Editing Pakistan Movement

{{Short description|Muslim political movement in British India}}{{EngvarB|date = November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}{{Redirect-multi|Establishment of Pakistan|Establishment of Pakistan|the military term|Establishment (Pakistan)}}{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Pakistan Movement
| image = {{Photomontage 
| photo1a =  Muslim League leaders after a dinner party, 1940 (Photo 429-6).jpg    
| photo2a =  1946 Map of British India with areas demanded for separate Pakistan by Muslim League.jpg
}}
| caption = '''Top to bottom:'''<br />Muslim League leaders at a dinner party in 1940 during its three-day general session in which the [[Lahore Resolution]], the formal political statement which advocated for the creation of Pakistan, was passed. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the widely recognized  father of Pakistan, is seen seated in the fifth seat from the left.<br />1946 map by [[Columbia University]] depicting British India and the dark-shaded provinces of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[Sind Province (1936-1955)|Sind]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]], the [[Northwest Frontier Province]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], and [[Assam Province|Assam]], which were demanded by the Muslim League to be a part of a sovereign Pakistan.
| date = 1940 {{ndash}} 14 August 1947
| place = [[British Raj]]
| causes = {{hlist|[[Violence against Muslims in independent India|Anti-Muslim violence]]|[[Decolonization|Anti-colonialism]]||[[income inequality in India|socioeconomic inequality]]}}
| methods = {{hlist|[[Nonviolence]]|[[nonviolent resistance]]|[[civil disobedience]]}}
| result = * [[Partition of India]]
** [[Dominion of Pakistan]] created on 14 August 1947
| notes = 
}}The '''Pakistan Movement'''{{efn|{{ubl|{{langx|bn|পাকিস্তান আন্দোলন|Pākistān āndōlan}}|{{langx|pnb|{{nq|پاکستان تحریک}}|Pakastān tahrīk}}|{{langx|ur|{{nq|تحریک پاکستان}}|Tehrīk-ē-Pākistān}}|{{langx|ps|د پاکستان تحریک|Dà Pākistān tahrīk}}|{{langx|sd|{{Naskh|پاڪستان تحريڪ}}|Pākastān tahrīk}}|{{langx|bal|پاکستان تحریک|Pákastán tahrīk}}}}}} was a religiopolitical and social movement that emerged in the early 20th century as part of a campaign that advocated the creation of an [[Islamic state]] in parts of what was then [[British Raj]]. It was rooted in the [[two-nation theory]], which asserted that [[Islam in South Asia|Muslims from the subcontinent]] were fundamentally and irreconcilably distinct from [[Hinduism in South Asia|Hindus of the subcontinent]] (who formed the demographic majority) and would therefore require separate self-determination upon the [[Colonial India|Decolonisation of the subcontinent]]. The idea was largely realized when the [[All-India Muslim League]] ratified the [[Lahore Resolution]] on 23 March 1940, calling for the Muslim-majority regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]] to be "grouped to constitute independent states" that would be "autonomous and sovereign" with the aim of securing Muslim socio-political interests vis-à-vis the Hindu majority. It was in the aftermath of the Lahore Resolution that, under the aegis of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the cause of "Pakistan" (though the name was not used in the text itself) became widely popular among the Muslims of the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Magocsi |first1=Paul R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&pg=PA1028 |title=Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples |last2=Ontario Multicultural History Society of |publisher=Multicultural History Society of Ontario |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6 |page=1028 |access-date=31 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801114046/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&pg=PA1028 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Instrumental in establishing a base for the Pakistan Movement was the [[Aligarh Movement]], which consisted of several reforms by [[Syed Ahmad Khan|Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]] that ultimately promoted a system of [[Western world|Western]]-style scientific education among the subcontinent's Muslims, seeking to enrich and vitalize their society, culture, and religious thought as well as protect it. Khan's efforts fostered [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia]] and went on to provide both the Pakistan Movement and the nascent country that it would yield with its ruling elite.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burki |first=Shahid Javed |title=Pakistan: Fifty Years of Nationhood |publisher=Westview Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8133-3621-3 |edition=3rd |location=Boulder, CO |page=4 |quote=The university that [Sir Sayyid] founded in the town of Aligarh ... not only provided the Pakistan movement with its leadership but, later, also provided the new country of Pakistan with its first ruling elite ... Aligarh College made it possible for the Muslims to discover a new political identity: Being a Muslim came to have a political connotation-a connotation that was to lead this Indian Muslim community inexorably toward acceptance of the 'two-nation theory' |author-link=Shahid Javed Burki |orig-year=First published in 1986}}</ref> 

Several prominent [[List of Urdu poets|Urdu poets]], such as [[Muhammad Iqbal]], used speech, literature, and poetry as a powerful tool for Muslim political awareness;<ref name="University of Massachusetts Press">{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Faiz Ahmed Faiz |title=The rebel's silhouette : selected poems |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |others=Translated with a new introduction by Agha Shahid |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-87023-975-5 |edition=Rev. |location=Amherst}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Modernist Islam, 1840–1940 a sourcebook |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-515468-9 |editor-last=Kurzman |editor-first=Charles |edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref> Iqbal is often called the spiritual father of Muslim nationalist thought in his era.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Rashida |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KSluAAAAMAAJ |title=Iqbal: The Spiritual Father of Pakistan |date=2003 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1371-4 |language=en}}</ref> The role of India's ''[[ulama]]'', however, was divided into two groups: the first group, denoted by the ideals of [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], was convinced by the concept of [[composite nationalism]], which argued against religious nationalism on the basis of India's historic identity as a nation of ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious diversity; while the second group, denoted by the ideals of [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], was a proponent of the perceived uniqueness of the Muslim way of life and accordingly played a significant role in the Pakistan Movement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sargana |first1=Turab-ul-Hassan |last2=Ahmed |first2=Khalil |last3=Rizvi |first3=Shahid Hassan |date=2015 |title=The Role of Deobandi Ulema in Strengthening the Foundations of Indian Freedom Movement (1857-1924) |url=https://www.bzu.edu.pk/PJIR/vol15/eng3.pdf |journal=Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=44 |eissn=2618-0820 |access-date=7 November 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104093916/https://www.bzu.edu.pk/PJIR/vol15/eng3.pdf |url-status=dead }} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is [https://pjir.bzu.edu.pk/website/page/copyrights-license-policy available] under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].</ref> Likewise, a number of Indian Muslim political parties were split over their support, or lack thereof, for an independent Muslim state. Among the most prominent of these parties was [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], which was [[Opposition to the Partition of India|opposed to Muslim separatism]], and from which a pro-separatist group of Islamic scholars, led by [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], founded the breakaway [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] to support the Pakistan Movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam / Assembly of Islamic Clergy |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/jui.htm |access-date=7 November 2022 |website=[[GlobalSecurity.org]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akhtar |first=Muhammad Naveed |date=2022 |title=Darul Uloom Deoband: Preserving Religious And Cultural Integrity Of South Asian Muslims Through Structural And Strategic Innovations |url=https://hamdardislamicus.com.pk/index.php/hi/article/view/326 |journal=Hamdard Islamicus |language=en |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=92 |doi=10.57144/hi.v45i3.326 |issn=0250-7196 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].</ref>

The ultimate objective of the Pakistan Movement, led by the All-India Muslim League, was achieved with the [[partition of India|partition of the subcontinent]] on 14 August 1947, when the [[Radcliffe Line]] officially demarcated the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] over two non-contiguous swaths of territory, which would later be organized as [[East Pakistan]] and [[West Pakistan]], with the former comprising [[East Bengal]] and the latter comprising [[West Punjab]] and [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sindh]] and inheriting British Raj's borders with [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] and [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Islam |first1=Shamsul |title=Muslims Against Partition: Revisiting the Legacy of Allah Bakhsh and Other Patriotic Muslims |date=2015 |publisher=Pharos Media & Publishing Pvt Limited |isbn=978-81-7221-067-0}}</ref> In 1971, however, the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] resulted in the dissolution of East Pakistan, which seceded from West Pakistan to become present-day [[Bangladesh]].

== History of the movement ==

===Background===
{{main|British Raj|}}
During the early 19th century, [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Lord Macaulay]]'s radical and influential [[British education|educational reforms]] led to numerous changes to the introduction and teaching of Western languages (e.g. English and [[Latin language|Latin]]), [[Western history|history]], and [[Western philosophy|philosophy]].<ref name="columbia.edu">For text see [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_minute_education_1835.html "Minute by the Hon'ble T. B. Macaulay, dated the 2nd February 1835"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024015520/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_minute_education_1835.html |date=24 October 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Stephen Evans 2002 pp. 260">{{cite journal |author=Stephen Evans |year=2002 |title=Macaulay's minute revisited: Colonial language policy in nineteenth-century India |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=260–281 |doi=10.1080/01434630208666469|s2cid=144856725 }}</ref> Religious studies and the [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages were completely barred from the state universities. In a short span of time, the English language had become not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835 in place of Persian, disadvantaging those who had built their careers around the latter language.<ref name="Stephen Evans 2002 pp. 260" />
Traditional [[Hindu studies|Hindu]] and [[Islamic studies]] were no longer supported by the [[British monarchy|British Crown]], and nearly all of the ''[[madrasah]]''s lost their ''[[waqf]]'' ({{lit|[[financial endowment]]}}).<ref name="columbia.edu"/><ref name="Stephen Evans 2002 pp. 260"/>

<gallery>
File:Sir David Baird Discovering Body of Tipu Sultan.jpg|Sir David Baird discovering the body of Tipu Sultan
File:Edward Armitage (1817-96) - The Battle of Meeanee, 17 February 1843 - RCIN 407185 - Royal Collection.jpg|The Battle of Miani during the [[British conquest of Sindh|conquest of Sindh]]
</gallery>

===Renaissance vision===
{{Main|Aligarh Movement|Urdu movement|Aligarh Muslim University|Two-nation theory|University of the Punjab}}
[[File:Sir Syed1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Sir [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] became an inspiration for the Pakistan Movement.]]

