inside-china |access-date=2025-04-27 |work=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Overall, China has a low percent of population [[List of sovereign states by immigrant and emigrant population|living overseas]]. [[File:Brooklyn Chinatown.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Typical grocery store on 8th Avenue in one of the [[Chinatown, Brooklyn|Brooklyn Chinatowns]] in [[New York City]], New York. Multiple Chinatowns in [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Manhattan]], [[Chinatown, Flushing|Queens]], and Brooklyn are thriving as traditionally urban [[ethnic enclave|enclaves]], as large-scale [[Chinese emigration|Chinese immigration]] continues into New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2012-legal-permanent-residents|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=2 May 2013|archive-date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403073333/http://www.dhs.gov/yearbook-immigration-statistics-2012-legal-permanent-residents|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR11.shtm|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=27 April 2013|archive-date=8 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808080130/http://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR11.shtm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR10.shtm|title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=27 April 2013|archive-date=12 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712200141/https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR10.shtm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-09/news/29541916_1_illegal-chinese-immigrants-qm2-queen-mary|title=Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2: authorities|author=John Marzulli|publisher=NY Daily News.com|date=9 May 2011|access-date=27 April 2013|location=New York|archive-date=5 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505034445/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/malaysian-man-smuggled-illegal-chinese-immigrants-brooklyn-queen-mary-2-authorities-article-1.143516|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.queensbuzz.com/flushing-neighborhood-corona-neighborhood-cms-302|title=Chinese New Year 2012 in Flushing|publisher=QueensBuzz.com|date=25 January 2012|access-date=2 May 2013|archive-date=30 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330075918/http://www.queensbuzz.com/flushing-neighborhood-corona-neighborhood-cms-302|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[New York metropolitan area]] contains the [[Chinese Americans in New York City|largest ethnic Chinese population]] outside of [[Asia]], comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016|title=Selected Population Profile in the United States 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York–Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA Chinese alone|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214002005/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/330M400US408/popgroup~016|archive-date=14 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] ==Terminology== '''{{zh|p = Huáqiáo|labels = no}}''' ({{zh|s=华侨|t=華僑}}) refers to people of Chinese citizenship residing outside of either the [[China|PRC]] or [[Republic of China|ROC (Taiwan)]]. The government of China realized that the overseas Chinese could be an asset, a source of foreign investment and a bridge to overseas knowledge; thus, it began to recognize the use of the term Huaqiao.<ref name="wang">{{cite book|last=Wang|first=Gungwu|chapter=Upgrading the migrant: neither huaqiao nor huaren|year= 1994|publisher=Chinese Historical Society of America|title=Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1996|isbn=978-0-9614198-9-9|page=4|quote=In its own way, it [Chinese government] has upgraded its migrants from a ragbag of malcontents, adventurers, and desperately poor laborers to the status of respectable and valued nationals whose loyalty was greatly appreciated.}}</ref> Ching-Sue Kuik renders {{lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|huáqiáo}} in English as "the Chinese [[wikt:sojourner|sojourner]]" and writes that the term is "used to disseminate, reinforce, and perpetuate a monolithic and essentialist Chinese identity" by both the PRC and the ROC.<ref name="ChingSueKuik">{{cite thesis|last=Kuik|first=Ching-Sue (Gossamer)|year=2013|title=Un/Becoming Chinese: Huaqiao, The Non-perishable Sojourner Reinvented, and Alterity of Chineseness|degree=PhD|chapter=Introduction|page=2|publisher= [[University of Washington]]|oclc=879349650|chapter-url=https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/23534/Kuik_washington_0250E_12080.pdf|access-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005190404/https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/23534/Kuik_washington_0250E_12080.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> The modern informal internet term {{zh|p = [[haigui]]|labels = no}} ({{zh|s=海归|t=海歸|labels=no}}) refers to returned overseas Chinese and ''guīqiáo qiáojuàn'' ({{zh|s=归侨侨眷|t=歸僑僑眷|labels=no}}) to their returning relatives.<ref name="Barabantseva">{{cite journal|title = Who Are 'Overseas Chinese Ethnic Minorities'? China's Search for Transnational Ethnic Unity |first=Elena|last=Barabantseva|journal=Modern China|year=2012|volume=31|issue=1|pages=78–109|doi = 10.1177/0097700411424565|s2cid=145221912}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=Why are the 归侨侨眷 not themselves 海归?|date=August 2020}} {{zh|p = Huáyì|labels = no}} ({{zh|s=华裔|t=華裔|labels=no}}) refers to people of Chinese descent or [[ancestry]] residing outside of China, regardless of citizenship.<ref name=pan>{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Pan|editor1-first=Lynn|editor1-link=Lynn Pan|article=Huaqiao|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|date= 1999|access-date=17 March 2009|isbn=0674252101|lccn=98035466|url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/reference/panenc/huaqiao.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317060519/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/reference/panenc/huaqiao.html|archive-date=17 March 2009}}</ref> Another often-used term is {{zh|t=海外華人|p=Hǎiwài Huárén|labels=no}} or simply {{zh|t=華人|p=Huárén|labels=no}}. It is often used by the [[Government of China|Government of the People's Republic of China]] to refer to people of Chinese ethnicities who live outside the PRC, regardless of citizenship (they can become citizens of the country outside China by naturalization). Overseas Chinese who are ethnic [[Han Chinese]], such as [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]], [[Fuzhou people|Hokchew]], [[Hoklo people|Hokkien]], [[Hakka people|Hakka]] or [[Teochew people|Teochew]] refer to themselves as {{zhi|c=唐人}} (Tángrén).{{efn|{{zh|j=tong4 jan4|poj=Tn̂g-lâng}}; [[Fuzhou dialect|Hokchew]]: ''Toung ning''; [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]]: ''Tong nyin''}} Literally, it means ''Tang people'', a reference to [[Tang dynasty]] China when it was ruling. This term is commonly used by the [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]], [[Fuzhou people|Hokchew]], [[Hakka people|Hakka]] and [[Hoklo people|Hokkien]] as a colloquial reference to the Chinese people and has little relevance to the ancient dynasty. For example, in the early 1850s when Chinese shops opened on Sacramento St. in [[San Francisco]], California, United States, the Chinese emigrants, mainly from the [[Pearl River Delta]] west of [[Guangzhou|Canton]], called it ''Tang People Street'' ({{zhi|c=唐人街}}){{efn|{{lang-zh|p=Tángrénjiē|j=tong4 jan4 gaai1}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoy |first1=William J |title=Chinatown derives its own street names |journal=California Folklore Quarterly |volume=2 |year=1943 |issue=April |pages=71–75|doi=10.2307/1495551 |jstor=1495551}}</ref><ref name="yung2006" />{{rp|13}} and the settlement became known as ''Tang People Town'' ({{zhi|c=唐人埠}}){{efn|{{lang-zh|p=Tángrénbù|j=tong4 jan4 fau4}}}} or Chinatown.<ref name="yung2006">{{cite book |last1=Yung |first1=Judy and the Chinese Historical Society of America |title=San Francisco's Chinatown |date=2006 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-07385-3130-4}}</ref>{{rp|9–40}} The term '''{{zhi|p=shǎoshù mínzú}}''' ({{zhi|s=少数民族|t=少數民族}}) is added to the various terms for the overseas Chinese to indicate those who would be considered [[ethnic minorities in China]]. The terms '''{{zhi|p=shǎoshù mínzú huáqiáo huárén}}''' and '''{{zhi|p=shǎoshù mínzú hǎiwài qiáobāo}}''' ({{zhi|s=少数民族海外侨胞|t=少數民族海外僑胞}}) are all in usage. The [[Overseas Chinese Affairs Office]] of the PRC does not distinguish between Han and ethnic minority populations for official policy purposes.<ref name="Barabantseva"/> For example, members of the [[Tibetan people]] may travel to China on passes granted to certain people of Chinese descent.<ref>{{cite book |title=Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions|url=https://archive.org/details/authenticatingti00anne|url-access=registration|author1=Blondeau, Anne-Marie|author2=Buffetrille, Katia|author3=Wei Jing|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2008|page=[https://archive.org/details/authenticatingti00anne/page/127 127]}}</ref> Various estimates of the Chinese emigrant minority population include 3.1 million (1993),<ref>{{cite journal|first=Biao|last=Xiang|year=2003|title=Emigration from China: a sending country perspective|journal=International Migration|volume=41|issue=3|pages=21–48|doi=10.1111/1468-2435.00240}}</ref> 3.4 million (2004),<ref>{{cite book|first=Heman|last=Zhao|year=2004|title=少數民族華僑華人研究|trans-title=A Study of Overseas Chinese Ethnic Minorities|location=Beijing|publisher=華僑出版社}}</ref> 5.7 million (2001, 2010),<ref>{{cite journal|last=Li|first=Anshan|year=2001|script-title=zh:'華人移民社群的移民身份與少數民族'研討會綜述|trans-title=Symposium on the Migrant Statuses of Chinese Migrant Communities and Ethnic Minorities|journal=華僑華人歷史研究|language=zh|volume=4|pages=77–78}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shi|first1=Canjin|last2=Yu|first2=Linlin|year=2010|script-title=zh:少數民族華僑華人對我國構建'和諧邊疆'的影響及對策分析|trans-title=Analysis of the Influence of and Strategy Towards Overseas Chinese Ethnic Minorities in the Implementation of "Harmonious Borders"|journal=甘肅社會科學|language=zh|volume=1|pages=136–139}}</ref> or approximately one tenth of all Chinese emigrants (2006, 2011).<ref>{{cite book|script-title=zh:東干文化研究|last=Ding|first=Hong|publisher=中央民族學院出版社|year=1999|location=Beijing|page=63|language=zh|trans-title=The study of Dungan culture}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.qq.com/a/20110310/002046.htm|script-title=zh:在資金和財力上支持對海外少數民族僑胞宣傳|date=10 March 2011|publisher=人民網|language=zh|trans-title=On finances and resources to support information dissemination towards overseas Chinese ethnic minorities|access-date=24 December 2012|archive-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234650/http://news.qq.com/a/20110310/002046.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Cross-border ethnic groups ({{zhi|s=跨境民族|p=kuàjìng mínzú}}) are not considered Chinese emigrant minorities unless they left China ''after'' the establishment of an independent state on China's border.<ref name="Barabantseva"/> Some ethnic groups who have historic connections with China, such as the [[Hmong people|Hmong]], may not or may identify themselves as Chinese.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4r29n9jg;NAAN=13030&doc.view=content&chunk.id=ch04&toc.depth=1&brand=oac4&anchor.id=0|title=A study of Southeast Asian youth in Philadelphia: A final report|website=Oac.cdlib.org|access-date=6 February 2017|archive-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234841/http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4r29n9jg;NAAN=13030&doc.view=content&chunk.id=ch04&toc.depth=1&brand=oac4&anchor.id=0|url-status=live}}</ref> ==History== {{Main|Chinese emigration}} The Chinese people have a long history of migrating overseas, as far back as the 10th century. One of the migrations dates back to the [[Ming dynasty]] when [[Zheng He]] (1371–1435) became the envoy of Ming. He sent people – many of them [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] and [[Hoklo people|Hokkien]] – to [[Ming treasure voyages|explore and trade]] in the [[South China Sea]] and in the [[Indian Ocean]]. ===Early emigration=== [[File:ChineseMigration003.jpg|thumb|right|Main sources of Chinese migration from the 19th century to 1949.]] In the mid-1800s, outbound migration from China increased as a result of the European colonial powers opening up [[treaty ports]].<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=137}} The British colonization of Hong Kong further created the opportunity for Chinese labor to be exported to plantations and mines.<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=137}} During the era of European colonialism, many overseas Chinese were [[coolie]] laborers.<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=123}} Chinese capitalists overseas often functioned as economic and political intermediaries between colonial rulers and colonial populations.<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=123}} The area of [[Taishan, Guangdong Province]] was the source for many of economic migrants.<ref name="pan" /> In the provinces of [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]] in China, there was a surge in emigration as a result of the poverty and village ruin.<ref>''The Story of California From the Earliest Days to the Present'', by Henry K. Norton. 7th ed. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co., 1924. Chapter XXIV, pp. 283–296.</ref> San Francisco and California was an early American destination in the mid-1800s because of the California Gold Rush. Many settled in San Francisco forming one of the earliest Chinatowns. For the countries in North America and Australia saw great numbers of Chinese gold diggers finding gold in the [[gold mining]] and [[railway]] construction. Widespread famine in Guangdong impelled many Cantonese to work in these countries to improve the living conditions of their relatives. From 1853 until the end of the 19th century, about 18,000 Chinese were brought as [[Indentured servitude#Caribbean|indentured workers]] to the [[British West Indies]], mainly to [[British Guiana]] (now [[Guyana]]), [[Trinidad]] and [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Displacements and Diaspora|jstor = j.ctt5hj582|year = 2005|isbn = 9780813536101|publisher = Rutgers University Press}}</ref> Their descendants today are found among the current populations of these countries, but also among the migrant communities with Anglo-Caribbean origins residing mainly in the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]. Some overseas Chinese were sold to [[South America]] during the [[Punti–Hakka Clan Wars]] (1855–1867) in the [[Pearl River Delta]] in Guangdong. [[File:Chinese women and children in Brunei.JPG|thumb|left|[[Ethnic Chinese in Brunei|Chinese]] women and children in [[Brunei]], {{circa|1945}}.]] Research conducted in 2008 by German researchers who wanted to show the correlation between economic development and height, used a small dataset of 159 male labourers from Guangdong who were sent to the Dutch colony of Suriname to illustrate their point. They stated that the Chinese labourers were between 161 to 164 cm in height for males.