Editing PIT maneuver

{{short description|Pursuit tactic used by law enforcement in an attempt to stop a fleeing vehicle}}
{{Other uses|PIT (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2021}}

[[File:PIT_TVI_aniGIF_byCramYourSpam_PublicDomain_2024.gif|thumb|PIT maneuver diagram (animated GIF image)]]
<!-- [[Image:pit maneuver.svg|thumb|right|Outline of the stages of the PIT maneuver; the target is in front of the police car.]] -->
[[File:California_Highway_Patrol_ending_pursuit_with_PIT_on_I-80.jpg|thumb|[[California Highway Patrol]] cruisers using a PIT maneuver to disable a fleeing vehicle]]
The '''PIT maneuver''' ('''precision immobilization technique'''<ref name=":0">Raviv, Shaun, and John Sullivan, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/investigations/pit-maneuver-police-deaths/ "Police driving maneuver used to end chases has killed 30 people since 2016, The Post finds"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527201038/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/investigations/pit-maneuver-police-deaths/ |date=May 27, 2023 }}, ''Washington Post'', August 24, 2020. Retrieved 2020-08-24.</ref>), also known as '''TVI''' ('''tactical vehicle intervention'''), is a law enforcement [[Car chase|pursuit]] tactic in which a pursuing (first) vehicle forces another vehicle to turn sideways abruptly by striking the pursued car at an angle near its rear, causing the second car to spin out and come to an unplanned stop. This maneuver is routinely used in high-speed pursuits.<ref name="GACP1">{{cite web |title=Law Enforcement Pursuits in Georgia: Review and Recommendations |url=https://gachiefs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Pursuit-Committee-Recommendations-Report.pdf |website=Georgia Association of Chiefs of Police |access-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314133247/http://www.gachiefs.com/pdfs/Pursuit%20Committee%20Recommendations%20Report.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-14 |date=2006-08-08 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It was developed by BSR Inc. and first used by the [[Fairfax County Police Department]] in [[Virginia]], United States, in 1988.<ref name=GACP1 />

==Procedure==
The PIT maneuver begins when the pursuing vehicle pulls alongside the fleeing vehicle so that the portion of the pursuer's vehicle forward of the front wheels is aligned with the portion of the target vehicle behind the back wheels. The pursuer makes contact with the target's side, then sharply steers into the target. The pursuer must also accelerate (or its bumper will slide off the target vehicle).<ref>{{cite web | last = Mascarenas | first = David |author2=G. Park |author3=C. Farrar   | title = Escape and Evade Policies for High-Speed, Autonomous Unmanned Ground Vehicles | publisher = Los Alamos National Security | date = 2011-11-27 | url = http://www.lanl.gov/science/ldrd/ldrdday/posters/Mascarenas.pdf }}</ref>  [[List of moments of inertia|Forces of motion]] tend to swing the fleeing vehicle around in a sweeping arc until its position is reversed, with its front bumper suddenly facing the rear. At high speeds, such sudden lateral movement can cause [[Vehicle rollover|rollover]] collisions.

==History==
The PIT originated in [[West Virginia]] during the late 1980s with a goal of halting fleeing vehicles as "tactical vehicle interception (T.V.I.)". The first U.S. law enforcement agency to teach PIT was the [[Fairfax County Police Department]] in [[Virginia]], which modified the technique's parameters for initiation and execution in police tactics.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Townsend, Eric J. S. |url=http://www.policedriving.com/article57.htm |title=Police End Car Chases with a Spin |work=[[News & Record]] |date=2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120011236/http://www.policedriving.com/article57.htm |archive-date=20 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Controversy==
While some police departments in the [[United States]] consider the PIT maneuver as an intermediate force option that can end a pursuit, others, like the state of Illinois, consider "forcible stop techniques" to be "use of deadly force" if performed at high speeds (above 20&nbsp;mph).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Police Pursuit Guidelines |url=https://www.ptb.illinois.gov/media/1448/policepursuitguidelines.pdf |website=Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board |access-date=July 9, 2024 |archive-date=May 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519131106/https://www.ptb.illinois.gov/media/1448/policepursuitguidelines.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Police pursuit policies in general — and the PIT maneuver specifically — are controversial because of risk of injury or death to both involved and uninvolved.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Lauer |first=Claudia |date=September 19, 2023 |title=New report recommends limiting police pursuits to violent crimes after rise in fatalities |url=https://apnews.com/article/police-vehicle-chase-pursuit-deaths-policy-ed2fe37280cec57e4377491348cc661d |website=Associated Press}}</ref> The PIT maneuver has been linked to at least 30 fatalities between 2016 and 2020.<ref name=":0" />  Of those fatalities, 18 occurred when officers attempted to stop motorists for minor traffic violations.<ref name=":0" /> Many police departments have placed regulations to limit the potential risks of the PIT maneuver and limit its use to serious situations, including pursuit of drivers with outstanding warrants or who are considered likely to be dangerous for other reasons.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

In recent years, Arkansas State Police have at least twice performed controversial PIT maneuvers. In June 2020, a pregnant woman, who was at the time searching for a place to pull over, was the target of a PIT maneuver. As part of a legal settlement with the driver of the car, the Arkansas State Police agreed to improve training and restrict the use of the PIT maneuver and use it only in cases to “protect a third person or an officer from imminent death or serious physical injury.”<ref>{{Cite news |last=Battles |first=Miriam |date=November 19, 2021 |title=Arkansas State Police settles PIT maneuver lawsuit which injured pregnant woman |url=https://www.kark.com/news/working4you/arkansas-state-police-settle-pit-maneuver-lawsuit-which-injured-pregnant-woman/ |work=KARK News}}</ref> Additionally, in September 2023, an Arkansas State Trooper resigned after performing a PIT maneuver on the wrong vehicle during a high-speed chase.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Bill |date=September 19, 2023 |title=Arkansas trooper retires after performing PIT maneuver on wrong car |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/4210935-arkansas-trooper-retires-after-performing-pit-maneuver-on-wrong-car/#:~:text=(KARK)%20%E2%80%93%20Officials%20with%20Arkansas,Francis%20County. |work=The Hill}}</ref> In March 2025 one passenger died and 3 were injured after Arkansas State Police performed a PIT maneuver during a chase on the [[I-40]]. Police found firearms, [[promethazine]] and other illicit substances in the vehicle. Police charged the driver with [[first-degree murder]] for the passenger's death.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Memphis woman killed, another injured in AR crash after high-speed chase on I-40| work = WREG.com| access-date = 2025-03-30| date = 2025-03-26| url = https://wreg.com/news/mid-south/memphis-woman-killed-another-injured-in-ar-crash-after-high-speed-chase-on-i-40/}}</ref>

In April 2024 in Newberry, Florida, four teenagers died during a police pursuit initiated by the Bradford County Sheriff's office. The teens, who were between 14 and 16 years old and attended Newberry High School, were killed after a Florida Highway Patrol trooper performed a PIT maneuver on the stolen SUV they were driving.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Turbeville |first=Ryan Wyatt |date=2024-04-27 |title=4 teenagers die in high-speed chase after trooper uses PIT maneuver |url=https://www.wlbt.com/2024/04/27/4-teenagers-die-high-speed-chase-after-trooper-uses-pit-maneuver/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.wlbt.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pit Maneuver}}
[[Category:Driving]]
[[Category:Law enforcement techniques]]