Very few Muslim families had their children sent to English universities. On the other hand, the effects of the [[Bengali Renaissance]] made the [[Hindu]] population more educated and enabled them to gain lucrative positions at the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]]; many ascended to the influential posts in the British government.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}} In 1930, [[Muhammad Iqbal]] delivered his famous speech in the [[Allahabad]] annual session which is commonly regarded as sowing the seeds for the creation of a separate state, later known as Pakistan.<ref name="Dec 1930">{{cite book |last=Sirriyeh |first=Elizabeth |date=21 October 1998 |title=Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defense, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the modern world |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Bp0K-HpBPsC&q=I+would+like+to+see+the+Punjab,+North-West+Frontier+Province,+Sind+and+Baluchistan+amalgamated+into+a+single+state&pg=PA136 |location=University of Leeds, United Kingdom |publisher=Routledge |page=136 |isbn=9780700710607 |access-date=10 October 2021 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407093226/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Bp0K-HpBPsC&q=I+would+like+to+see+the+Punjab,+North-West+Frontier+Province,+Sind+and+Baluchistan+amalgamated+into+a+single+state&pg=PA136 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Class conflict was coloured in a religious shade, as the Muslims were generally agriculturists and soldiers, while Hindus were increasingly seen as successful financiers and businessmen. Therefore, according to the historian Spear, "an industrialised India meant a Hindu India" to the Muslims. Syed Ahmed Khan converted the existing cultural and religious entity among Indian Muslims into a separatist political force, throwing a Western cloak of nationalism over the Islamic concept of culture. The distinct sense of value, culture and tradition among Indian Muslims originated from the nature of Islamization of the Indian populace during the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu2lu-ZI-vQC&dq=To+the+Muslims+an+industrialised+India+meant+a+Hindu+India,+because+the+Hindu+was+a+financier+and+a+business-man,+the+Muslim+in+general+an+agriculturist+and+soldier&pg=PA26 |title= Historiography of India's Partition: An Analysis of Imperialist Writings |page= 26 |author= Viśva Mohana Pāṇḍeya |date= 2003 |publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |isbn= 9788126903146 }}</ref>

=== Rise of organised movement ===

The success of the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference as a part of the Aligarh Movement, the All-India Muslim League, was established with the support provided by Syed Ahmad Khan in 1906.<ref name="Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, (2001a)">Moore, Robin J. "Imperial India, 1858–1914", in Porter, ed. Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, (2001a), pp. 422–446</ref> It was founded in [[Dhaka]] in a response to the reintegration of [[Bengal]] after a mass Hindu protest took place in the subcontinent. Earlier in 1905, viceroy [[Lord Curzon]] [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partitioned]] Bengal, which was favoured by the Muslims, since it gave them a Muslim majority in the eastern half.<ref>{{cite journal |author=John R. McLane |date=July 1965 |title=The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905 |journal=Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=221–237|doi=10.1177/001946466400200302 |s2cid=145706327 }}</ref>

In 1909 [[The Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]] promulgated the [[Indian Councils Act 1909|Council Act]] and met with a Muslim delegation led by [[Aga Khan III]],<ref>Pakistan was inevitable p. 51-52, Author Syed Hassan Riaz, published by University Karachi. {{ISBN|969-404-003-5}}</ref><ref>History of Pakistan Movement (1857–1947), p. 237-238, Author Prof. M. Azam Chaudhary, published by Abdullah Brothers, Urdu Bazar, Lahore</ref><ref>History of Pakistan and its background, p. 338. Author Syed Asghar Ali Shah Jafri, published by Evernew Book Palace, Circular road, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.</ref><ref>History of Pakistan, p. 58-59. Author Prof. Muhammed Khalilullah (Ex-Principal Federal Govt. Urdu College, Karachi; Former Dean Law Faculty, University of Karachi), published by Urdu Academy Sindh, Karachi.</ref> a deal to which Minto agreed.{{citation needed|date=June 2010}} The delegation consisted of 35 members, who each represented their respective region proportionately, mentioned hereunder.
[[File:HH the AGA KHAN 1936.jpg|thumb|Aga Khan III in 1936.]]

[[File:Siryedazam.jpg|thumb|260px|Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk, (left) who organised the Simla deputation, with Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (centre), Sir Syed's son [[Syed Mahmood|Justice Syed Mahmood]] (right). Syed Mahmood was the first Muslim to serve as a High Court judge in the British Raj.]]

# Sir [[Aga Khan III]] (Head of the delegation); ([[Maharashtra|Bombay]]).
# [[Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk]] ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Aligarh]]).
# Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Muradabad]]).
# Maulvi Hafiz [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Delhi]]).
# Maulvi Syed Karamat Husain ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Allahabad]]).
# Maulvi Sharifuddin ([[Bihar|Patna]]).
# Nawab Syed Sardar Ali Khan ([[Maharashtra|Bombay]]).
# Syed Abdul Rauf ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Allahabad]]).
# Maulvi Habiburrehman Khan ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Aligarh]]).
# [[Sahibzada Aftab Ahmed Khan]] ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Aligarh]]).
# Abdul Salam Khan ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Rampur]]).
# Raees Muhammed Ahtasham Ali ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Lucknow]])
# [[Muhammad Muzammilullah Khan|Khan Bahadur Muhammad Muzammilullah Khan]]. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Aligarh]]).
# [[Haji Muhammed Ismail Khan]] ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Aligarh]]).
# Shehzada Bakhtiar Shah ([[Bangal|Calcutta]]).
# [[Malik Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana]] ([[Punjab, Pakistan|Shahpur]]).
# Khan Bahadur [[Mian Shah Din|Muhammed Shah Deen]] ([[Punjab, Pakistan|Lahore]]).
# [[Khan Bahadur Syed Nawab Ali Chaudhary]] ([[Bangal|Mymansingh]]).
# Nawab Bahadur Mirza Shuja'at Ali Baig ([[Bangal|Murshidabad]]).
# Nawab Nasir Hussain Khan Bahadur ([[Bihar|Patna]]).
# Khan Bahadur Syed Ameer Hassan Khan ([[Bangal|Calcutta]]).
# Syed Muhammed Imam ([[Bihar|Patna]]).
# Nawab Sarfaraz Hussain Khan Bahadur ([[Bihar|Patna]]).
# Maulvi Rafeeuddin Ahmed ([[Maharashtra|Bombay]]).
# Khan Bahadur Ahmed Muhaeeuddin ([[Southern India|Madras]]).
# Ibraheem Bhai Adamjee Pirbhai ([[Maharashtra|Bombay]]).
# Maulvi Abdul Raheem ([[Bangal|Calcutta]]).
# Syed Allahdad Shah ([[Sindh|Khairpur]]).
# Maulana H. M. Malik ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Nagpur]]).
# Khan Bahadur Col. Abdul Majeed Khan ([[Punjab region|Patiala]]).
# Khan Bahadur Khawaja Yousuf Shah ([[Punjab region|Amritsar]]).
# Khan Bahadur [[Mian Muhammad Shafi]]. ([[Punjab, Pakistan|Lahore]]).
# Khan Bahadur Shaikh Ghulam Sadiq. ([[Punjab region|Amritsar]]).
# [[Syed Nabiullah]]. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Allahabad]]).
# Khalifa Syed Muhammed Khan Bahadur. ([[Bihar|Patna]]).<ref>History of Pakistan. p. 232 to 234. by Muhammed Ali Chiragh, published by Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore. {{ISBN|969-35-0413-5}}.</ref>