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baten |first1=Jörg |title=Anthropometric Trends in Southern China, 1830–1864 |journal=Australian Economic History Review |date=November 2008 |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=209–226|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8446.2008.00238.x}}</ref> Their study did not account for factors other than economic conditions and acknowledge the limitations of such a small sample. [[File:Gu family of Chinese-Indonesian.jpg|thumb|1958 old photograph of [[Chinese Indonesians|Indonesian-Chinese]] of [[Gǔ (surname 古)|Gu (古) surname]], first until third generations]] [[File:Chinese merchants grouped outside their club house on Penang Island, 1881.jpg|thumb|left|Chinese merchants in [[Penang]], [[Straits Settlements]] (present-day [[Malaysia]]), {{circa|1881}}.]] The [[Lanfang Republic]] in [[West Kalimantan]] was established by overseas Chinese. In 1909, the Qing dynasty established the first ''Nationality Law'' of China.<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=138}} It granted Chinese citizenship to anyone born to a Chinese parent.<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=138}} It permitted [[Multiple citizenship|dual citizenship]].<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=138}} ===Republic of China=== In the first half of the 20th Century, war and revolution accelerated the pace of migration out of China.<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=127}} The [[Kuomintang]] and the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party]] competed for political support from overseas Chinese.<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=|pages=127–128}} Under the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republicans]] economic growth froze and many migrated outside the Republic of China, mostly through the coastal regions via the ports of [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]], [[Hainan]] and [[Shanghai]]. These migrations are considered to be among the largest in China's history. Many nationals of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] fled and settled down overseas mainly between the years 1911–1949 before the [[Nationalist government]] led by [[Kuomintang]] lost the mainland to Communist revolutionaries and relocated. Most of the nationalist and neutral refugees fled mainland China to [[North America]] while others fled to [[Southeast Asia]] ([[Singapore]], [[Brunei]], [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Philippines]]) as well as [[Taiwan]] (Republic of China).<ref name="Sarawakiana">{{cite web|title=Chiang Kai Shiek|url=http://sarawakiana.blogspot.com/2008/08/chiang-kai-shek-or-chiang-chung-cheng.html|publisher=Sarawakiana|access-date=28 August 2012|archive-date=6 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206041057/http://sarawakiana.blogspot.com/2008/08/chiang-kai-shek-or-chiang-chung-cheng.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ===After World War II=== Those who fled during 1912–1949 and settled down in [[Singapore]] and [[Malaysia]] automatically gained citizenship in 1957 and 1963 as these countries gained independence.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yong|first=Ching Fatt|title=The Kuomintang Movement in British Malaya, 1912–1949|url=http://www.asianhistorybooks.com/malaysia/the-kuomintang-movement-in-british-malaya-1912-1949/|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|access-date=29 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110140047/http://www.asianhistorybooks.com/malaysia/the-kuomintang-movement-in-british-malaya-1912-1949/|archive-date=10 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tan|first=Kah Kee|title=The Making of an Overseas Chinese Legend|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company|doi=10.1142/8692|year=2013|isbn=978-981-4447-89-8}}</ref> [[Kuomintang]] members who settled in Malaysia and Singapore played a major role in the establishment of the [[Malaysian Chinese Association]] and their meeting hall at [[Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall|Sun Yat Sen Villa]]. There was evidence that some intended to reclaim mainland China from the CCP by funding the [[Kuomintang]].<ref name="Cham Jan Voon">{{cite thesis|degree=master|last=Jan Voon|first=Cham|title=Sarawak Chinese political thinking : 1911–1963|chapter=Kuomintang's influence on Sarawak Chinese|chapter-url=http://symposia.unimas.my/iii/sym/app?id=6596352876721218&lang=eng&service=blob&suite=def|publisher=University of Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)|year=2002|access-date=28 August 2012}} {{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Wong |first=Coleen |date=10 July 2013 |title=The KMT Soldiers Who Stayed Behind In China |url=https://thediplomat.com/china-power/the-kmt-soldiers-who-stayed-behind-in-china/ |magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |access-date=29 September 2013 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110152649/http://thediplomat.com/china-power/the-kmt-soldiers-who-stayed-behind-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Restaurantechino.jpg|thumb|Chinese restaurant in [[La Coruña]], Galicia, Spain.]] After their defeat in the Chinese Civil War, parts of the [[Kuomintang in Burma|Nationalist army]] retreated south and crossed the border into Burma as the [[People's Liberation Army]] entered [[Yunnan]].<ref name=":Han2">{{Cite book |last=Han |first=Enze |title=The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia |date=2024 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-769659-0 |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=65}} The United States supported these Nationalist forces because the United States hoped they would harass the People's Republic of China from the southwest, thereby diverting Chinese resources from the [[Korean War]].<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=65}} The Burmese government protested and international pressure increased.<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=65}} Beginning in 1953, several rounds of withdrawals of the Nationalist forces and their families were carried out.<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=65}} In [[1960–61 campaign at the China–Burma border|1960, joint military action]] by China and Burma expelled the remaining Nationalist forces from Burma, although [[Kuomintang Chinese in Thailand|some went on to settle]] in the [[Myanmar–Thailand border|Burma–Thailand borderlands]].<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|pages=65–66}} During the 1950s and 1960s, the ROC tended to seek the support of overseas Chinese communities through branches of the [[Kuomintang]] based on [[Sun Yat-sen]]'s use of [[expatriate]] Chinese communities to raise money for his revolution. During this period, the People's Republic of China tended to view overseas Chinese with suspicion as possible [[capitalism|capitalist]] infiltrators and tended to value relationships with Southeast Asian nations as more important than gaining support of overseas Chinese, and in the [[Bandung declaration]] explicitly stated{{where|date=June 2020}} that overseas Chinese owed primary loyalty to their home nation.{{dubious|date=June 2020}} From the mid-20th century onward, emigration has been directed primarily to Western countries such as the United States, Australia, Canada, Brazil, The United Kingdom, New Zealand, Argentina and the nations of Western Europe; as well as to Peru, Panama, and to a lesser extent to Mexico. Many of these emigrants who entered Western countries were themselves overseas Chinese, particularly from the 1950s to the 1980s, a period during which the PRC placed severe restrictions on the movement of its citizens. Due to the political dynamics of the [[Cold War]], there was relatively little migration from the People's Republic of China to southeast Asia from the 1950s until the mid-1970s.<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=117}} In 1984, Britain agreed to transfer the sovereignty of [[Hong Kong]] to the PRC; this triggered another wave of migration to the United Kingdom (mainly England), Australia, Canada, US, South America, Europe and other parts of the world. The [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]] further accelerated the migration. The wave calmed after Hong Kong's transfer of [[sovereignty]] in 1997. In addition, many citizens of Hong Kong hold citizenships or have current visas in other countries so if the need arises, they can leave Hong Kong at short notice.{{Citation needed|reason=the preceding paragraph is entirely devoid of references|date=June 2018}} In recent years, the People's Republic of China has built increasingly stronger ties with African nations. In 2014, author [[Howard W. French|Howard French]] estimated that over one million Chinese have moved in the past 20 years to Africa.<ref name="africamove">{{cite magazine |last1=French |first1=Howard |date=November 2014 |title=China's Second Continent: How a Million Migrants Are Building a New Empire in Africa |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2014-10-17/chinas-second-continent-how-million-migrants-are-building-new |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106081253/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2014-10-17/chinas-second-continent-how-million-migrants-are-building-new |url-status=live }}</ref> More recent Chinese presences have developed in Europe, where they number well over 1 million, and in Russia, they number over 200,000, concentrated in the [[Russian Far East]]. Russia's main Pacific port and naval base of [[Vladivostok]], once closed to foreigners and belonged to China until the late 19th century, {{as of | 2010 | lc = on}} bristles with Chinese markets, restaurants and trade houses. A growing Chinese community in Germany consists of around 76,000 people {{as of | 2010 | lc = on}}.<ref name="de-cn1">{{cite web|url=http://www.de-cn.net/dis/zgh/his/de2705231.htm|title=Deutsch-Chinesisches Kulturnetz|website=De-cn.net|language=de|access-date=6 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413070711/http://www.de-cn.net/dis/zgh/his/de2705231.htm|archive-date=13 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> An estimated 15,000 to 30,000 Chinese live in Austria.<ref name="eu-china1">{{cite web|url=http://www.eu-china.net/web/cms/upload/pdf/materialien/p35_chinesen_08-09-30.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721171842/http://www.eu-china.net/web/cms/upload/pdf/materialien/p35_chinesen_08-09-30.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |url-status=live|title=Heimat süßsauer|website=Eu-china.net|language=de|access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref> ==Overseas Chinese experience== [[File:Chinese Thai vendor.jpg|thumb|right|[[Thai Chinese]] in the past set up small enterprises such as street vending to eke out a living.]] ===Commercial success=== {{Main|Bamboo network}} Chinese emigrants are estimated to control US$2 trillion in liquid assets and have considerable amounts of wealth to stimulate economic power in [[Economy of China|China]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bartlett|first=David|title=The Political Economy of Dual Transformations: Market Reform and Democratization in Hungary|url=https://archive.org/details/politicaleconomy0000bart|url-access=registration|year=1997|publisher=University of Michigan Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/politicaleconomy0000bart/page/280 280]|isbn=9780472107940}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fukuda|first=Kazuo John|title=Japan and China: The Meeting of Asia's Economic Giants|year=1998|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7890-0417-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_e_HadcM_AC&pg=PA103|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411212924/https://books.google.com/books?id=M_e_HadcM_AC&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref> The Chinese business community of Southeast Asia, known as the [[bamboo network]], has a prominent role in the region's private sectors.<ref name="Weidenbaum">{{cite book|author=Murray L Weidenbaum|title=The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/bamboonetworkhow00weid|url-access=registration|date=1996|publisher=Martin Kessler Books, Free Press|isbn=978-0-684-82289-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bamboonetworkhow00weid/page/4 4]–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbusinesslive.com/research/article/648273/the-worlds-successful-diasporas/|title=The world's successful diasporas|website=Worldbusinesslive.com|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401110233/http://www.worldbusinesslive.com/research/article/648273/the-worlds-successful-diasporas/|archive-date=1 April 2008}}</ref> In Europe, North America and Oceania, occupations are diverse and impossible to generalize; ranging from catering to significant ranks in [[medicine]], [[the arts]] and [[academia]]. Overseas Chinese often send [[remittance]]s back home to family members to help better them financially and socioeconomically. China ranks second after India of top remittance-receiving countries in 2018 with over US$67 billion sent.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 December 2018 |title=India to retain top position in remittances with $80 billion: World Bank |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/forex-and-remittance/india-to-retain-top-position-in-remittances-with-80-billion-world-bank/articleshow/66998062.cms |access-date=8 December 2018 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415054818/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/forex-and-remittance/india-to-retain-top-position-in-remittances-with-80-billion-world-bank/articleshow/66998062.