Until 1937 the Muslim League had remained an organisation of elite Indian Muslims. The Muslim League leadership then began mass mobilisation and the League then became a popular party with the Muslim masses in the 1940s, especially after the Lahore Resolution.<ref name="Rizvi2000">{{cite book|author=H. Rizvi|title=Military, State and Society in Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|date=15 May 2000|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-59904-8|pages=69–|quote=The Muslim League maintained an elitist character until 1937 when its leadership began to engage in popular mobilisation. It functioned as a mass and popular party for 7-8 years after the Congress provincial ministries resigned in 1939, more so, after the passage of the Lahore Resolution in March 1940.|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712201047/https://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DZwGIDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Venkat Dhulipala|title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|date=9 February 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-25838-5|pages=50–|quote=During this growth spurt, the ML itself was transformed from an elite moribund organization into a mass-based party that gave itself a new constitution, a more radical ideology and a revamped organizational structure.|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712201044/https://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DPrqLBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA50|url-status=live}}</ref> Under Jinnah's leadership its membership grew to over two million and became more religious and even separatist in its outlook.<ref>{{cite book|author=Victor Sebestyen|title=1946: The Making of the Modern World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sH4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT247|date=1 October 2014|publisher=Pan Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-74353-456-4|pages=247–|quote=That, too, had begun life as a cosy club of upper-class Indians, seeking a limited range of extra privileges for Indian Muslims. However, under the leadership of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the League grew rapidly to a membership of more than two million and its message became increasingly religious and separatist in tone.|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712201046/https://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D8sH4AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT247|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Yasmin Khan |author-link=Yasmin Khan |year=2017 |orig-year=First published 2007 |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PEpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |edition=New |publisher=Yale University Press |page=18 |isbn=978-0-300-23364-3 |quote=Although it was founded in 1909 the League had only caught on among South Asian Muslims during the Second World War. The party had expanded astonishingly rapidly and was claiming over two million members by the early 1940s, an unimaginable result for what had been previously thought of as just one of the numerous pressure groups and small but insignificant parties. |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204131030/https://books.google.com/books?id=_PEpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Muslim League's earliest base was the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|title=The growth of the Muslim League in the Punjab, 1937–1946|journal=Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics|year=1982|volume=20|issue=1|pages=5–24|doi=10.1080/14662048208447395|quote=Despite their different viewpoints all these theories have tended either to concentrate on the All-India struggle between the Muslim League and the Congress in the pre-partition period or to turn their interest to the Muslim cultural heartland of the UP where the League gained its earliest foothold and where the demand for Pakistan was strongest.}}</ref> From 1937 onwards, the Muslim League and Jinnah attracted large crowds throughout India in its processions and strikes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|title=The role of the crowd in the Muslim League struggled for Pakistan|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|year=1993|volume=21|issue=2|pages=307–333|doi=10.1080/03086539308582893|quote=Huge crowds attended Muslim League meetings and flocked to glimpse Jinnah as he journeyed about India from 1937 onwards. They also joined in processions, strikes, and riots.}}</ref>

=== Lahore Resolution ===
The [[Lahore Resolution]] marked the beginning of the Pakistan movement. At the 27th annual Muslim League session in 1940 at Lahore's [[Iqbal Park]] where about 100,000 people gathered to hear Jinnah speak:

<blockquote>Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs, and literature... It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes... To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state.</blockquote>

At Lahore the Muslim League formally committed itself to create an independent Muslim state, including [[Sindh]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]], the [[North-West Frontier Province|North West Frontier Province]] and Bengal, that would be "wholly autonomous and sovereign". The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslims. The Lahore Resolution, moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], was adopted on 23 March 1940, and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan's first constitution.

In [[Opposition to the partition of India|opposition]] to the Lahore Resolution, the [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]] gathered in Delhi in April 1940 to voice its support for a united India.<ref name="QasmiRobb2017">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Ali Usman |last2=Robb |first2=Megan Eaton |title=Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108621236 |page=2 |language=en}}</ref> Its members included several Islamic organisations in India, as well as 1400 nationalist Muslim delegates.<ref name="Haq1970">{{cite book |last1=Haq |first1=Mushir U. |title=Muslim politics in modern India, 1857-1947 |date=1970 |publisher=Meenakshi Prakashan |page=114 |oclc=136880 |quote=This was also reflected in one of the resolutions of the Azad Muslim Conference, an organization which attempted to be representative of all the various nationalist Muslim parties and groups in India.}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed">{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Ishtiaq |title=The dissenters |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-dissenters/ |work=[[The Friday Times]] |date=27 May 2016 |quote=However, the book is a tribute to the role of one Muslim leader who steadfastly opposed the Partition of India: the Sindhi leader Allah Bakhsh Soomro. Allah Bakhsh belonged to a landed family. He founded the Sindh People’s Party in 1934, which later came to be known as ‘Ittehad’ or ‘Unity Party’. ... Allah Bakhsh was totally opposed to the Muslim League’s demand for the creation of Pakistan through a division of India on a religious basis. Consequently, he established the Azad Muslim Conference. In its Delhi session held during April 27–30, 1940 some 1400 delegates took part. They belonged mainly to the lower castes and working class. The famous scholar of Indian Islam, Wilfred Cantwell Smith, feels that the delegates represented a ‘majority of India’s Muslims’. Among those who attended the conference were representatives of many Islamic theologians and women who also took part in the deliberations ... Shamsul Islam argues that the All-India Muslim League at times used intimidation and coercion to silence any opposition among Muslims to its demand for Partition. He calls such tactics of the Muslim League a ‘Reign of Terror’. He gives examples from all over India including the NWFP where the Khudai Khidmatgars remain opposed to the Partition of India. |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322163216/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/the-dissenters/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== C. R. formula and Cabinet Mission ===
{{Main|C. R. formula|1946 Cabinet Mission to India}}
Talks were held between [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1944. Jinnah negotiated as the representative of the Muslims. Gandhi rejected and insisted that the [[Indian National Congress]] alone represented all of India, including Muslims. Gandhi proposed the [[C. R. formula|C.R Formula]], which sought to first achieve independence from the British and then settle the issue of Pakistan through a plebiscite in Muslim majority districts in which the non-Muslims would also vote. Jinnah rejected both postponing decision on [[partition of British India]] and the formula in favor of the immediate creation of [[Pakistan]].

In 1945 and 1946 general and provincial elections were held in India respectively. The [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] of Jinnah secured most of the Muslim vote in both elections. Jinnah interpreted the results as the entire Muslim nation's demand for partition and a separate state of Pakistan. Congress was forced to recognise the Muslim League as the sole representative of the Muslims.

The same year the British sent a [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India|delegation]] to India to determine its constitutional status and to address the Hindu-Muslim differences. The delegation proposed a plan that three groups in India be formed. One would consist of the Muslim majority Northwest zone, another would consist of the Hindu majority center and the third the Eastern zone of India. The proposal further contemplated the independence of Muslim majority provinces after ten years of Indian Independence. An [[Interim Government of India|interim government]] was to be set up until independence.

The Congress Party rejected the separation of the provinces but agreed to the formation of an interim government. The plan stated that whichever party will agree to the whole of the plan will be allowed to form the interim government which would be established after the General elections in 1946.

Jinnah decided to agree to the plan. The British still invited the Congress to form a government with the Muslim League and the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] assigned the Office of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime minister]] to [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] of the Indian National Congress.

===World War II===
{{Main|India in World War II}}
On 3 September 1939, British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] declared the [[Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II|commencement]] of war with [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]. Shortly thereafter, Viceroy [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]] followed suit and announced that India too was at war with Germany.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bolitho |first=Hector |author-link=Hector Bolitho |year=1960 |orig-year=First published 1954 |title=Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan |location=London |publisher=John Murray |page=123 |oclc=14143745}}</ref>

In 1939, the Congress leaders resigned from all [[British Indian Department|British India government]] positions to which they had elected.<ref name="Basic Books"/> The Muslim League celebrated the end of the Congress-led British Indian government, with Jinnah famously declaring it "a day of deliverance and thanksgiving".<ref name="Basic Books"/> In a secret memorandum to the British [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], the Muslim League agreed to support the United Kingdom's war efforts—provided that the British recognise it as the only organisation that spoke for Indian Muslims.<ref name="Basic Books">{{cite book |last=Mukerjee |first=Madhusree |author-link=Madhusree Mukerjee |year=2011 |title=Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnMTgtXQqCkC&pg=PA9 |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |page=9 |isbn=978-0-465-02481-0 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207010356/https://books.google.com/books?id=RnMTgtXQqCkC&pg=PA9 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the Congress's effective protest against the United Kingdom unilaterally involving India in the war without consulting with them, the Muslim League went on to support the [[United Kingdom in World War II|British war efforts]], which allowed them to actively go against the Congress with the argument of "Islam in Danger".<ref>{{cite book |last=Qureshi |first=M. Naeem |year=1999 |title=Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924 |publisher=Brill |pages=57, 245 |isbn=978-90-04-11371-8}}</ref>

The Indian Congress and Muslim League responded differently over the World War II issue. The Indian Congress refused to support the British unless the whole Indian subcontinent was granted independence.<ref name="ABC-Clio">{{cite book |last=Mohiuddin |first=Yasmeen Niaz |year=2007 |title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA69 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=69– |isbn=978-1-85109-801-9 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205040209/https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA69 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Muslim League, on the other hand, supported Britain both politically and via human contributions.<ref name="ABC-Clio"/> The Muslim League leaders' British education, training, and philosophical ideas helped bring the British government and the Muslim League closer to each other.<ref name="ABC-Clio"/> Jinnah himself supported the British in World War II when the Congress failed to collaborate.<ref name="ABC-Clio"/> The British government made a pledge to the Muslims in 1940 that it would not [[Power transfer|transfer power]] to an [[Independent India]] unless its constitution was first approved by the Indian Muslims, a promise it did not subsequently keep.<ref name="ABC-Clio"/>

===The end of the war===

In 1942, Gandhi called for the [[Quit India Movement]] against the United Kingdom. On the other hand, the Muslim League advised Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] that Great Britain should "divide and then Quit".<ref name="ABC-Clio"/> Negotiations between Gandhi and Viceroy [[The Viscount Wavell|Wavell]] failed, as did talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944.<ref name="ABC-Clio"/> When World War II ended, the Muslim League's push for the Pakistan Movement and Gandhi's efforts for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] intensified the pressure on Prime Minister Churchill.<ref name="ABC-Clio"/> Given the rise of American and [[Soviet Union|Russian]] [[New world order (politics)|dominance]] in world politics and the general unrest in India, Wavell called for general elections to be held in 1945.<ref name="ABC-Clio"/>