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Assimilation=== [[File:East Timor hakka wedding.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hakka people]] in a wedding in [[East Timor]], 2006]] Overseas Chinese communities vary widely as to their degree of [[Assimilation (sociology)|assimilation]], their interactions with the surrounding communities (see [[Chinatown]]), and their relationship with China. Thailand has the largest overseas Chinese community and is also the most successful case of [[Thaification|assimilation]], with many claiming [[Thai identity]]. For over 400 years, descendants of Thai Chinese have largely intermarried and/or assimilated with their compatriots. The present royal house of Thailand, the [[Chakri dynasty]], was founded by King [[Rama I]] who himself was partly of Chinese ancestry. His predecessor, King [[Taksin]] of the [[Thonburi Kingdom]], was the son of a Chinese immigrant from Guangdong Province and was born with a Chinese name. His mother, Lady Nok-iang (Thai: นกเอี้ยง), was [[Thai people|Thai]] (and was later awarded the [[Thai noble title|noble title]] of Somdet Krom Phra Phithak Thephamat). {{Multiple image | image2 = Sangelys,_detail_from_Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_(1734).jpg | caption2 = [[Sangley]]s, of different religion and social classes, as depicted in the [[Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas]] (1734) }} {{multiple image | image2 = Commercant chinois Hanoi 2.jpg | width2 = 150 | alt2 = Chinese Vietnamese | caption2 = A [[Hoa people|Chinese Vietnamese]] merchant in [[Hanoi]], {{circa|1885}}. }} In the Philippines, the Chinese, known as the [[Sangley]], from [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]] were already migrating to the islands as early as 9th century, where many have largely intermarried with both [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|native Filipinos]] and [[Spanish Filipino]]s ([[Torna atrás|Tornatrás]]). Early presence of [[Chinatown]]s in overseas communities start to appear in [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Spanish colonial Philippines]] around 16th century in the form of [[Parián (Manila)|Parians]] in [[Manila]], where Chinese merchants were allowed to reside and flourish as commercial centers, thus [[Binondo]], a historical district of Manila, has become the world's oldest Chinatown.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/388446/lifestyle/food/binondo-new-discoveries-in-the-world-s-oldest-chinatown|title=Binondo: New discoveries in the world's oldest Chinatown|last=See|first=Stanley Baldwin O.|date=17 November 2014|work=GMA News Online|access-date=28 July 2019|archive-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818010657/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/food/388446/binondo-new-discoveries-in-the-world-s-oldest-chinatown/story/|url-status=live}}</ref> Under Spanish colonial policy of [[Christianization]], [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] and [[Exogamy|intermarriage]], their colonial mixed descendants would eventually form the bulk of the [[middle class]] which would later rise to the [[Principalía]] and [[Ilustrado|illustrado intelligentsia]], which carried over and fueled the elite ruling classes of the [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American period]] and later independent Philippines. Chinese Filipinos play a considerable role in the [[economy of the Philippines]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chua|first=Amy|title=World On Fire|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing|year=2003|isbn=978-0385721868|pages=3, 6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gambe|first=Annabelle|title=Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship and Capitalist Development in Southeast Asia|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0312234966|page=33}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Folk|first=Brian|title=Ethnic Business: Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=978-1138811072|page=93}}</ref><ref name="Chirot">{{Cite book|last1=Chirot|first1=Daniel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgWumPDyaSIC&pg=PA54|title=Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe|last2=Reid|first2=Anthony|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=9780295800264|page=54|access-date=29 September 2021|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218081158/https://books.google.com/books?id=BgWumPDyaSIC&pg=PA54|url-status=live}}</ref> and descendants of Sangley compose a considerable part of the [[Demographics of the Philippines|Philippine population]].<ref name="Chirot" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=April 13, 2005|title=Genographic Project – Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation|url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522144837/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/|archive-date=May 22, 2019|website=National Geographic}}</ref> [[Ferdinand Marcos]], the former president of the Philippines was of Chinese descent, as were many others.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tan |first=Antonio S. |date=1986 |title=The Chinese Mestizos and the Formation of the Filipino Nationality |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1986_num_32_1_2316 |journal=Archipel |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=141–162 |doi=10.3406/arch.1986.2316}}</ref> [[File:East Coast Road 3, Mar 06.JPG|thumb|right|Since their early migration, many of the overseas Chinese of Malay ancestry have adopted local culture, especially in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand with large [[Peranakan]] community. Most of them in Singapore were once concentrated in [[Katong]].]] [[Myanmar]] shares a long border with China so ethnic minorities of both countries have cross-border settlements. These include the Kachin, Shan, Wa, and Ta’ang.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-14 |title=Ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia's Borderland: Assessing Chinese Nationalism in Upper Shan State |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/seac/2023/03/14/ethnic-chinese-in-southeast-asias-borderland-assessing-chinese-nationalism-in-upper-shan-state/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=LSE Southeast Asia Blog}}</ref> In [[Cambodia]], between 1965 and 1993, people with Chinese names were prevented from finding governmental employment, leading to a large number of people changing their names to a local, Cambodian name. Ethnic Chinese were one of the minority groups targeted by Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge during the Cambodian genocide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=Khmer Rouge {{!}} Facts, Leadership, Genocide, & Death Toll {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khmer-Rouge |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Indonesia forced Chinese people to adopt Indonesian names after the [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=More Chinese-Indonesians using online services to find their Chinese names – Community |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/culture/2023/01/19/more-chinese-indonesians-using-online-services-to-find-their-chinese-names.html |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}</ref> In Vietnam, all Chinese names can be pronounced by [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Sino-Vietnamese readings]]. For example, the name of the previous [[paramount leader]] [[Hu Jintao|Hú Jǐntāo]] ({{lang|zh-cn|胡錦濤}}) would be spelled as "Hồ Cẩm Đào" in Vietnamese. There are also great similarities between Vietnamese and Chinese traditions such as the use Lunar New Year, philosophy such as [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]] and ancestor worship; leads to some [[Hoa people]] adopt easily to Vietnamese culture, however many Hoa still prefer to maintain Chinese cultural background. The official census from 2009 accounted the Hoa population at some 823,000 individuals and ranked 6th in terms of its population size. 70% of the Hoa live in cities and towns, mostly in Ho Chi Minh city while the rests live in the southern provinces.<ref name="GSO2009">{{cite web |url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/KQ-toan-bo-1.pdf |title=Kết quả toàn bộ Tổng điều tra Dân số và Nhà ở Việt Nam năm 2009–Phần I: Biểu Tổng hợp |trans-title=The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing census: Completed results |author=[[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] |page=134/882 |language=vi |access-date=13 December 2012 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026063744/https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/KQ-toan-bo-1.pdf |url-status=live }} (description page: [https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2019/03/the-2009-vietnam-population-and-housing-census-completed-results/ The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing census: Completed results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615163023/https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2019/03/the-2009-vietnam-population-and-housing-census-completed-results/ |date=15 June 2021 }})</ref> On the other hand, in Malaysia, Singapore, and [[Brunei]], the ethnic Chinese have maintained a distinct communal identity. In [[East Timor]], a large fraction of Chinese are of [[Hakka people#East Timor|Hakka descent]]. In Western countries, the overseas Chinese generally use romanised versions of their Chinese names, and the use of local first names is also common. ===Discrimination=== {{See also|Sinophobia}} Overseas Chinese have often experienced hostility and [[discrimination]]. In countries with small ethnic Chinese minorities, the [[economic disparity]] can be remarkable. For example, in 1998, ethnic Chinese made up just 1% of the population of the [[Philippines]] and 4% of the population in [[Indonesia]], but have wide influence in the Philippine and Indonesian private economies.<ref>Amy Chua, "World on Fire", 2003, Doubleday, pp. 3, 43.</ref> The book ''[[World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability|World on Fire]]'', describing the Chinese as a "market-[[dominant minority]]", notes that "Chinese market dominance and intense resentment amongst the indigenous majority is characteristic of virtually every country in Southeast Asia except Thailand and Singapore".<ref>Amy Chua, ''World on Fire'', 2003, Doubleday, p. 61. {{ISBN|0385503024}}</ref> This asymmetrical economic position has incited anti-Chinese sentiment among the poorer majorities. Sometimes the anti-Chinese attitudes turn violent, such as the [[13 May Incident]] in Malaysia in 1969 and the [[Jakarta riots of May 1998]] in Indonesia, in which more than 2,000 people died, mostly rioters burned to death in a shopping mall.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displayStory.cfm?story_id=4323219 Malaysia's race rules] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410061243/http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displayStory.cfm?story_id=4323219 |date=10 April 2016 }}. The Economist Newspaper Limited (25 August 2005). Requires login.</ref> During the [[Indonesian killings of 1965–66]], in which more than 500,000 people died,<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/news/world/indonesian-academics-fight-burning-of-books-on-1965-coup/2007/08/08/1186530448353.html Indonesian academics fight burning of books on 1965 coup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110050921/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/indonesian-academics-fight-burning-of-books-on-1965-coup/2007/08/08/1186530448353.html |date=10 January 2018 }}, ''The Sydney Morning Herald''</ref> ethnic Chinese Hakkas were killed and their properties looted and burned as a result of [[Discrimination against Chinese Indonesians|anti-Chinese racism]] on the excuse that [[Dipa Nusantara Aidit|Dipa "Amat" Aidit]] had brought the [[Indonesian Communist Party|PKI]] closer to China.<ref>Vickers (2005), p. 158</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Analysis – Indonesia: Why ethnic Chinese are afraid |work=[[BBC]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/analysis/51981.stm |access-date=18 March 2015 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824095624/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/analysis/51981.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Anti-Chinese legislation in Indonesia|anti-Chinese legislation]] was in the Indonesian constitution until 1998. The state of the [[Chinese Cambodians]] during the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime has been described as "the worst disaster ever to befall any ethnic Chinese community in Southeast Asia." At the beginning of the Khmer Rouge regime in 1975, there were 425,000 ethnic Chinese in [[Cambodia]]; by the end of 1979 there were just 200,000.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective|first1=Robert|last1=Gellately|first2=Ben|last2=Kiernan|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2003|pages=313–314}}</ref> It is commonly held that a major point of friction is the apparent tendency of overseas Chinese to segregate themselves into a subculture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Palona |first=Iryna |year=2010 |title=Asian Megatrends and Management Education of Overseas Chinese |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1066089.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221042353/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1066089.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-21 |url-status=live |journal=International Education Studies |location=United Kingdom |volume=3 |pages=58–65 |via=[[Education Resources Information Center]]}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2024|reason=source does not mention segregation of Chinese}} For example, the anti-Chinese [[13 May Incident|Kuala Lumpur racial riots of 13 May 1969]] and [[Jakarta Riots of May 1998|Jakarta riots of May 1998]] were believed to have been motivated by these racially biased perceptions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael Shari |date=2000-10-09 |title=Wages of Hatred |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2000-10-08/wages-of-hatred?srnd=undefined |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20240111120115/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2000-10-08/wages-of-hatred?srnd=undefined |archive-date=11 January 2024 |website=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |access-date=11 January 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> This analysis has been questioned by some historians, notably Dr. [[Kua Kia Soong]], who has put forward the controversial argument that the 13 May Incident was a pre-meditated attempt by sections of the ruling Malay elite to incite racial hostility in preparation for a coup.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baradan Kuppusamy |date=2007-05-14 |title=Politicians linked to Malaysia's May 13 riots |url=https://www.scmp.com/article/592766/politicians-linked-malaysias-may-13-riots |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121164847/https://www.scmp.com/article/592766/politicians-linked-malaysias-may-13-riots |archive-date=2022-11-21 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.littlespeck.com/ThePast/CPast-My-kiasoong-070517.htm |title=May 13 by Kua Kia Soong |publisher=Littlespeck.com |access-date=7 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014093600/http://littlespeck.com/ThePast/CPast-My-kiasoong-070517.htm |archive-date=14 October 2012 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> In 2006, rioters damaged shops owned by Chinese-[[Tonga]]ns in [[Nukuʻalofa|Nuku{{Okina}}alofa]].<ref name="NZ_Herald_229612">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=229612 |title=Editorial: Racist moves will rebound on Tonga |date=23 November 2001 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=1 November 2011 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805191515/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=229612 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chinese migrants were evacuated from the riot-torn [[Solomon Islands]].<ref>Spiller, Penny: "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4930994.stm Riots highlight Chinese tensions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202134436/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4930994.stm |date=2 December 2012 }}", [[BBC]], 21 April 2006</ref> Ethnic politics can be found to motivate both sides of the debate. In Malaysia, many "[[Bumiputra]]" ("native sons") [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]] oppose equal or meritocratic treatment towards Chinese and [[Malaysian Indians|Indians]], fearing they would dominate too many aspects of the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chin |first=James |date=2015-08-27 |title=Opinion {{!}} The Costs of Malay Supremacy |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/28/opinion/the-costs-of-malay-supremacy.html |access-date=2022-11-02 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102050801/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/28/opinion/the-costs-of-malay-supremacy.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ian Buruma |date=2009-05-11 |title=Eastern Promises |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/05/18/eastern-promises |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |language=en-US |access-date=2 November 2022 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102052251/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/05/18/eastern-promises |url-status=live }}</ref> The question of to what extent ethnic Malays, Chinese, or others are "native" to Malaysia is a sensitive political one. It is currently a taboo for Chinese politicians to raise the issue of Bumiputra protections in parliament, as this would be deemed ethnic incitement.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vijay Joshi |date=31 August 2007 |title=Race clouds Malaysian birthday festivities |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?from=rss_Asia&set_id=1&click_id=126&art_id=nw20070831094150283C984737 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902182747/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?from=rss_Asia&set_id=1&click_id=126&art_id=nw20070831094150283C984737 |archive-date=2 September 2010 |access-date=18 March 2015 |work=Independent Online}}</ref> Many of the overseas Chinese emigrants who worked on railways in North America in the 19th century suffered from racial discrimination in Canada and the United States. Although discriminatory laws have been repealed or are no longer enforced today, both countries had at one time introduced statutes that barred Chinese from entering the country, for example the United States [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] of 1882 (repealed 1943) or the Canadian [[Chinese Immigration Act, 1923]] (repealed 1947). In both the United States and Canada, further acts were required to fully remove immigration restrictions (namely United States' Immigration and Nationality Acts of [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952|1952]] and [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|1965]], in addition to Canada's) In Australia, Chinese were targeted by a system of discriminatory laws known as the "[[White Australia Policy]]" which was enshrined in the [[Immigration Restriction Act 1901|Immigration Restriction Act of 1901]]. The policy was formally abolished in 1973, and in recent years [[Chinese Australians|Australians of Chinese background]] have publicly called for an apology from the Australian Federal Government<ref>{{cite web |author=The World Today Barbara Miller |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-06-30/chinese-australians-want-apology-for-discrimination/2778014 |title=Chinese Australians want apology for discrimination |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=30 June 2011 |access-date=7 May 2012 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927145016/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-06-30/chinese-australians-want-apology-for-discrimination/2778014 |url-status=live }}</ref> similar to that given to the 'stolen generations' of indigenous people in 2007 by the then Prime Minister Kevin Rudd. In South Korea, the relatively low social and economic statuses of [[Chinese in Korea|ethnic Korean-Chinese]] have played a role in local hostility towards them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hyun-ju |first=Ock |date=2017-09-24 |title=[Feature] Ethnic Korean-Chinese fight 'criminal' stigma in Korea |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170924000289 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202005913/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170924000289 |archive-date=2020-12-02 |website=[[The Korea Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> Such hatred had been formed since their early settlement years, where many Chinese–Koreans hailing from rural areas were accused of misbehaviour such as [[spitting]] on streets and [[litter]]ing.<ref name=":0" /> More recently, they have also been targets of hate speech for their association with violent crime,<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2012 |title=Anti Chinese–Korean Sentiment on Rise in Wake of Fresh Attack |url=https://www.koreabang.com/2012/stories/anti-chinese-korean-sentiment-on-rise-in-wake-of-fresh-attack.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131133828/https://www.koreabang.com/2012/stories/anti-chinese-korean-sentiment-on-rise-in-wake-of-fresh-attack.html |archive-date=January 31, 2021 |website=[[KoreaBANG]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2018 |title=Hate Speech against Immigrants in Korea: A Text Mining Analysis of Comments on News about Foreign Migrant Workers and Korean Chinese Residents|page =281 |url=http://snuac.snu.ac.kr/2015_snuac/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/10-2_%ED%8A%B9%EC%A7%91-2_Injin-Yoon.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205175450/http://snuac.snu.ac.kr/2015_snuac/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/10-2_%ED%8A%B9%EC%A7%91-2_Injin-Yoon.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-05 |website=[[Seoul National University]] |publication-place=[[Ritsumeikan University]]}}</ref> despite the Korean Justice Ministry recording a lower crime rate for Chinese in the country compared to native South Koreans in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramstad |first=Evan |date=2011-08-23 |title=Foreigner Crime in South Korea: The Data |language=en-US |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-KRTB-2071 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220104175101/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-KRTB-2071 |archive-date=2022-01-04 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> ==Relationship with China== {{see also|United front (China)|Ethnic interest group}} [[File:Overseas Chinese Museum, Xiamen, China.JPG|thumb|Overseas Chinese Museum, Xiamen, China]] Both the [[China|People's Republic of China]] and the [[Republic of China]] (known more commonly as Taiwan) maintain high level relationships with the overseas Chinese populations. Both maintain [[cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] ministries to deal with overseas Chinese affairs, and many local governments within the PRC have overseas Chinese bureaus. Before 2018, the PRC's [[Overseas Chinese Affairs Office]] (OCAO) under the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] was responsible for liaising with overseas Chinese.<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=132}} In 2018, the office was merged into the [[United Front Work Department]] of the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Joske |first=Alex |author-link=Alex Joske |date=May 9, 2019 |title=Reorganizing the United Front Work Department: New Structures for a New Era of Diaspora and Religious Affairs Work |url=https://jamestown.org/program/reorganizing-the-united-front-work-department-new-structures-for-a-new-era-of-diaspora-and-religious-affairs-work/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721191900/https://jamestown.org/program/reorganizing-the-united-front-work-department-new-structures-for-a-new-era-of-diaspora-and-religious-affairs-work/ |archive-date=July 21, 2019 |access-date=2019-07-27 |website=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=132}} Throughout its existence but particularly during the [[General secretaryship of Xi Jinping]], the [[Chinese Communist Party]] makes patriotic appeals to overseas Chinese to assist the country's political and economic needs.<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=132}} In a July 2022 meeting with the United Front Work Department, Xi encouraged overseas Chinese to support China's rejuvenation and stated that domestic and overseas Chinese should pool their strengths to realize the [[Chinese Dream]].<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=132}} In the PRC's view, overseas Chinese are an asset to demonstrating a positive image of China internationally.<ref name=":Han2" />{{Rp|page=133}} ===Citizenship status=== The [[Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China]], which does not recognise [[multiple citizenship|dual citizenship]], provides for automatic loss of PRC citizenship when a former PRC citizen both settles in another country ''and'' acquires foreign citizenship. For children born overseas of a PRC citizen, whether the child receives PRC citizenship at birth depends on whether the PRC parent has settled overseas: ''"Any person born abroad whose parents are both Chinese nationals or one of whose parents is a Chinese national shall have Chinese nationality. But a person whose parents are both Chinese nationals and have both settled abroad, or one of whose parents is a Chinese national and has settled abroad, and who has acquired foreign nationality at birth shall not have Chinese nationality"'' (Article 5).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/LivinginChina/184710.htm|title=Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China|publisher=china.org.cn|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107210849/http://www.china.org.cn/english/LivinginChina/184710.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> By contrast, the [[Nationality Law of the Republic of China]], which both permits and recognises dual citizenship, considers such persons to be citizens of the ROC (if their parents have household registration in Taiwan). ===Returning and re-emigration=== {{main|Haigui}} In the case of [[Indonesia]] and [[Burma]], political strife and ethnic tensions has caused a significant number of people of Chinese origins to re-emigrate back to China. In other Southeast Asian countries with large Chinese communities, such as Malaysia, the economic rise of People's Republic of China has made the PRC an attractive destination for many Malaysian Chinese to re-emigrate. As the Chinese economy opens up, Malaysian Chinese act as a bridge because many Malaysian Chinese are educated in the United States or Britain but can also understand the Chinese language and culture making it easier for potential entrepreneurial and business to be done between the people among the two countries.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 December 2011 |title=Will China's rise shape Malaysian Chinese community? |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16284388 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927053138/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16284388 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the [[Deng Xiaoping]] reforms, the attitude of the PRC toward the overseas Chinese changed dramatically. Rather than being seen with suspicion, they were seen as people who could aid PRC development via their skills and [[capital (economics)|capital]]. During the 1980s, the PRC actively attempted to court the support of overseas Chinese by among other things, returning properties that had been confiscated after the 1949 revolution. More recently PRC policy has attempted to maintain the support of recently emigrated Chinese, who consist largely of Chinese students seeking undergraduate and graduate education in the West. Many of the Chinese diaspora are now investing in People's Republic of China providing [[financial]] resources, social and [[Chinese culture|cultural]] networks, contacts and opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Jieh-Yung Lo |date=6 March 2018 |title=Beijing's welcome mat for overseas Chinese |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/beijing-s-welcome-mat-overseas-chinese |website=[[Lowy Institute]] |language=en |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717122859/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/beijing-s-welcome-mat-overseas-chinese |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWGI4_EzumsC&q=overseas+chinese+control+percent+of+the+largest+companies&pg=PT107 |title=The Cultural Imperative |author=Richard D. Lewis |access-date=9 May 2012 |isbn=9780585434902 |year=2003 |publisher=Intercultural Press |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411212929/https://books.google.com/books?id=kWGI4_EzumsC&q=overseas+chinese+control+percent+of+the+largest+companies&pg=PT107 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Chinese government estimates that of the 1,200,000 Chinese people who have gone overseas to study in the thirty years since [[Chinese economic reform|China's economic reforms]] beginning in 1978; three-quarters of those who left have not returned to China.