In the 1940s, Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known as ''Quaid-e-Azam'' ('Great Leader'). The [[1945 Indian general election|general elections]] held in 1945 for the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] of [[British Indian Empire]], the Muslim League secured and won 434 out of 496 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 87.5% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted. The Congress which was led by Gandhi and Nehru remained adamantly opposed to dividing India. The partition seems to have been inevitable after all, one of the examples being [[Lord Mountbatten]]'s statement on Jinnah: "There was no argument that could move him from his consuming determination to realize the impossible dream of Pakistan."<ref>{{cite book |author=Akbar S. Ahmed |author-link=Akbar Ahmed |year=2005 |orig-year=First published 1997 |title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqyniTHXFxUC&pg=PG202 |publisher=Routledge |page=129 |isbn=978-1-134-75022-1 |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204130809/https://books.google.com/books?id=RqyniTHXFxUC&pg=PG202 |url-status=live }}</ref>

American historian [[Stephen P. Cohen]] writes in ''The Idea of Pakistan'' with regards to the influence of [[South Asian Muslim nationalism]] on the Pakistan movement:<ref name="Pakistan. Stephen Philip Cohen 2004">{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Stephen Philip |author-link=Stephen P. Cohen |date=2004 |title=The Idea of Pakistan |location=Washington |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe/page/203 203, 205] |isbn=978-0-8157-1502-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe/page/203 }}</ref>

{{blockquote|[The ethnolinguistic-nationalist narrative] begins with a glorious precolonial state-empire when the Muslims of South Asia were politically united and culturally, civilizationally, and strategically dominant. In that era, ethnolinguistic differences were subsumed under a common vision of an Islamic-inspired social and political order. However, the divisions among Muslims that did exist were exploited by the British, who practiced 'divide-and-rule' politics, displacing the Mughals and circumscribing other Islamic rulers. Moreover, the Hindus were the allies of the British, who used them to strike a balance with the Muslims; many Hindus, a fundamentally insecure people, hated Muslims and would have oppressed them in a one-man, one-vote democratic India. The Pakistan freedom movement united these disparate pieces of the national puzzle, and Pakistan was the expression of the national will of India's liberated Muslims.|author=[[Stephen P. Cohen|Stephen Cohen]] |source=''The Idea of Pakistan'' (2004)<ref name="Pakistan. Stephen Philip Cohen 2004"/>}}

=== 1946 elections ===
The 1946 elections resulted in the Muslim League winning the majority of Muslim votes and reserved Muslim seats in the Central and provincial assemblies,<ref name="Metcalf2012">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQjrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT108|title=Husain Ahmad Madani: The Jihad for Islam and India's Freedom|date=1 December 2012|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-210-6|pages=108–|author=Barbara Metcalf|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407054415/https://books.google.com/books?id=TQjrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT108|url-status=live}}</ref> performing exceptionally well in Muslim minority provinces such as UP and Bihar, relative to the Muslim majority provinces of Punjab and NWFP. The Muslim league captured 429 of the total 492 seats reserved for Muslims. Thus, the 1946 election was effectively a plebiscite where the Indian Muslims were to vote on the creation of Pakistan; a plebiscite which the Muslim League won.<ref name="Waites2012">{{cite book|author=Bernard Waites|title=South Asia and Africa After Independence: Post-colonialism in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d7EcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|date=17 January 2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-35698-6|pages=45–|quote=The 1946 election was, in effect, a plebiscite among Muslims on Pakistan and a mighty success for the League, which won 90 per cent of the Muslim seats.|access-date=23 September 2017|archive-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407062558/https://books.google.com/books?id=d7EcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&q=support+for+pakistan+movement&pg=PA68|title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook|last=Mohiuddin|first=Yasmin Niaz|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=9781851098019|page=70|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204131431/https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&q=support+for+pakistan+movement&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>"Pakistan, New Nation in an Old Land", Jean and Franc Shor, The National Geographic Magazine, Nov. 1952, pp. 637-678</ref>

This victory was assisted by the support given to the Muslim League by the rural agriculturalists of Bengal as well as the support of the landowners of [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]]. The Congress, which initially denied the Muslim League's claim of being the sole representative of Indian Muslims, was now forced to recognise that the Muslim League represented Indian Muslims.<ref name=":2" /> The British had no alternative except to take Jinnah's views into account as he had emerged as the sole spokesperson for India's Muslims. However, the British did not desire India to be partitioned<ref name="Metcalf20092">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C&pg=PA410|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|last=Gilmartin|first=David|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|editor-last=D. Metcalf|editor-first=Barbara|pages=410–|chapter=Muslim League Appeals to the Voters of Punjab for Support of Pakistan|quote=At the all-India level, the demand for Pakistan pitted the League against the Congress and the British.|access-date=23 September 2017|archive-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407055229/https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C&pg=PA410|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stein2010">{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA347|date=4 February 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1|page=347|quote=His standing with the British remained high, however, for even though they no more agreed with the idea of a separate Muslim state than the Congress did, government officials appreciated the simplicity of a single negotiating voice for all of India's Muslims.|access-date=18 November 2017|archive-date=25 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425213012/https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA347|url-status=live}}</ref> and in one last effort to avoid it they arranged the Cabinet Mission plan.<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2002">{{cite book|author1=Barbara D. Metcalf|author2=Thomas R. Metcalf|title=A Concise History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC&pg=PA212|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63974-3|pages=212–|quote=By this scheme, the British hoped they could at once preserve the united India desired by the Congress, and by themselves, and at the same time, through the groups, secure the essence of Jinnah's demand for a 'Pakistan'.|access-date=23 September 2017|archive-date=10 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410133413/https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC&pg=PA212|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Mohiuddin, Yasmin Niaz (2007).&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&dq=support+for+pakistan+movement&pg=PA68 ''Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204135033/https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA68&dq=support+for+pakistan+movement&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjr6pT2srPPAhXNNpQKHcpeB0gQ6AEIOTAF#v=onepage&q=support%20for%20pakistan%20movement&f=false |date=4 February 2021 }}. ABC-CLIO. p.&nbsp;71.&nbsp;{{ISBN|9781851098019}}.</ref> In 1946, the Cabinet Mission Plan recommended a decentralised but united India, this was accepted by the Muslim League but rejected by the Congress, thus, leading the way for the Partition of India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&q=support+for+pakistan+movement&pg=PA68|title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook|last=Mohiuddin|first=Yasmin Niaz|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=9781851098019|page=71|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204131431/https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&q=support+for+pakistan+movement&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political campaigns and support==

===Punjab===
[[File:Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman seconding the Resolution with Jinnah and Liaquat presiding the session.]]

In the British Indian province of [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], Muslims placed more emphasis on the Punjabi identity they shared with Hindus and Sikhs, rather than on their religion.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]], which prevailed in the [[1923 Indian general election]], [[1934 Indian general election]] and the [[1937 Indian provincial elections]], had the mass support of the Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs of the Punjab; its leaders included Muslim Punjabis, such as [[Fazl-i-Hussain]] and Hindu Punjabis, such as [[Chhotu Ram]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2015 |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG71 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=71 |isbn=978-0-19-061330-3 |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930210100/https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG71 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Punjab had a slight Muslim majority, and local politics had been dominated by the secular Unionist Party and its longtime leader Sir [[Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)|Sikandar Hayat Khan]]. The Unionists had built a formidable power base in the Punjabi countryside through policies of patronage allowing them to retain the loyalty of landlords and pirs who exerted significant local influence.<ref name="Talbot">{{cite journal|last=Talbot|first=I. A.|year=1980|title=The 1946 Punjab Elections|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=14|issue=1|pages=65–91|jstor=312214|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00012178|s2cid=145320008 }}</ref>

For the Muslim League to claim to represent the Muslim vote, they would need to win over the majority of the seats held by the Unionists. Following the death of Sir Sikander in 1942, and bidding to overcome their dismal showing in the elections of 1937, the Muslim League intensified campaigning throughout rural and urban Punjab.<ref>W. W. J. "The Indian Elections – 1946." The World Today, vol. 2, no. 4, 1946, pp. 167–175</ref> A major thrust of the Muslim's League's campaign was the promotion of [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]] and spreading fear of a supposed "Hindu threat" in a future united India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2015 |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG76 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=76–77 |isbn=978-0-19-061330-3 |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204131356/https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG76 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslim League activists were advised to join in communal prayers when visiting villages, and gain permission to hold meetings after the Friday prayers.<ref name="Talbot" /> The [[Quran]] became a symbol of the Muslim League at rallies, and pledges to vote were made on it.<ref name="Talbot" /> Students, a key component of the Muslim League's activists, were trained to appeal to the electorate on communal lines, and at the peak of student activity during the Christmas holidays of 1945, 250 students from [[Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh]] were invited to campaign in the province along with 1550 members of the Punjab Muslim Student's Federation.<ref name="Talbot" /> A key achievement of these efforts came in enticing [[Jat Muslim|Muslim Jats]] and [[Gurjar|Gujjars]] from their intercommunal tribal loyalties.<ref name="Talbot" /> In response, the Unionists attempted to counter the growing religious appeal of the Muslim League by introducing religious symbolism into their own campaign, but with no student activists to rely upon and dwindling support amongst the landlords, their attempts met with little success.