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zhou|first1=Wanfeng|title=China goes on the road to lure 'sea turtles' home|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-financial-seaturtles-idUSTRE4BH02220081218|access-date=13 June 2016|work=Reuters|date=17 December 2008|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927222848/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-financial-seaturtles-idUSTRE4BH02220081218|url-status=live}}</ref> Beijing is attracting overseas-trained academics back home, in an attempt to internationalise its universities. However, some professors educated to the PhD level in the West have reported feeling "marginalised" when they return to China due in large part to the country's "lack of international academic peer review and [[Tenure-track|tenure track]] mechanisms".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lau |first1=Joyce |date=21 August 2020 |title=Returning Chinese scholars 'marginalised' at home and abroad |work=[[Times Higher Education]] |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/returning-chinese-scholars-marginalised-home-and-internationally#comment-58117 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419090036/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/returning-chinese-scholars-marginalised-home-and-internationally |archive-date=19 April 2022}}</ref> ==Language== {{main|Language and overseas Chinese communities}} The usage of Chinese by the overseas Chinese has been determined by a large number of factors, including their ancestry, their migrant ancestors' [[country of origin|"regime of origin"]], assimilation through generational changes, and official policies of their country of residence. The general trend is that more established Chinese populations in the Western world and in many regions of Asia have [[Cantonese]] as either the dominant variety or as a common community vernacular, while [[Standard Chinese]] is much more prevalent among new arrivals, making it increasingly common in many Chinatowns.<ref name="West 2010, pp. 289-90">West (2010), pp. 289–290</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-mar-31-me-sangabriel31-story.html | work=Los Angeles Times | first=David | last=Pierson | title=Dragon Roars in San Gabriel | date=31 March 2006 | access-date=20 February 2020 | archive-date=13 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813151503/https://articles.latimes.com/2006/mar/31/local/me-sangabriel31 | url-status=live }}</ref> ==Country statistics== [[File: President Arthur Chung.jpg|170px|thumb|[[Arthur Chung]] was the first president of [[Guyana]] even though the Indians are the predominant ethnicity within the nation.]] There are over 50 million overseas Chinese.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |author=張明愛 |url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/NPC_CPPCC_2012/2012-03/11/content_24865428.htm |title=Reforms urged to attract overseas Chinese |website=China.org.cn |date=11 March 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520123716/http://www.china.org.cn/china/NPC_CPPCC_2012/2012-03/11/content_24865428.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="English.gov.cn">{{cite web |url = http://english.gov.cn/2012-04/09/content_2109393.htm |title=President meets leaders of overseas Chinese organizations |website=English.gov.cn |date=9 April 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528112204/https://english.gov.cn/2012-04/09/content_2109393.htm |archive-date=28 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="Huiyao Wang 2">{{cite web |url=http://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/files/filefield/researchreportv7.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221161915/http://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/files/filefield/researchreportv7.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-21 |url-status=live |title=China's Competition for Global Talents: Strategy, Policy and Recommendations |publisher=Asia Pacific |date=24 May 201 |access-date=28 May 2012 |first=Huiyao |last=Wang |page=2}}</ref> As of 2023, there were 10.5 million people living outside mainland China who were born in mainland China.<ref name=":1" /> Most of them are living in [[Southeast Asia]] where they make up a majority of the population of [[Singapore]] (75%) and significant minority populations in [[Malaysia]] (23%), [[Thailand]] (14%) and [[Brunei]] (10%). [[File:Chinese Diaspora By Country.png|thumb|upright=1.95|Visualization of overseas Chinese populations by country|none]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#fff;" !Country !Name(s) of group ! data-sort-type="number" |Population || data-sort-type="number" |Percentage || Year of data |- style="background:#ccf;" |'''[[Africa]]''' || || '''700,000''' || || |- |{{flag|South Africa}} || [[Chinese South Africans]] || 300,000–400,000 || <1% || 2015<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liao|first1=Wenhui|last2=He|first2=Qicai|title=Tenth World Conference of Overseas Chinese: Annual International Symposium on Regional Academic Activities Report (translated)|journal=The International Journal of Diasporic Chinese Studies|year=2015|volume=7|issue=2|pages=85–89}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Madagascar}} || [[Chinese people in Madagascar]] || 100,000 || || 2011<ref name="temporarychinese">{{cite journal|last1=Tremann|first1=Cornelia|title=Temporary Chinese Migration to Madagascar: Local Perceptions, Economic Impacts, and Human Capital Flows|journal=African Review of Economics and Finance|date=December 2013|volume=5|issue=1|url=http://www.african-review.com/Vol.%205%20(1)/Tremann.pdf|access-date=21 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810093752/http://www.african-review.com/Vol.%205%20(1)/Tremann.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Namibia}} || [[Chinese people in Namibia]] || 100,000 || 4.3% || 2021<ref name="Namibia">{{citation| url=https://worldwithoutgenocide.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/China-in-Namibia-Updated-Images.pdf |title=china in namibia}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Zambia}} || [[Chinese people in Zambia]] || 13,000 || || 2019<ref name="zambia">{{cite news|title=Zambia has 13,000 Chinese|url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/?p=23914|publisher=Zambia Daily Mail News|date=21 March 2015|access-date=21 April 2015|archive-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923201345/https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/zambia-13000-chinese/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Ethiopia}} || [[Chinese people in Ethiopia]] || 60,000 || || 2016<ref name="worlddevelopment">{{cite journal|title=Chinese Migrants in Africa: Facts and Fictions from the Agri-Food Sector in Ethiopia and Ghana|journal=World Development|date=May 2016|volume=81|pages=61–70|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.011|last1=Cook|first1=Seth|last2=Lu|first2=Jixia|last3=Tugendhat|first3=Henry|last4=Alemu|first4=Dawit|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ethiopia">{{cite news|title=China empowers a million Ethiopians: ambassador|url=https://www.enca.com/money/china-empowers-million-ethiopians-ambassador|agency=Africa News Agency|date=26 January 2016|access-date=27 January 2016|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204139/https://www.enca.com/money/china-empowers-million-ethiopians-ambassador|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Angola}} || [[Chinese people in Angola]] || 50,000 || || 2017<ref name="angoladown">{{cite news|title=Chinese Businesses Quit Angola After 'Disastrous' Currency Blow|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-20/chinese-businesses-quit-angola-after-disastrous-currency-blow|publisher=Bloomberg|date=20 April 2017|access-date=6 May 2017|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204545/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-20/chinese-businesses-quit-angola-after-disastrous-currency-blow|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Nigeria}} || [[Chinese people in Nigeria]] || 40,000 || || 2017<ref name="ambassador">{{cite news |title=China–Nigeria's trade volume declining very fast – Chinese Ambassador |url=http://sunnewsonline.com/china-nigerias-trade-volume-declining-very-fast-chinese-ambassador/ |work=The Sun |date=20 February 2017 |access-date=9 August 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001032957/https://www.sunnewsonline.com/china-nigerias-trade-volume-declining-very-fast-chinese-ambassador/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Mauritius}} || [[Sino-Mauritian]] || 26,000–39,000 || 2–3% || N/A<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marutians of Chinese Origins |url=https://www.mychinaroots.com/migration-destination/651564/mauritius |website=mychinaroots |access-date=17 April 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817020508/https://www.mychinaroots.com/migration-destination/651564/mauritius |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Algeria}} || [[Chinese people in Algeria]] || 200,000 || || 2020<ref name="alertnet.org">[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L465838.htm Chinese, Algerians fight in Algiers – witnesses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926191423/https://news.trust.org//humanitarian/ |date=26 September 2021 }}. Reuters. 4 August 2009.</ref> |- |{{flag|Tanzania}} || [[Chinese people in Tanzania]] || 30,000 || || 2013<ref name="30k">{{cite news |last=Tagy |first=Mwakawago |date=14 January 2013 |title=Dar-Beijing for improved diplomatic-ties |url=http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/13620-dar-beijing-for-improved-diplomatic-ties/ |newspaper=Daily News |location=Dar es Salaam |access-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514091927/http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/local-news/13620-dar-beijing-for-improved-diplomatic-ties/ |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Réunion}} || [[Chinois (Réunion)|Chinois]] || 25,000 or more || || 2000<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000 |title=reunion statistics |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Reunion |website=Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2021, September 22). Réunion. Encyclopedia Britannica. |access-date=17 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413163151/https://www.britannica.com/place/Reunion |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Republic of Congo}} || [[Chinese people in the Republic of Congo]] || 20,000 || || 2013 |- |{{flag|Mozambique}} || [[Ethnic Chinese in Mozambique]] || 12,000 || || 2007<ref name="isn">{{cite web|last1=Horta|first1=Loro|title=China, Mozambique: old friends, new business|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?lng=en&id=53470|publisher=International Relations and Security Network|access-date=27 January 2015|archive-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406102036/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?lng=en&id=53470|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} || [[Chinese people in Zimbabwe]] || 10,000 || || 2017<ref name="zimbabwepop">{{cite news|last1=Lo|first1=Kinling|title=How Chinese living in Zimbabwe reacted to Mugabe's downfall: 'it's the most hopeful moment in 20 years'|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2120442/how-chinese-living-zimbabwe-reacted-mugabes-downfall|work=South China Morning Post|date=17 November 2017|access-date=22 November 2017|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003090314/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2120442/how-chinese-living-zimbabwe-reacted-mugabes-downfall|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Egypt}} || [[Chinese people in Egypt]] || 6,000–10,000 || || 2007<ref name="africanstudiesreview">{{cite journal|last=Sautman|first=Barry|author2=Yan Hairong|title=Friends and Interests: China's Distinctive Links with Africa|journal=African Studies Review|date=December 2007|volume=50|issue=3|page=89|url=http://users.polisci.wisc.edu/schatzberg/ps362/Sautman2007.pdf|doi=10.1353/arw.2008.0014|s2cid=132593326|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606224233/http://users.polisci.wisc.edu/schatzberg/ps362/Sautman2007.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sudan}} || [[Chinese people in Sudan]]|| 5,000–10,000 || || 2005–2007<ref name="africanstudiesreview" /> |- |{{flag|Ghana}} || [[Chinese people in Ghana]] || 7,000 || || 2010 |- |{{flag|Kenya}} || [[Chinese people in Kenya]] || 7,000 || || 2013<ref name="businessdaily">{{cite news|last1=Situma|first1=Evelyn|title=Kenya savours, rues China moment|url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Kenya-savours-and-rues-China-moment-/-/1248928/2064166/-/umyeqp/-/index.html|work=Business Daily|date=7 November 2013|access-date=2 December 2014|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915204620/http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Kenya-savours-and-rues-China-moment-/-/1248928/2064166/-/umyeqp/-/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Uganda}} || [[Chinese people in Uganda]] || 7,000 || || 2010<ref name="All Africa">{{citation|title=Uganda: Chinese Investments in Uganda Now At Sh1.5 Trillion|first=Pattrick|last=Jaramogi|date=18 February 2013|access-date=20 February 2013|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201302190354.html|archive-date=29 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229230215/http://allafrica.com/stories/201302190354.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Botswana}} || [[Chinese people in Botswana]] || 5,000–6,000 || || 2009<ref name="France24">{{citation|url=http://observers.france24.com/en/content/20090710-oriental-post-africa-first-chinese-paper-botswana|publisher=[[France 24]]|date=10 July 2009|access-date=26 August 2009|title='The Oriental Post': the new China–Africa weekly|archive-date=15 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715015725/http://observers.france24.com/en/content/20090710-oriental-post-africa-first-chinese-paper-botswana|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Lesotho}} || [[Chinese people in Lesotho]] || 5,000 || || 2011{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} |- |{{nowrap|{{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}}}}|| [[Chinese people in the DRC]] || 4,000–5,000 || || 2015<ref name="drc">{{cite news|title=Somalis in Soweto and Nairobi, Chinese in Congo and Zambia, local anger in Africa targets foreigners|url=http://mgafrica.com/article/2015-01-25-somalis-in-s-africa-chinese-in-dr-congo-and-zambia-anti-state-rage-in-africa-targets-foreigners/|work=Mail & Guardian|date=25 January 2015|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128093550/http://mgafrica.com/article/2015-01-25-somalis-in-s-africa-chinese-in-dr-congo-and-zambia-anti-state-rage-in-africa-targets-foreigners|archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cameroon}} || [[Chinese people in Cameroon]] || 3,000–5,000 || || 2012<ref name="Geopolitique">{{cite journal|last1=Aurégan|first1=Xavier|title=Les "communautés" chinoises en Côte d'Ivoire|journal=Working Papers, Working Atlas|publisher=Institut Français de Géopolitique|date=February 2012|doi=10.58079/p05i |url=http://geopolitique.hypotheses.org/122|access-date=11 January 2015|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011239/http://geopolitique.hypotheses.org/122|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Guinea}} || [[Chinese people in Guinea]]|| 5,000 || || 2012<ref name="Geopolitique" /> |- |{{flag|Benin}} || [[Chinese people in Benin]]|| 4,000 || || 2007<ref name="africanstudiesreview" /> |- |{{flag|Ivory Coast}} || [[Chinese people in Ivory Coast]]|| 3,000 || || 2012<ref name="Geopolitique" /> |- |{{flag|Mali}} || [[Chinese people in Mali]] || 3,000 || || 2014<ref name="css">{{cite journal|title=China–Mali relationship: Finding mutual benefit between unequal partners|journal=Centre for Chinese Studies Policy Briefing|date=January 2014|url=http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/CCS_Policy_Briefing_China_Mali_Relations_Kane_Esterhuyse_2013_HE_MC1.pdf|access-date=18 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626022734/http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/CCS_Policy_Briefing_China_Mali_Relations_Kane_Esterhuyse_2013_HE_MC1.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Togo}} || [[Chinese people in Togo]]|| 3,000 || || 2007<ref name="africanstudiesreview" /> |- |{{flag|Cape Verde}} || [[Chinese people in Cape Verde]] || 2,300 || <1%|| 2008<ref name="capeverde">{{cite journal|title=China in Cape Verde: the Dragon's African Paradise|journal=Online Africa Policy Forum|date=2 January 2008|url=http://csis.org/publication/china-cape-verde-dragons-african-paradise|access-date=2 June 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093918/http://csis.org/publication/china-cape-verde-dragons-african-paradise|url-status=live |last1=Horta |first1=Loro }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Malawi}} || [[Chinese people in Malawi]] || 2,000 || || 2007<ref name="africanstudiesreview" /> |- |{{flag|Rwanda}} || [[Chinese people in Rwanda]]|| 1,000–2,000 || || 2011<ref name="rwanda">{{cite news|title=Chinese in Rwanda|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2011-10-17/chinese-rwanda|publisher=Public Radio International|date=17 October 2011|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916010827/https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-10-17/chinese-rwanda|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Senegal}} || [[Chinese people in Senegal]] || 1,500 || || 2012<ref name="Geopolitique" /> |- |{{flag|Morocco}} || [[Chinese people in Morocco]] || 1,200 || || 2004<ref name="pop">{{cite news|title=Chinese traders shake up Moroccan vendors|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/worldbiz/archives/2004/09/24/2003204178|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=24 September 2004|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916010602/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/worldbiz/archives/2004/09/24/2003204178|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Seychelles}} || [[Sino-Seychellois]] || 1,000 || || 1999<ref>{{cite web|title=1999 年底非洲國家和地區華僑、華人人口數 (1999 year-end statistics on Chinese expatriate and overseas Chinese population numbers in African countries and territories)|publisher=Chinese Language Educational Foundation|url=http://www.chinaqw.com/node2/node116/node119/node158/node851/userobject6ai43484.html|access-date=3 July 2011|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305052418/http://www.chinaqw.com/node2/node116/node119/node158/node851/userobject6ai43484.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Liberia}} || [[Chinese people in Liberia]]|| 600 || || 2006<ref name="africanstudiesreview" /> |- |{{flag|Burkina Faso}} || [[Chinese people in Burkina Faso]]|| 500 || || 2012<ref name="Geopolitique" /> |- |{{flag|Libya}} || [[Chinese people in Libya]] || 300 || || 2014<ref name="libya">{{cite news|title=508 Chinese evacuated from Libya|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2014-08/02/c_126824505.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802090026/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2014-08/02/c_126824505.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 August 2014|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=2 August 2014}}</ref> |- style="background:#ccf;" |'''[[Asia]]'''/'''[[Middle East]]''' || || '''29,000,000''' || || |- |{{flag|Thailand}} || [[Thai Chinese]], [[Peranakan]] || 9,300,000 || 14% || 2015<ref name="West794">{{citation |first=Barbara A. |last= West |title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |publisher=Facts on File |year=2009 |page=794 |isbn=978-1438119137}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Malaysia}} || [[Malaysian Chinese]], [[Peranakan]], [[Sino-Native]] || 6,892,367 || 23.2% || 2020<ref name="DOSM2020"/> |- |{{flag|Indonesia}} || [[Chinese Indonesian]], [[Peranakan]] || 2,832,510 | 1.20% (Official) | 2010<ref name="daftar sensus 2010">{{cite book|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|title=Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010|year=2011|isbn=9789790644175|url = http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170710134114/http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html |archive-date=10 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Singapore}} || [[Chinese Singaporean]], [[Peranakan]] <br /> [[Chinese nationals in Singapore]] || 2,675,521 (Chinese Singaporeans) <br /> 514,110 (Chinese nationals) || 76% (Official) <br /> No percentage available || 2015<ref name="highlights2015">{{cite web|url = http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf|title=Population in Brief 2015|work=Singapore Government|date=September 2015|access-date=14 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216110141/http://www.nptd.gov.sg/Portals/0/Homepage/Highlights/population-in-brief-2015.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2016}}</ref><br /> 2020<ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock|title=International Migrant Stock 2020|publisher=United Nations|access-date=March 29, 2023|quote=This figure includes people who are of Chinese origin in Singapore, not including the Taiwanese population in Singapore}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Myanmar}} || [[Burmese Chinese]], [[Panthay]] || 1,725,794 || 3% || 2012<ref name="CIA – The World Factbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |title=Burma |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210200835/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35910.htm#people |title=Burma |publisher=State.gov |date=3 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194342/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35910.htm#people |archive-date=22 January 2017 |url-status=dead |access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Philippines}} || [[Chinese Filipino]], [[Tornatras]], [[Sangley]] || 1,146,250–1,400,000 || 2% |2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp|title=PRIB: Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday|publisher=Senate.gov.ph|date=21 January 2013|access-date=14 April 2016|archive-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409034225/http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|South Korea}} || [[Chinese people in Korea|Chinese in South Korea]] || 1,070,566 || 2% || 2018<ref name="kr2018">{{citation|url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20190527147000371|title=국내 체류 외국인 236만명…전년比 9% 증가|work=Yonhap News|date=28 May 2019|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927115241/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20190527147000371|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Japan}} || [[Chinese in Japan]] || 922,000 || <1% || 2017<ref name="Japan">{{cite web|url=http://www.rbzwdb.com/hrxw/2018/01-17/12748.shtml|title=在日华人统计人口达92万创历史新高|website=rbzwdb.com|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121235615/http://www.rbzwdb.com/hrxw/2018/01-17/12748.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Vietnam}} || [[Hoa people]] || 749,466 || <1% || 2019<ref name="GSO2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ket-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf |title=Completed results of the 2019 Viet Nam population and housing census |author=[[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] |at=PDF frame 44/842 (within multipaged "43") Table 2 row "Hoa" |language=vi |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030528/https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ket-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf |archive-date=2023-03-26 |url-status=live }} (description page: [https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2020/11/completed-results-of-the-2019-viet-nam-population-and-housing-census/ Completed results of the 2019 Viet Nam population and housing census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421204902/https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2020/11/completed-results-of-the-2019-viet-nam-population-and-housing-census/ |date=21 April 2021 }})</ref> |- |{{flag|Cambodia}} || [[Chinese Cambodian]] || 343,855 || 2% || 2014<ref name="Cambodia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-plus/chinese-new-year-family-food-and-prosperity-year-ahead|title=Chinese New Year: family, food and prosperity for the year ahead|first=Moeun|last=Nhean|website=www.phnompenhpost.com|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004150508/https://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-plus/chinese-new-year-family-food-and-prosperity-year-ahead|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Laos}} || [[Laotian Chinese]] || 185,765 || 1% || 2005<ref name="ROC date">{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos/|access-date=18 March 2015|website=Cia.gov|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307193820/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} || [[Chinese people in the United Arab Emirates]] || 180,000 || 2% || 2009<ref name="timeoutdubai.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.timeoutdubai.com/community/features/3683-chinese-expats-in-dubai|title=Chinese expats in Dubai|newspaper=Time Out Dubai|date=3 August 2008 |access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=21 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621163925/http://www.timeoutdubai.com/community/features/3683-chinese-expats-in-dubai|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || || 105,000 || <1% || <ref name="joshuaproject.net">{{cite web | url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12051/SA | title=Han Chinese, Mandarin in Saudi Arabia | access-date=19 June 2022 | archive-date=19 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619163132/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12051/SA | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Pakistan}} || [[Chinese people in Pakistan]] || 60,000 || || 2018<ref name="Dawn5">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1384511|title=Chinese influence outpaces influx|work=Dawn|access-date=18 February 2018|date=22 January 2018|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927115233/https://www.dawn.com/news/1384511|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Brunei}} || [[Ethnic Chinese in Brunei]] || 42,100 || 10% || 2015<ref name="depd.gov.bn">{{cite web|url=http://depd.gov.bn/Theme/Home.aspx|title=Economic Planning And Development, Prime Minister's Office|publisher=Prime Minister's Office, Brunei Darussalam|year=2015|access-date=18 June 2017|archive-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234612/http://depd.gov.bn/Theme/Home.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Israel}} || [[Chinese people in Israel]] || 10,000 || || 2010<ref name="kavlaoved">{{cite press release|title=Appeal to international organisations – Stop the China–Israel migrant worker scam!|publisher=Kav La'Oved|date=21 December 2001|url=http://www.labournet.net/world/0112/israel6.html|access-date=3 September 2006|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214021715/http://www.labournet.net/world/0112/israel6.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|North Korea}} || [[Chinese people in Korea|Chinese in North Korea]] || 10,000 || || 2009<ref name="ChosunIlbo20091010">{{cite news|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/10/10/2009101000229.html|date=10 October 2009|access-date=15 October 2009|periodical=Chosun Ilbo|title=Chinese in N. Korea 'Face Repression'|archive-date=14 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014130522/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/10/10/2009101000229.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|India}} || [[Chinese community in Kolkata|Chinese in India]] || 9,000–''85,000 (including Tibetan)'' || || 2018<ref name="India">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104195124/http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B|archive-date=4 January 2011|title=僑委會全球資訊網}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Mongolia}} || [[Ethnic Chinese in Mongolia]] || 8,688 || <1%|| 2010<ref>[http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf Mongolia National Census 2010 Provision Results. National Statistical Office of Mongolia] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915170555/http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf |date=September 15, 2011 }} (in Mongolian.)