[[File:Pir-mehar-ali-shah.jpg|Pir Meher Ali Shah|thumb]]
To further their religious appeal, the Muslim League also launched efforts to entice [[Pir (Sufism)|Pirs]] towards their cause. Pirs dominated the religious landscape, and were individuals who claimed to inherit religious authority from [[Sufism in India|Sufi Saints]] who had proselytised in the region since the eleventh century.<ref name="Talbot" /> By the twentieth century, most Punjabi Muslims offered allegiance to a Pir as their religious guide, thus providing them considerable political influence.<ref name="Talbot" /> The Unionists had successfully cultivated the support of Pirs to achieve success in the 1937 elections, and the Muslim League now attempted to replicate their method of doing so. To do so, the Muslim League created the Masheikh Committee, used [[Urs]] ceremonies and shrines for meetings and rallies and encouraged fatwas urging support for the Muslim League.<ref name="Talbot" />

Reasons for the pirs switching allegiance varied. For the Gilani Pirs of Multan the overriding factor was local longstanding factional rivalries, whilst for many others a shrine's size and relationship with the government dictated its allegiance.<ref name="Talbot" />

Despite the Muslim League's aim to foster a united Muslim loyalty, it also recognised the need to better exploit the [[Baradari (brotherhood)|biradari]] network and appeal to primordial tribal loyalties. In 1946 it held a special [[Gurjar|Gujjar]] conference intending to appeal to all Muslim Gujjars, and reversed its expulsion of [[Jahanara Shahnawaz]] with the hope of appealing to [[Arain]] constituencies.<ref name="Talbot" /> Appealing to biradari ties enabled the Muslim League to accelerate support amongst landlords, and in turn use the landlords's client-patron economic relationship with their tenants to guarantee votes for the forthcoming election.<ref name="Talbot" />

A separate strategy of the Muslim League was to exploit the economic slump suffered in the Punjab as a result of the [[Second World War]].<ref name="Talbot" /> The Punjab had supplied 27 per cent of the [[Indian Army]] recruits during the war, constituting 800,000 men, and representing a significant part of the electorate. By 1946, less than 20 per cent of those servicemen returning home had found employment.<ref name="Talbot" /> This in part was exacerbated by the speedy end to the war in Asia, which caught the Unionists by surprise, and meant their plans to deploy servicemen to work in canal colonies were not yet ready.<ref name="Talbot" /> The Muslim League took advantage of this weakness and followed Congress's example of providing work to servicemen within its organisation.<ref name="Talbot" /> The Muslim League's ability to offer an alternative to the Unionist government, namely the promise of Pakistan as an answer to the economic dislocation suffered by Punjabi villagers, was identified as a key issue for the election.<ref name="Talbot" />

On the eve of the elections, the political landscape in the Punjab was finely poised, and the Muslim League offered a credible alternative to the Unionist Party. The transformation itself had been rapid, as most landlords and pirs had not switched allegiance until after 1944.<ref name="Talbot" /> The breakdown of talks between the Punjab Premier, [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]], and Jinnah in late 1944 had meant many Muslims were now forced to choose between the two parties at the forthcoming election.<ref name="Talbot" /> A further blow for the Unionists came with death of its leading statesman Sir [[Chhotu Ram]] in early 1945.

The [[West Punjab|Western Punjab]] was home to a minority population of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus up to 1947 apart from the Muslim majority.<ref name="Royal Book Company">{{cite book|last=Salamat|first=Zarina|title=The Punjab in 1920s : a case study of Muslims|year=1997|publisher=Royal Book Company|location=Karachi|isbn=978-969-407-230-2}}</ref> In 1947, the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Assembly]] cast its vote in favour of Pakistan with [[Super-majority|supermajority rule]], which made many minority Hindus and Sikhs migrate to India while Muslim refugees from India settled in the Western Punjab and across Pakistan.<ref>Dube, I. &. S. (2009). From ancient to modern: Religion, power, and community in India hardcover. Oxford University Press.</ref>

===Sindh===
[[File:A Beautiful Night View Of Adnan Asim's Karachi City. Also Mazar-e-Quaid— The Mausoleum Is Viewable In The Picture.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Sindh is the [[Wazir Mansion|birthplace]] and [[Tomb of Jinnah|burial place]] of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]], the Founder of Pakistan.]]
In the [[Sind Province (1936–55)|Sind]] province of British India, the [[Sind United Party]] promoted communal harmony between Hindus and Muslims, winning 22 out of 33 seats in the [[1937 Indian provincial elections]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2015 |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG85 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=85 |isbn=978-0-19-061330-3 |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204130526/https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG85 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Sindhi Foot Soldiers.jpg|thumb|Sindhi foot soldiers, 1816]]
Both the Muslim landed elite, ''waderas'', and the Hindu commercial elements, ''banias'', collaborated in exploiting the predominantly Muslim peasantry of the British Indian province of Sind. In Sind's first provincial election after its separation from Bombay in 1936, economic interests were an essential factor of politics, informed by religious and cultural issues.<ref name="Jalal2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA415|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850|author=Ayesha Jalal|date=4 January 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-59937-0|pages=415–|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=17 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117035616/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA415|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to British policies, much land in Sind was transferred from Muslim to Hindu hands over the decades.<ref name="SinghIyer2016">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|title=Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics|author1=Amritjit Singh|author2=Nalini Iyer|author3=Rahul K. Gairola|date=15 June 2016|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-1-4985-3105-4|pages=127–|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125080700/https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Korejo1993">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGduAAAAMAAJ|title=The Frontier Gandhi: His Place in History|author=Muhammad Soaleh Korejo|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-19-577461-0|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223023747/https://books.google.com/books?id=JGduAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> In Sind, "the dispute over the Sukkur Manzilgah had been fabricated by provincial Leaguers to unsettle Allah Bakhsh Soomro's ministry which was dependent on support from the Congress and the Hindu Independent Party."<ref name="Jalal2002" /> The Sind Muslim League exploited the issue and agitated for what they said was an abandoned mosque to be given to the Muslim League. Consequentially, a thousand members of the Muslim League were imprisoned. Eventually, due to panic the government restored the mosque to Muslims.<ref name="Jalal2002" />

The separation of Sind from the [[Bombay Presidency]] triggered Sindhi Muslim nationalists to support the Pakistan Movement. Even while the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province were ruled by parties hostile to the Muslim League, Sindh remained loyal to Jinnah.<ref name="Ahmed2016">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbzBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT230|title=Sleepwalking to Surrender: Dealing with Terrorism in Pakistan|author=Khaled Ahmed|date=18 August 2016|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-86057-62-4|pages=230–|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=20 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120065747/https://books.google.com/books?id=TbzBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT230|url-status=live}}</ref> Although the prominent Sindhi Muslim nationalist G.M. Syed (who admired both Hindu and Muslim rulers of Sindh) left the All India Muslim League in the mid-1940s,<ref name="Jaffrelot2015">{{cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2015 |title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG85 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=85–86 |isbn=978-0-19-061330-3 |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204130526/https://books.google.com/books?id=i5GMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PG85 |url-status=live }}</ref> the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims supported the creation of Pakistan, seeing in it their deliverance.<ref name="Malik1999">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyWBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|title=Islam, Nationalism and the West: Issues of Identity in Pakistan|author=I. Malik|date=3 June 1999|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-37539-0|pages=56–|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=20 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120033816/https://books.google.com/books?id=oyWBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|url-status=live}}</ref> Sindhi support for the Pakistan Movement arose from the desire of the Sindhi Muslim business class to drive out their Hindu competitors.<ref name="Kukreja2003">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dp05sFFSAbIC&pg=PA138|title=Contemporary Pakistan: Political Processes, Conflicts and Crises|author=Veena Kukreja|date=24 February 2003|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-9683-5|pages=138–|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=10 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110173725/https://books.google.com/books?id=dp05sFFSAbIC&pg=PA138|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Muslim League's rise to becoming the party with the strongest support in Sind was in large part linked to its winning over of the religious pir families. Although the Muslim League had previously fared poorly in the 1937 elections in Sind, when local Sindhi Muslim parties won more seats,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kC421xzMKsC&pg=PA115|title=Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947|author=Sarah F. D. Ansari|date=31 January 1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-40530-0|pages=115–|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204130812/https://books.google.com/books?id=_kC421xzMKsC&pg=PA115|url-status=live}}</ref> the Muslim League's cultivation of support from the pirs and saiyids of Sind in 1946 helped it gain a foothold in the province.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kC421xzMKsC&pg=PA122|title=Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947|author=Sarah F. D. Ansari|date=31 January 1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-40530-0|pages=122–|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220133320/https://books.google.com/books?id=_kC421xzMKsC&pg=PA122|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== North-West Frontier Province ===
[[File:Gandhi and Abdul Gaffa Khan.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan|Bacha Khan]] with Gandhi in 1946.]]
The Muslim League had little support in [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|North-West Frontier Province]]. Here the Congress and [[Pashtunistan|Pashtun nationalist]] leader [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan|Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] had considerable support for the cause of a united India.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica-Abdul Ghaffar Khan">{{cite encyclopedia|url = https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232353/Khan-Abdul-Ghaffar-Khan|title = Abdul Ghaffar Khan|encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date = 24 September 2008|archive-date = 27 May 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080527182525/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232353/Khan-Abdul-Ghaffar-Khan/|url-status = live}}</ref>

During the Independence period there was a [[Congress party of India|Congress]]-led ministry in the province, which was led by secular [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] leaders, including [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], who preferred joining [[India]] instead of Pakistan. The secular Pashtun leadership was also of the view that if joining India was not an option then they should espouse the cause of an independent ethnic Pashtun state rather than Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ceg-kSmft94C&q=congress+party+united+india+north+west+frontier+province&pg=PA66|title=Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India|last=Pande|first=Aparna|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2011|isbn=9781136818943|pages=66|quote=At Independence there was a Congress-led ministry in the North West Frontier...The Congress-supported government of the North West Frontier led by the secular Pashtun leaders, the Khan brothers, wanted to join India and not Pakistan. If joining India was not an option, then the secular Pashtun leaders espoused the cause of Pashtunistan: an ethnic state for Pashtuns.|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126145454/https://books.google.com/books?id=ceg-kSmft94C&q=congress+party+united+india+north+west+frontier+province&pg=PA66|url-status=live}}</ref> The secular stance of Abdul Ghaffar Khan had driven a wedge between the Jamiyatul Ulama Sarhad (JUS) and the otherwise pro-Congress (and pro-Indian unity) [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulema Hind]], as well as Abdul Ghaffar Khan's [[Khudai Khidmatgar]]s, who also espoused [[Hindu-Muslim unity]]. Unlike the centre JUH, the directives of the JUS in the province began to take on communal tones. The JUS ulama saw the Hindus in the province as a 'threat' to Muslims. Accusations of molesting Muslim women were leveled at Hindu shopkeepers in [[Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]], a town where anti-Hindu sermons were delivered by mullas. Tensions also rose in 1936 over the abduction of a Hindu girl in [[Bannu]]. Such controversies stirred up anti-Hindu sentiments amongst the province's Muslim population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haroon|first=Sana|year=2008|title=The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=18|issue=1|page=55|jstor=27755911|doi=10.1017/S1356186307007778|s2cid=154959326|quote=The stance of the central JUH was pro-Congress, and accordingly the JUS supported the Congressite Khudai Khidmatgars through to the elections of 1937. However the secular stance of Ghaffar Khan, leader of the Khudai Khidmatgars, disparaging the role of religion in government and social leadership, was driving a wedge between the ulama of the JUS and the Khudai Khidmatgars, irrespective of the commitments of mutual support between the JUH and Congress leaderships. In trying to highlight the separateness and vulnerability of Muslims in a religiously diverse public space, the directives of the NWFP ulama began to veer away from simple religious injunctions to take on a communalist tone. The ulama highlighted 'threats' posed by Hindus to Muslims in the province. Accusations of improper behaviour and molestation of Muslim women were levelled against 'Hindu shopkeepers' in Nowshera. Sermons given by two JUS-connected maulvis in Nowshera declared the Hindus the 'enemies' of Islam and Muslims. Posters were distributed in the city warning Muslims not to buy or consume food prepared and sold by Hindus in the bazaars. In 1936, a Hindu girl was abducted by a Muslim in Bannu and then married to him. The government demanded the girl's return, But popular Muslim opinion, supported by a resolution passed by the Jamiyatul Ulama Bannu, demanded that she stay, stating that she had come of her free will, had converted to Islam, and was now lawfully married and had to remain with her husband. Government efforts to retrieve the girl led to accusations of the government being anti-Muslim and of encouraging apostasy, and so stirred up strong anti-Hindu sentiment across the majority Muslim NWFP. ... Involvement of the Deobandi ''ulama'' in public political activity and in the negotiation of a Muslim identity in the NWFP appeared in no way to rely upon a wider consensus of Indian Deobandis.}}</ref> By 1947 the majority of the JUS ulama in the province began supporting the Muslim League's idea of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haroon|first=Sana|year=2008|title=The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=18|issue=1|pages=57–58|jstor=27755911|doi=10.1017/S1356186307007778|s2cid=154959326|quote=By 1947 the majority of NWFP ulama supported the Muslim League idea of Pakistan. Because of the now long-standing relations between JUS ulama and the Muslim League, and the strong communalist tone in the NWFP, the move away from the pro-Congress and anti-Pakistan party line of the central JUH to interest and participation in the creation of Pakistan by the NWFP Deobandis was not a dramatic one.}}</ref>

Immediately prior to Pakistani independence from [[Great Britain|Britain]] in 1947, the British held a referendum in the NWFP to allow voters to choose between joining Pakistan or India.  The referendum was held on 2 July 1947 while polling began on 6 July 1947 and the referendum results were made public on 20 July 1947. According to the official results, there were 572,798 registered voters out of which 289,244 (99.02%) votes were cast in favor of Pakistan while only 2874 (0.98%) were cast in favor of India. According to an estimate the total turnout for the referendum was only 15% less than the total turnout in the 1946 elections.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad |year=2010 |title=Electoral politics In NWFP. 1988-1999 |type=PhD |chapter=Chapter-3: Electoral history of NWFP |publisher=Quaid-i-Azam University |chapter-url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810052331/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/1159S-3.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj8DIT_bva0C&q=nwfp+referendum&pg=PA108|title=The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan|author=Jeffrey J. Roberts|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275978785|pages=108–109|access-date=18 April 2015|year=2003|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604145017/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj8DIT_bva0C&q=nwfp+referendum&pg=PA108|url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time a large number of Khudai Khidmatgar supporters boycotted the referendum and intimidation against Hindu and Sikh voters by supporters of the Pakistan Movement was also reported.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=Karl E. |year=2008 |title=The Dust of Empire: The Race for Mastery in the Asian Heartland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9iwFmvKTwcC |publisher=PublicAffairs |page=107 |isbn=978-0-7867-2481-9 |access-date=20 November 2013 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211035434/https://books.google.com/books?id=M9iwFmvKTwcC |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Baluchistan===
[[File:Swaraaj-bugti jinnah.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Jinnah meeting with Baluchistan's leaders.]]During British rule in India, [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]] was under the rule of a Chief Commissioner and did not have the same status as other provinces of British India. The Muslim League in the period 1927-1947 strived under Jinnah to introduce reforms in Baluchistan to bring it on par with other provinces of British India. Apart from the pro-partition Muslim League that was led by [[Qazi Muhammad Isa]], "three pro-Congress parties were still active in Balochistan's politics", such as the [[Anjuman-i-Watan Baluchistan]], which favoured a united India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Afzal |first1=M. Rafique |title=Pakistan: History and Politics 1947-1971 |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=40 |isbn=978-0-19-579634-6 |quote=Besides the Balochistan Muslim League, three pro-Congress parties were still active in Balochistan's politics: the Anjuman-i Watan, the Jamiatul Ulama u Hind, and the Qalat State National Party.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ranjan |first1=Amit |title=Partition of India: Postcolonial Legacies |date=2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429750526 |language=en|quote=Furthermore, Congress leadership of Balochistan was united and there was no disagreement over its president, Samad Khan Achakzai. On the other hand, Qazi Isa was the president of the League in Balochistan. Surprisingly, he was neither a Balochi nor a Sardar. Consequently, all Sardars except Jaffar Khan Jamali, were against Qazi Isa for contesting this seat.}}</ref>

In British-ruled Colonial India, Baluchistan contained a [[Balochistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Chief Commissioner's province]] and [[princely state]]s (including [[Makran (princely state)|Makran]], [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]] and [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]]) that became a part of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hasnat |first=Syed Farooq |year=2011 |title=Global Security Watch–Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiELa2EoA04C |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-313-34697-2 |access-date=27 June 2020 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730172155/https://books.google.com/books?id=KiELa2EoA04C |url-status=live }}</ref> The instrument of referendum was applied in [[Chagai District|Chaghi]] to [[Zhob District|Zhob]] (in northern Balochistan), to determine the will of the people which resulted in a victory for the Muslim League.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chawla |first=Muhammad Iqbal |title=Mountbatten and Balochistan: An Appraisal |date=2014 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158478 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=75 |pages=928–957 |jstor=44158478 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The province's Shahi Jirga and the non-official members of the Quetta Municipality, agreed to join Pakistan unanimously on 29 June 1947;<ref name="CheemaRiemer1990">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CX6xCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|title=Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947-58|author1=Pervaiz I Cheema|author2=Manuel Riemer|date=22 August 1990|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-20942-2|pages=60–|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122104910/https://books.google.com/books?id=CX6xCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|url-status=live}}</ref> however, the Shahi Jirga was stripped of its members from the Kalat State prior to the vote.<ref name="sheikh">{{cite book |last1=Sheikh |first1=Salman Rafi |title=The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism: Politics and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1947–1977 |date=2018 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-351-02068-8}}</ref> According to Rafi Sheikh, the then president of the Baluchistan Muslim League, Qazi Muhammad Isa, informed Jinnah that "Shahi Jirga in no way represents the popular wishes of the masses" and that members of the Kalat State were "excluded from voting; only representatives from the British part of the province voted and the British part included the leased areas of Quetta, Nasirabad Tehsil, Nushki and Bolan Agency."<ref name="sheikh"/> Following the referendum, the Khan of Kalat, on 22 June 1947, received a letter from members of the Shahi Jirga, as well as sardars from the leased areas of Baluchistan, stating that they, "as a part of the Baloch nation, were a part of the Kalat state too" and that if the question of Baluchistan's accession to Pakistan arise, "they should be deemed part of the Kalat state rather than (British) Balochistan".<ref name="sheikh"/> This has brought into question whether a vote took place in the princely Kalat state, the consensus of which remains disputed.<ref name="sheikh"/>