</ref> |- |{{flag|Bangladesh}} || [[Chinese people in Bangladesh]]|| 98,000 || || |- |{{flag|Qatar}} || || 6,000 || || 2014<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2013/12/population-qatar|title=Qatar's population by nationality|periodical=Bq Magazine|date=12 July 2014|access-date=21 December 2014|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222095738/http://www.bqdoha.com/2013/12/population-qatar|archive-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> |- |{{flag|East Timor}} || [[Chinese people in East Timor]] || 4,000–''20,000 (historically)'' || || 2021<ref>{{cite journal|last=Huber|first=Juliette|date=2021-09-01|title=Chapter 2 At the Periphery of Nanyang: The Hakka Community of Timor-Leste|url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004473263/BP000015.xml?language=en|journal=Chinese Overseas|volume=20pages=52–90|doi=10.1163/9789004473263_004|access-date=2023-01-07|doi-access=free|archive-date=7 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107163612/https://brill.com/display/book/9789004473263/BP000015.xml?language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sri Lanka}} || [[Chinese people in Sri Lanka]] || 3,500 || || <1%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_chi_pop-people-chinese-population |title=Chinese population statistics – Countries compared |publisher=NationMaster |access-date=7 May 2012 |archive-date=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101021957/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_chi_pop-people-chinese-population |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Kazakhstan}} || [[Chinese people in Kazakhstan|Chinese in Kazakhstan]] || 3,424 || || 2009<ref name="Xinhua">{{citation|url=http://www.xj.xinhuanet.com/2009-04/01/content_16127856.htm|date=1 April 2009|access-date=17 April 2009|author=馬敏/Ma Min|title=新疆《哈薩克斯坦華僑報》通過哈方註冊 4月底創刊/Xinjiang 'Kazakhstan Overseas Chinese Newspaper' Passes Kazakhstan Registration; To Begin Publishing at Month's end|periodical=Xinhua News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720032152/http://www.xj.xinhuanet.com/2009-04/01/content_16127856.htm|archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iran}} || [[Chinese people in Iran]] || 3,000 || <1%|| |- |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} || [[Chinese people in Kyrgyzstan]] || 1,813 || || 2009<ref name="NewCensus">{{Citation|title=Population and Housing Census 2009. Chapter 3.1. Resident population by nationality |place=Bishkek |publisher=National Committee on Statistics |date=2010 |url=https://www.stat.gov.kg/media/files/9cd9d7ee-78f0-413e-885d-80f914049ebf.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113180324/http://www.stat.kg/media/files/9cd9d7ee-78f0-413e-885d-80f914049ebf.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-13 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-12-14 |language=ru }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Nepal}} || || 1,344 || || 2001{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} |- style="background:#ccf;" |'''[[Europe]]''' || || '''1,670,000''' || || |- |{{flag|United Kingdom}} || [[British Chinese]] || 488,847 || <1% || 2021 |- |{{flag|Italy}} || [[Chinese people in Italy]] || 308,984 || <1%|| 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/613795/foreign-residents-italy-by-country-of-origin/|title=Italy: foreign residents by country of origin|website=Statista|access-date=13 May 2021|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927053138/https://www.statista.com/statistics/613795/foreign-residents-italy-by-country-of-origin/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Spain}} || [[Chinese people in Spain]] || 223,999 || <1%|| 2022<ref name="INE">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/445784/foreign-population-in-spain-by-nationality/|title=Spain: foreign population by nationality 2022|website=Statista|access-date=13 May 2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020192930/https://www.statista.com/statistics/445784/foreign-population-in-spain-by-nationality/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Germany}} || [[Chinese people in Germany]] || 163,000 || <1%|| 2024<ref name="bib2017" /> |- |{{flag|France}} || [[Chinese diaspora in France]]|| 116,000 || <1% || 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Répartition des immigrés par groupe de pays de naissance {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2381755#tableau-figure1_radio1 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Netherlands}} || [[Chinese people in the Netherlands]] || 84,453 || <1% || 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBS Statline |url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/en/dataset/37325eng/table |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=opendata.cbs.nl |language=nl}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sweden}} || [[Chinese people in Sweden]] || 41,777 || || 2024<ref name="Statistics Sweden (SCB.se)">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/table/tableViewLayout1/|title=Utrikes födda efter födelseland – Hong Kong + China + Taiwan|publisher=SCB Statistikdatabasen|access-date=19 Apr 2025|archive-date=19 Apr 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419192849/https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Portugal}} || [[Chinese people in Portugal]] || 27,873 || <1%|| 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Relatório de Imigração, Fronteiras e Asilo |url=https://aima.gov.pt/media/pages/documents/92dd0f02ea-1726562672/rma-2023.pdf |date=2023 |access-date=April 24, 2025}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Switzerland}} || || 19,712 || <1%|| 2019<ref name="Switzerland">{{cite web|url=https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/de/home/publiservice/statistik/auslaenderstatistik/archiv/2019/06.html|title=Ausländerstatistik Juni 2019|website=sem.admin.ch|access-date=14 August 2019|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927145018/https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/de/home/publiservice/statistik/auslaenderstatistik/archiv/2019/06.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Russia}} || [[Chinese people in Russia]] || 19,644 || <1%|| 2021<ref>[{{cite web|url= https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |title=Russian Census 2021: Population by ethnicity |language=ru}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Ireland}} || [[Chinese people in Ireland]] || 19,447 || <1%|| 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp8iter/p8iter/p8e/|title=Census of Population 2016 – Profile 8 Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion|website=Cso.ie|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920135911/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp8iter/p8iter/p8e/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Hungary}} || || 18,851 || || 2018{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |- |{{flag|Austria}} || || 16,331 || <1%|| 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329421364 |title=Overseas Chinese Associations in Austria |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930220955/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329421364_Overseas_Chinese_Associations_in_Austria |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Turkey}} || [[Chinese people in Turkey]], [[Uyghurs]] || 15,107–''60,000 (including Uyghur)'' || || 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=TURKSTAT Corporate |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=The-Results-of-Address-Based-Population-Registration-System-2024-53783&dil=2 |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=data.tuik.gov.tr}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Denmark}} || [[Chinese people in Denmark]] || 15,103 || || 2020{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |- |{{flag|Belgium}} || [[Chinese people in Belgium]] || 14,490 || <1%|| 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Bevolking naar nationaliteit en geslacht per gemeente |url=https://statbel.fgov.be/nl/themas/bevolking/structuur-van-de-bevolking#figures |website=statbel.be}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Norway}} || [[Chinese people in Norway]] || 13,350 || || 2020{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |- |{{flag|Finland}} || || |17,011 || || 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tilastokeskus |title=Tilastokeskus |url=https://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto.html#vaesto-kielen-mukaan |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.stat.fi |language=fi}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Poland}} || || 8,656 || || 2019{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |- |{{flag|Czech Republic}} || [[Chinese people in the Czech Republic]] || 7,485 || || 2018{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |- |{{flag|Romania}} || [[Chinese of Romania]] || 5,000 || || 2017{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |- |{{flag|Luxembourg}} || || 4,000 || || 2020<ref name="CZSO">{{cite web |url=https://statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx?ReportId=12859&IF_Language=eng&MainTheme=2&FldrName=1 |url-status=dead |title=Population by nationalities in detail 2011–2020 |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425100607/https://statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx?ReportId=12859&IF_Language=eng&MainTheme=2&FldrName=1 |archive-date=25 April 2020}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Slovakia}} || || 2,346 || || 2016{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |- |{{flag|Ukraine}} || || 2,213 || || 2001{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |- |{{flag|Greece}} || [[Chinese people in Greece]]|| 20,000-25,000 || || 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=中希信息网 |date=2024-11-28 |title=【特稿】希腊华侨华人历史与2024年最新现状 |url=https://www.agtship.com/cn/20241128-5/#:~:text=%E6%88%AA%E8%87%B32024%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8C%E9%95%BF%E6%9C%9F%E6%97%85%E5%B1%85,%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%A8%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%8B%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%EF%BC%9A&text=%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E4%B8%8E%E6%AF%94%E9%9B%B7%E5%9F%83,%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%81%E5%92%8C%E6%89%B9%E5%8F%91%E9%9B%B6%E5%94%AE%E4%B8%9A%E5%8A%A1%E3%80%82 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=中希信息网 |language=zh-CN}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Serbia}} || [[Chinese people in Serbia]] || 1,373 || || 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Etnicke_zajednice_sa_manje_od_2000_pripadnika_i_dvojako_izjasnjeni.pdf|title=Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији: Становништво према националној припадности – "Остали" етничке заједнице са мање од 2000 припадника и двојако изјашњени|website=Webrzs.stat.gov.rs|access-date=22 December 2012|archive-date=17 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417175637/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Etnicke_zajednice_sa_manje_od_2000_pripadnika_i_dvojako_izjasnjeni.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br /> |- |{{flag|Bulgaria}} || [[Chinese people in Bulgaria]] || 1,236 || || 2015{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |- |{{flag|Iceland}} || || 686 || || 2019{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |- |{{flag|Estonia}} || || 104 || <1%|| 2013<ref name="autogenerated1b">{{cite book | author= Statistikaamet | date= 31 December 2011 | title= Population by Ethnic Nationality, Sex and Place of Residence | url= http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PC0428&ti=POPULATION+BY+ETHNIC+NATIONALITY%2C+SEX+AND+PLACE+OF+RESIDENCE%2C+31+DECEMBER+2011&path=..%2FI_Databas%2FPopulation_census%2FPHC2011%2F01Demographic_and_ethno_cultural_characteristics%2F04Ethnic_nationality_Languages_Dialects%2F&lang=1 | publisher= Statistikaamet | access-date= 18 June 2017 | archive-date= 18 October 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171018013030/http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PC0428&ti=POPULATION+BY+ETHNIC+NATIONALITY%2C+SEX+AND+PLACE+OF+RESIDENCE%2C+31+DECEMBER+2011&path=..%2FI_Databas%2FPopulation_census%2FPHC2011%2F01Demographic_and_ethno_cultural_characteristics%2F04Ethnic_nationality_Languages_Dialects%2F&lang=1 | url-status= live }}</ref> |- |- style="background:#ccf;" |'''[[Americas]]''' || || '''8,215,000''' || || |- |{{flag|United States}} || [[Chinese American]], [[American-born Chinese]] || 5,457,033 || 1–2% || 2023<ref name="ACS 20233">{{cite web |title=US Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B02018 |access-date=2024-09-21 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Canada}} || [[Chinese Canadian]], [[Canadian-born Chinese]] || 1,715,770 || 4–5% || 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-02-09 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – Canada [Country] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Brazil}} || [[Chinese Brazilian]] || 250,000 || || 2017<ref name="ROC date" /> |- |{{flag|Argentina}} || [[Chinese people in Argentina]] || 120,000–200,000<ref name="autogenerated1"/> || <1%|| 2016<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_Syfgy52TDQe.html|title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años|date=27 September 2010|website=Clarin |access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=3 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803014649/https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_Syfgy52TDQe.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Panama}} || [[Chinese people in Panama]] || 80,000 || 2% || 2018<ref name="GIO">{{Cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/chinese-panamanians/|title=Chinese Panamanians|website=Minority Rights Group |access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001173513/https://minorityrights.org/minorities/chinese-panamanians/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Mexico}} || [[Chinese immigration to Mexico]] || 24,489 || <1%|| 2019<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-chinese-mexicans-celebrate-repatriation-to-mexico-2012nov23-story.html |first1=Olga R. |last1=Rodriguez |title=Chinese-Mexicans celebrate repatriation to Mexico|newspaper=The San Diego Union-Tribune|date=Nov 23, 2012|access-date=Oct 8, 2017|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226212627/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-chinese-mexicans-celebrate-repatriation-to-mexico-2012nov23-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Peru}} || [[Chinese-Peruvian]] || '''14,223''' 1,000,000–3,000,000 | 3–10%|| <ref>{{cite web |url-status=live |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2020 |date=August 2018 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |title= Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Cardenal |first1=Juan Pablo |last2=Grau |first2=Carmen |title=El poder blando de China en Perú |url=https://www.cadal.org/informes/pdf/El-poder-blando-de-China-en-Peru.