The pro-India Congress, which drew support from Hindus and some Muslims, sensing that geographic and demographic compulsions would not allow the province's inclusion into the newly Independent India, began to encourage separatist elements in Balochistan, and other Muslim majority provinces such as NWFP.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Iqbal |date=July–December 2012 |title=Prelude to the Accession of the Kalat State to Pakistan in 1948: An Appraisal |url=https://www.academia.edu/13372388 |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=85 |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914170710/https://www.academia.edu/13372388 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kalat finally acceded to Pakistan on 27 March 1948 after the help of All India Radio and a period of negotiations and bureaucracy.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/the-princely-india/|title=The princely India|author=Yaqoob Khan Bangash|date=10 May 2015|newspaper=The News on Sunday|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225043014/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/the-princely-india/|archive-date=25 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The signing of the Instrument of Accession by Ahmad Yar Khan, led his brother, Prince Abdul Karim, to revolt against his brother's decision<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/538820/princely-liaisons-the-khan-family-controls-politics-in-kalat/|title=Princely Liaisons: The Khan family controls politics in Kalat|author=Qaiser Butt|date=22 April 2013|newspaper=The Express Tribune|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222175413/http://tribune.com.pk/story/538820/princely-liaisons-the-khan-family-controls-politics-in-kalat/|url-status=live}}</ref> in July 1948.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security|last1=D. Long|first1=Roger|last2=Singh|first2=Gurharpal|last3=Samad|first3=Yunas|last4=Talbot|first4=Ian|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-44820-4|page=82|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=10 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410235846/https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|url-status=live}}</ref> Princes Agha Abdul Karim Baloch and Muhammad Rahim refused to lay down arms, leading the Dosht-e Jhalawan in unconventional attacks on the army until 1950.<ref name=":1" /> Though the Princes fought a lone battle without support from the rest of Baluchistan.<ref name="Siddiqi2012">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDb6i9x1FKgC&pg=PA71|title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Balochi, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements|author=Farhan Hanif Siddiqi|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=978-0-415-68614-3|pages=71–|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122104911/https://books.google.com/books?id=tDb6i9x1FKgC&pg=PA71|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Bengal ===
[[File:Map of Bengal.svg|thumb|250px|Map of United Bengal]]

Dhaka was the birthplace of the [[All India Muslim League]] in 1906. The Pakistan Movement was highly popular in the Muslim population of Bengal.<ref name="Ahmed2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA129|title=Bangladesh: Past and Present|author=Salahuddin Ahmed|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-81-7648-469-5|pages=129–|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204131359/https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA129|url-status=live}}</ref> Many of the Muslim League's notable statesmen and activists hailed from [[East Bengal]], including [[Khabeeruddin Ahmed]], [[Abdul Halim Ghaznavi|Sir Abdul Halim Ghuznavi]], Anwar-ul Azim, [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]], [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], and [[Nurul Amin]], many among whom later became Prime ministers of Pakistan. Following the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]], violence erupted in the region, which was mainly contained to [[Kolkata]] and [[Noakhali]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |year=1985 |title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the demand for Pakistan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=3 |isbn=978-0-521-45850-4}}</ref>

It is documented by Pakistani historians that Suhrawardy wanted Bengal to be an independent state that would neither join Pakistan or India but would remain unpartitioned. Despite the heavy criticism from the Muslim League, Jinnah realised the validity of Suhrawardy's argument and gave his tacit support to the idea of an Independent Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |year=1985 |title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the demand for Pakistan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=266 |isbn=978-0-521-45850-4}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed2005">{{cite book |author=Akbar S. Ahmed |author-link=Akbar Ahmed |year=2005 |orig-year=First published 1997 |title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqyniTHXFxUC&pg=PG342 |publisher=Routledge |page=235 |isbn=978-1-134-75022-1 |access-date=2 February 2019 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207010352/https://books.google.com/books?id=RqyniTHXFxUC&pg=PG342 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, the Indian National Congress decided for partition of Bengal in 1947, which was additionally ratified in the subsequent years.

=== Rohingya Muslims ===
During the Pakistan Movement in the 1940s, [[Rohingya people|Rohingya Muslims]] in western Burma had an ambition to [[Rohingya insurgency in Western Burma|annex and merge]] their region into [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]].<ref name="yegar-1">{{cite book|last=Yegar|first=Moshe|title=Muslims of Burma|year=1972|publisher=Verlag Otto Harrassowitz|location=Wiesbaden|page=96}}</ref> Before the [[Burma Campaign|independence]] of Burma in January 1948, Muslim leaders from Arakan addressed themselves to Jinnah, the [[founder of Pakistan]], and asked his assistance in annexing of the Mayu region to Pakistan which was about to be formed.<ref name="yegar-1"/> Two months later, the North Arakan Muslim League was founded in [[Akyab]] (modern: [[Sittwe]], capital of Arakan State), it, too demanding annexation to Pakistan.<ref name="yegar-1"/> However, it is noted that the proposal never materialised after it was reportedly turned down by Jinnah.<ref name="yegar-1"/>

=== Role of Ulama ===

The [[Ulama]] support for the Pakistan Movement came in the form of the New Medina construct, which was formulated by the [[Barelvi]]s and a section of the [[Deobandi]] clergy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Usmani |first1=Shabbir Ahmad |title=ہمارا پاکستان: خطبہا صدارت پنجاب جمیعتول علامہ کانفرنس |language=ur |trans-title=Our Pakistan: Presidential Address at Punjab Jamiatul Ulama Conference |date=1946 |publisher=Majlis-e-Istaqbaliya Jamiat Ulma-e-Islam Conference |publication-place=Lahore |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebook-detail/khutba-e-sadarat-hamara-pakistan-shabbir-ahmad-usmani-ebooks |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420200922/https://www.rekhta.org/ebook-detail/khutba-e-sadarat-hamara-pakistan-shabbir-ahmad-usmani-ebooks |url-status=live }}</ref> In its election campaign in 1946 the Muslim League drew upon the support of Islamic scholars and Sufis with the rallying cry of 'Islam in danger'.<ref name="Metcalf2012"/> The majority of Barelvis supported the creation of Pakistan and Barelvi ulama issued fatwas in support of the Muslim League.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167|title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security|last1=Long|first1=Roger D.|last2=Singh|first2=Gurharpal|last3=Samad|first3=Yunas|last4=Talbot|first4=Ian|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781317448204|page=167|quote=In the 1940s a solid majority of the Barelvis were supporters of the Pakistan Movement and played a supporting role in its final phase (1940–7), mostly under the banner of the All-India Sunni Conference which had been founded in 1925.|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728053232/https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgFeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|title=The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity, and the State|last=Cesari|first=Jocelyne|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781107513297|page=135|quote=For example, the Barelvi ulama supported the formation of the state of Pakistan and thought that any alliance with Hindus (such as that between the Indian National Congress and the Jamiat ulama-I-Hind [JUH]) was counterproductive.|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220023053/https://books.google.com/books?id=WgFeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfI-hEI8a9wC&pg=PA87|title=Pakistan: The Struggle Within|last=John|first=Wilson|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2009|isbn=9788131725047|page=87|quote=During the 1946 election, Barelvi Ulama issued fatwas in favour of the Muslim League.|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709003415/https://books.google.com/books?id=XfI-hEI8a9wC&pg=PA87|url-status=live}}</ref> In contrast, most Deobandi ulama (led by [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]]) opposed the creation of Pakistan and the two-nation theory. Husain Ahmad Madani and the Deobandis advocated [[composite nationalism]], according to which Muslims and Hindus were one nation (cf. ''[[Composite Nationalism and Islam]]'').<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&pg=PA224|title=A History of Pakistan and Its Origins|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2004|isbn=9781843311492|page=224|quote=Believing that Islam was a universal religion, the Deobandi advocated a notion of a composite nationalism according to which Hindus and Muslims constituted one nation.|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728053221/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&pg=PA224|url-status=live}}</ref> Madani differentiated between ''qaum'' -which meant a multi-religious nation - and ''millat'' - which was exclusively the social unity of Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPKoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|title=Indian Muslims and Citizenship: Spaces for Jihād in Everyday Life|last=Abdelhalim|first=Julten|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781317508755|page=26|quote=Madani...stressed the difference between ''qaum'', meaning a nation, hence a territorial concept, and ''millat'', meaning an Ummah and thus a religious concept.|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728053223/https://books.google.com/books?id=KPKoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-tWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|title=Living with Religious Diversity|last=Sikka|first=Sonia|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781317370994|page=52|quote=Madani makes a crucial distinction between ''qaum'' and ''millat''. According to him, qaum connotes a territorial multi-religious entity, while millat refers to the cultural, social and religious unity of Muslims exclusively.|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204130811/https://books.google.com/books?id=7-tWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, a few highly influential Deobandi clerics did support the creation of Pakistan.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA379|title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan|last1=Syed|first1=Jawad|last2=Pio|first2=Edwina|last3=Kamran|first3=Tahir|last4=Zaidi|first4=Abbas|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=9781349949663|page=379|quote=Ironically, Islamic state politics in Pakistan was mostly in favour of Deobandi, and more recently Ahl-e Hadith/Salafi, institutions. Only a few Deobandi clerics decided to support the Pakistan Movement, but they were highly influential.|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204131105/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA379|url-status=live}}</ref> Such Deobandi ulama included [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], [[Muhammad Shafi]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], and [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]].<ref name="Hardy1972">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA242|title=The Muslims of British India|date=1972|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-09783-3|page=242|author=Hardy|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204132527/https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA242|url-status=live}}</ref> Thanwi was one of the chief proponent of this Movement.<ref>{{Citation |last=Naeem |first=Fuad |title=Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī |date=2009 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1108 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi= |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref> He also sent groups of Muslim scholars to give religious advice and reminders to Jinnah,<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Munshi Abdur Rahman |url=https://archive.org/details/toobaa-research-library-TameerEPakistan |title=Tehreek e Pakistan aur Ulama e Rabbani |publisher=Idara-i Islamiya |year=1992 |location=Pakistan |language=ur}}</ref> he dismissed the criticism that most Muslim League members were not practising Muslims. Thanwi was of the view that the Muslim League should be supported and also be advised at the same time to become religiously observant.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA104|title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India|last=Dhulipala|first=Venkat|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781316258385|page=104|quote=The senior alim conceded that the ML leaders still had some work to do before they could be seen as conscientious and observant Muslims,,, He instead emphasised the virtues of patient and quiet counseling...At the same time though, Thanawi dismissed criticisms of ML leaders as being non-observant Muslims as a case of the pot calling the kettle black.|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205035712/https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA104|url-status=live}}</ref> Thanwi's disciples Shabbir Ahmad Usmani and Zafar Ahmad Usmani were key players in religious support for the creation of Pakistan.<ref name="Naeem 2009">{{Citation |last=Naeem |first=Fuad |title=Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī |date=2009 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1108 |access-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625205424/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1108 |archive-date=25 June 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi= |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World}}</ref>