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030073619/https://www.cadal.org/informes/pdf/El-poder-blando-de-China-en-Peru.pdf |archive-date=Oct 30, 2023 |website=CADAL}}</ref> 2015 <ref>{{Cite book |last=Chang-Rodríguez |first=Eugenio |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Di%C3%A1sporas_chinas_a_las_Am%C3%A9ricas?id=YaDNDwAAQBAJ&gl=US |title=Diásporas chinas a las Américas |year=2015 |publisher=Fondo Editorial de la PUCP |isbn=978-612-317-129-2 |language=es}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Chile}} || [[Chinese people in Chile]] || 17,021 || <1%|| 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2018/04/09/901867/Extranjeros-en-Chile-superan-el-millon-110-mil-y-el-72-se-concentra-en-dos-regiones-Antofagasta-y-Metropolitana.html|title=Extranjeros en Chile superan el millón 110 mil y el 72% se concentra en dos regiones: Antofagasta y Metropolitana | Emol.com|first=El Mercurio|last=S.A.P|date=9 April 2018|website=Emol|access-date=1 April 2021|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104070128/https://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2018/04/09/901867/Extranjeros-en-Chile-superan-el-millon-110-mil-y-el-72-se-concentra-en-dos-regiones-Antofagasta-y-Metropolitana.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Venezuela}} || [[Chinese Venezuelans]] || 15,358 || || 2011{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |- |{{flag|Dominican Republic}} || [[Ethnic Chinese in the Dominican Republic]] || 15,000 || || 2017<ref>{{cite web |url= http://dr1.com/articles/chinese.shtml |title= The Chinese Community and Santo Domingo's Barrio Chino |access-date= 18 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170807200027/http://dr1.com/articles/chinese.shtml |archive-date= 7 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Nicaragua}} || [[Chinese people in Nicaragua]] || 15,000 || || <ref>{{cite news | title=Nicaragua: People groups | work=Joshua Project | url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=NU | access-date=26 January 2022 | archive-date=13 February 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213010531/http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=NU | url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Costa Rica}} || [[Chinese people in Costa Rica]] || 9,170 || || 2011<ref>[[Demographics of Costa Rica#Ethnic groups]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2020}} |- |{{flag|Suriname}} || [[Chinese Surinamese|Chinese-Surinamese]] || 7,885 || 1–2% || 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Suriname/SUR-Census2012-vol1.pdf |title=Censusstatistieken 2012 |work=Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek in Suriname (General Statistics Bureau of Suriname) |page=76 |access-date=30 July 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071544/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Suriname/SUR-Census2012-vol1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Jamaica}} || [[Chinese Jamaicans]] || 5,228 || || 2011{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |- |{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago|name=Trinidad & Tobago}} || [[Chinese Trinidadian and Tobagonian]] || 3,984 || || 2011{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |- |{{flag|Guyana}} || [[Chinese Guyanese]] || 2,377 || || 2012{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |- |{{flag|Colombia}} || || 2,176 || || 2017<ref>{{cite web |title= Presencia de chinos en Colombia se ha duplicado en ocho años |url= http://agenciadenoticias.unal.edu.co/detalle/article/presencia-de-chinos-en-colombia-se-ha-duplicado-en-ocho-anos.html |publisher= UNIMEDIOS |access-date= 11 February 2016 |archive-date= 19 September 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170919235250/http://agenciadenoticias.unal.edu.co/detalle/article/presencia-de-chinos-en-colombia-se-ha-duplicado-en-ocho-anos.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Belize}} || [[Ethnic Chinese in Belize]] || 1,716 || <1%|| 2000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://celade.cepal.org/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=CPVBLZ2000&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl |title=Redatam: CEPAL/CELADE |publisher=Celade.cepal.org |access-date=7 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120628225923/http://celade.cepal.org/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=CPVBLZ2000&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl |archive-date=28 June 2012}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cuba}} || [[Chinese Cuban]] || 1,300 || || 2008<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/ CIA World Factbook. Cuba.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812170744/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/ |date=12 August 2021 }} 15 May 2008.</ref> |- |- style="background:#ccf;" |'''[[Oceania]]''' || || '''1,500,000''' || || |- |{{flag|Australia}} || [[Chinese Australian]] || 1,390,639 || 6% || 2021<ref name="2021 Australian Census – Quickstats – Australia">{{cite web |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/AUS |title=2021 Australian Census – Quickstats – Australia |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329231159/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/AUS |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{flag|New Zealand}} || [[Chinese New Zealander]] || 247,770 || 5% || 2018<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/index.aspx# |title=National ethnic population projections, by age and sex, 2018 (base) – 2043 |access-date=31 October 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923102431/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Papua New Guinea}} || [[Chinese people in Papua New Guinea]] || 20,000 || || 2008{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} |- |{{flag|Fiji}} || [[Chinese in Fiji]] || 8,000 || || 2012<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/fiji/ Fiji] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827055140/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/fiji/ |date=27 August 2021 }}, ''The World Factbook''. Retrieved 23 March 2012</ref> |- |{{flag|Tonga}} || [[Chinese in Tonga]] || 3,000 || || 2001<ref>[http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/dec2001/tong-d18.shtml "Tonga announces the expulsion of hundreds of Chinese immigrants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316122111/http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/dec2001/tong-d18.shtml |date=16 March 2008}}, John Braddock, wsws.org, 18 December 2001</ref><ref name="NZ_Herald_229521">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=229521 |title=Tonga to expel race-hate victims |author=Paul Raffaele and Mathew Dearnaley |date=22 November 2001 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=1 November 2011 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528000923/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Palau}} || [[Chinese in Palau]] || 1,030 || || 2012<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/palau/ Palau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203032225/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/palau/ |date=3 February 2021 }}, ''The World Factbook''. Retrieved 23 March 2012</ref> |- |{{flag|Samoa}} || [[Chinese in Samoa]] || 620 || || 2015<ref>[[Chinese in Samoa]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2020}} |- |{{flag|Nauru}} || [[Chinese in Nauru]] || 151 || 1–2% || 2011<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.spc.int/prism/nauru/PublicDocuments/Census/Nauru_2011_Census_Report_FINAL.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120203/http://www.spc.int/prism/nauru/PublicDocuments/Census/Nauru_2011_Census_Report_FINAL.pdf | archive-date=24 September 2015 | title=Home | Statistics for Development Division }}</ref> |} ==See also== *[[Chinese folk religion]] and [[Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia]] *[[Chinatown]], the article and [[:Category:Chinatowns]] the international category list *[[Chinese kin]], [[Kongsi]] and [[Ancestral shrine]] *[[Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association]] *[[Chinese Americans]] *[[Chinese Indonesians]] *[[Chinese people in India]] *[[Chinese people in Japan]] *[[Chinese people in Kenya]] *[[Chinese people in Korea]] *[[Chinese people in Madagascar]] *[[Chinese people in Myanmar]] *[[Chinese people in New York City]] *[[Chinese people in Nigeria]] *[[Chinese people in Papua New Guinea]] *[[Chinese people in Portugal]] *[[Chinese people in Spain]] *[[Chinese people in Sri Lanka]] *[[Chinese people in Turkey]] *[[Chin Haw]] *[[List of overseas Chinese]] *[[Migration in China]] *[[Kapitan Cina]] *[[List of politicians of Chinese descent]] *[[Overseas Chinese banks]] *[[Legislation on Chinese Indonesians]] *[[Chinese Exclusion Act]] ([[Scott Act (1888)|Scott Act, 1888]] and [[Geary Act|Geary Act, 1892]]) in United States *[[Chinese Immigration Act, 1885]] and [[Chinese Immigration Act, 1923]] in Canada *[[Chinese head tax]] and [[1886 Vancouver anti-Chinese riots]] *''[[Lost Years: A People's Struggle for Justice]]'' *[[Overseas Chinese Affairs Office]] *[[Qingtianese diaspora]] <!-- == Notes == {{NoteFoot}} --> == References == {{notelist}} {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{cite book |last1=Ananta |first1=Aris |last2=Arifin |first2=Evi Nurvidya |last3=Hasbullah |first3=M Sairi |last4=Handayani |first4=Nur Budi |last5=Pramono |first5=Agus |year=2015 |title=Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crKfCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-981-4519-87-8 }} == Further reading == {{Library resources box}} * Barabantseva, Elena. ''Overseas Chinese, Ethnic Minorities and Nationalism: De-centering China'', Oxon/New York: Routledge, 2011. * Brauner, Susana, and Rayén Torres. "Identity Diversity among Chinese Immigrants and Their Descendants in Buenos Aires." in ''Migrants, Refugees, and Asylum Seekers in Latin America'' (Brill, 2020) pp. 291–308. * Chin, Ung Ho. ''The Chinese of South East Asia'' (London: Minority Rights Group, 2000). {{ISBN|1-897693-28-1}} * Chuah, Swee Hoon, et al. "Is there a spirit of overseas Chinese capitalism?." ''Small Business Economics'' 47.4 (2016): 1095–1118 [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11187-016-9746-5.pdf online] * Fitzgerald, John. ''Big White Lie: Chinese Australians in White Australia'', (UNSW Press, Sydney, 2007). {{ISBN|978-0-86840-870-5}} *{{cite book |title=Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship and Capitalist Development in Southeast Asia|first=Annabelle R.|last=Gambe |edition=illustrated|year=2000|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUfNRG8IR44C|isbn=978-3825843861|access-date=24 April 2014}} *Kuhn, Philip A. ''Chinese Among Others: Emigration in Modern Times'', (Rowman & Littlefield, 2008). * Le, Anh Sy Huy. "The Studies of Chinese Diasporas in Colonial Southeast Asia: Theories, Concepts, and Histories." ''China and Asia'' 1.2 (2019): 225–263. *López-Calvo, Ignacio. ''Imaging the Chinese in Cuban Literature and Culture'', Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 2008. {{ISBN|0-8130-3240-7}} * Ngai, Mae. ''The Chinese Question: The Gold Rushes and Global Politics'' (2021), Mid 19c in California, Australia and South Africa [https://www.amazon.com/Chinese-Question-Rushes-Global-Politics/dp/0393634167/ excerpt] *{{cite journal |last1=Ngai |first1=Pun |first2=Jenny |last2=Chan |title=Global capital, the state, and Chinese workers: The Foxconn experience |journal=Modern China |volume=38 |issue=4 |date=2012 |pages=383–410 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0097700412447164 |doi=10.1177/0097700412447164|s2cid=151168599 }} *Pan, Lynn. ''The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas'', (Harvard University press, 1998). {{ISBN|981-4155-90-X}} * {{cite book |title=Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast China and the Chinese|editor1-first=Anthony |editor1-last=Reid|editor2-first=Kristine|editor2-last=Alilunas-Rodgers|others=Contributor Kristine Alilunas-Rodgers|edition=illustrated, reprint|year=1996|publisher=University of Hawaii Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFIGVqZ9ZKsC|isbn=978-0824824464|access-date=24 April 2014}} * Sai, Siew-Min. "Mandarin lessons: modernity, colonialism and Chinese cultural nationalism in the Dutch East Indies, c. 1900s." ''Inter-Asia Cultural Studies'' 17.3 (2016): 375–394. [https://sgp1.digitaloceanspaces.com/proletarian-library/books/ad2d69d6ff1684aac0e58869a283dfcb.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627143652/https://sgp1.digitaloceanspaces.com/proletarian-library/books/ad2d69d6ff1684aac0e58869a283dfcb.pdf |date=27 June 2021 }} * Sai, Siew-Min. "Dressing Up Subjecthood: Straits Chinese, the Queue, and Contested Citizenship in Colonial Singapore." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 47.3 (2019): 446–473. [https://sgp1.digitaloceanspaces.com/proletarian-library/books/6e1b0ffd67897d12e1f9d538fe7c8201.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627143611/https://sgp1.digitaloceanspaces.com/proletarian-library/books/6e1b0ffd67897d12e1f9d538fe7c8201.pdf |date=27 June 2021 }} * Tan, Chee-Beng. ''Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues'', Hong Kong University Press, 2004. * Taylor, Jeremy E. ""Not a Particularly Happy Expression":"Malayanization" and the China Threat in Britain's Late-Colonial Southeast Asian Territories." ''Journal of Asian Studies'' 78.4 (2019): 789–808. [https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1571796/Malay%20JAS_aam_openaccess_UoN.pdf online] * Van Dongen, Els, and Hong Liu. "The Chinese in Southeast Asia." in ''Routledge Handbook of Asian Migrations'' (2018). [https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10220/50325/1/The_Changing_Meanings_of_Diaspora.pdf online] ==External links== *{{Commons category-inline}} {{Clear}} {{Overseas asia}} {{Overseas Chinese2}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Chinese diaspora]]
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