Acknowledging the services of these ulema, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani was honoured to raise the flag of Pakistan in Karachi and Zafar Ahamd Usmani in Dhaka.{{Sfn|Akhtar|2022|p=92}} Once, the Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was asked whether there was any Islamic cleric who authenticated the division of India on religious bases. Jinnah replied that there was Arshraf Ali Thanwi, and his support to the cause of Muslim League was enough.{{Sfn|Akhtar|2022|p=92}} The Barelvis had no representation in the constituent assemblies of Pakistan, whereas the Deobandis had their representatives even in the first Constituent Assembly.{{Sfn|Long|Singh|Samad|Talbot|2015|p=167}}

===Muslim minority provinces of British India===
{{Expand section|date=November 2023}}
The idea of Pakistan received overwhelming support from Muslim minority provinces of British India, specially the Muslim cultural heartland of U.P. The [[Muslim League (Opposition)|Muslim League]] was known to gain its first foothold in the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], from where it derived a substantial portion of its leadership.<ref>Dhulipala, Venkat (2015).&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA496 ''Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India'']. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;496.&nbsp;{{ISBN|978-1-316-25838-5}}. "The idea of Pakistan may have had its share of ambiguities, but its dismissal as a vague emotive symbol hardly illuminates the reasons as to why it received such overwhelmingly popular support among Indian Muslims, especially those in the 'minority provinces' of British India such as U.P."</ref><ref name="AhmadRafiq2016">{{cite book |author1=Ishtiaq Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzMlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |title=Pakistan's Democratic Transition: Change and Persistence |author2=Adnan Rafiq |date=3 November 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-23595-8 |pages=127– |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714144656/https://books.google.com/books?id=nzMlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |year=1982 |title=The growth of the Muslim League in Punjab, 1937–1946 |journal=Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=5–24 |doi=10.1080/14662048208447395 |quote=Despite their different viewpoints all these theories have tended either to concentrate on the All-India struggle between the Muslim League and the Congress in the pre-partition period or to turn their interest to the Muslim cultural heartland of the UP where the League gained its earliest foothold and where the demand for Pakistan was strongest.}}</ref>

== Conclusion ==
{{further|Partition of India|Indian Independence Act 1947|Bangladesh Liberation War|1969 uprising in East Pakistan|Breakup of East and West Pakistan}}

Sir [[Syed Ahmad Khan]]'s (1817–1898) philosophical ideas played a direct role in the Pakistan Movement.<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML">{{cite web|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/establishment-of-all-india-muslim-league/|title=Establishment of All India Muslim League|website=Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML|date=June 2003|access-date=18 March 2014|display-authors=etal|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827005003/http://storyofpakistan.com/establishment-of-all-india-muslim-league/|url-status=live}}</ref> His [[Two-Nation Theory]] became more and more obvious during the Congress rule (1937-1939) in India. In 1946 it was seen that Muslim majorities in the North-west and North-east India had agreed to the idea of Pakistan, as a response to Congress's policies,{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} which were also the result of leaders such as Jinnah leaving the party in favour of the Muslim League,<ref>{{cite book|title=Muhammad Jinnah: An Ambassador of Unity|asin=B0040SYONC|author=Sarojini Naidu}}</ref> Congress had won in seven of the eleven provinces in 1937<ref>{{cite book |author=Sikandar Hayat |year=1998 |orig-year=First published 1991 |title=Aspects of the Pakistan movement |edition=2nd |location=Islamabad |publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research |page=25 |isbn=969-415-053-1}}</ref> but the Muslim League failed to achieve majority in any province.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

But the main motivating and [[integrating factor]] was that the Muslims' intellectual class wanted representation; the masses needed a platform on which to unite.<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML" /> It was the dissemination of western thought by [[John Locke]], [[John Milton|Milton]] and [[Thomas Paine]], at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] that initiated the emergence of Pakistan Movement.<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML" /> According to [[Pakistan Studies]] curriculum, [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] is often referred to as 'the first Pakistani'.<ref>{{cite news | title=History books contain major distortions | work=Daily Times | url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-3-2004_pg7_16 | access-date=16 April 2012 | archive-date=6 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606172153/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-3-2004_pg7_16 | url-status=live }}</ref> Muhammad Ali Jinnah also acclaimed the [[Pakistan movement]] to have started when the first Muslim put foot in the [[Gateway of Islam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Movement|url=http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/pakistan_movement.html|website=cybercity-online.net|access-date=15 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201083149/http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/pakistan_movement.html|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After the independence in 1947, violence and upheavals continued to be faced by Pakistan, as [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] became the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] in 1947.<ref name="Nova Science Publishers">{{cite book |editor=Sohail Mahmood |year=2006 |title=Good governance reforms agenda in Pakistan : current challenges |publisher=Nova Science Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-1-60021-418-9}}</ref> The [[Bengali Language Movement|issue]] involving the equal status of [[Urdu]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] languages created divergence in the country's political ideology.<ref name="Story of Pakistan documents">{{cite web|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-separation-of-east-pakistan/|title=Separation of East Pakistan|date=June 2003|publisher=Story of Pakistan documents|access-date=7 February 2014|archive-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002090348/http://storyofpakistan.com/the-separation-of-east-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|military take over]] in 1958 was followed by rapid [[Industry of Pakistan|industrialisation]] in the 1960s.<ref name="Nova Science Publishers"/> Economic grievances, unbalanced financial payments, provincialism and ethnic nationalism led to a bloody [[Bangladesh Liberation War|armed struggle]] in East Pakistan in the early 1970s, which eventually resulted with East Pakistan [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|becoming]] Bangladesh in 1971.<ref name="Story of Pakistan documents" />

In the successive periods of the tragedy of East-Pakistan, the country continued to rebuild and reconstruct itself constitutionally and embarked on its path to be transformed into [[republicanism]] in its full measure.<ref name="PublicAffairs">{{cite book|title=Pakistan: A Hard Country|last=Lieven|first=Anatol|date=2011|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-61039-023-1|edition=1st|location=New York}}</ref>  The [[Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|XIII]] amendment (1997) and [[Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|XVIII]] amendment (2010) transformed the country into becoming a [[parliamentary republic]] as well as also becoming a [[Nuclear power in Pakistan|nuclear power]] in the subcontinent.<ref name="A.P.H. Pub. Corp.">{{cite book|title=Nuclear Pakistan|last=Chitkara|first=M.G.|publisher=A.P.H. Pub. Corp.|year=1996|isbn=978-81-7024-767-8|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

=== Non-Muslims contribution and efforts ===
{{Main|Christianity in Pakistan|Hinduism in Pakistan|Sikhism in Pakistan|Protestantism in Pakistan}}

Jinnah's vision was supported by a few of the Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, Jews and Christians who lived in Muslim-dominated regions of undivided India.<ref name="Renaissance Bookshop">{{cite book|last=Heyworth-Dunne|first=James|title=Pakistan: the birth of a new Muslim state|year=1952|publisher=Renaissance Bookshop|location=University of Michigan|asin=B000N7G1MG|page=173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TS4BAAAAMAAJ&q=jogendra+nath+leader|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204131253/https://books.google.com/books?id=TS4BAAAAMAAJ&q=jogendra+nath+leader|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Routledge Publishing Co.">{{cite book |author1=Tai Yong Tan |author-link1=Tan Tai Yong |author2=Gyanesh Kudaisya |author-link2=Gyanesh Kudaisya |year=2000 |title=The Aftermath of partition in South Asia:Pakistan |publisher=Routledge Publishing Co. |location=London |isbn=978-0-203-45766-5 |pages=ix–327 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5zEtBxk72wC&q=Pakistan+movement+and+jogendra+nath+leader&pg=PR9 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204131031/https://books.google.com/books?id=O5zEtBxk72wC&q=Pakistan+movement+and+jogendra+nath+leader&pg=PR9 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The most notable and influential Hindu figure in the Pakistan Movement was [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]] from Bengal. Jagannath Azad was from the [[Urdu-speaking]] belt.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sophia Ajaz|title=Hindus' contribution towards making of Pakistan|url=http://criticalppp.com/archives/35305|publisher=Sophia Ajaz|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618065928/http://criticalppp.com/archives/35305|archive-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> Mandal represented the Hindu contingent calling for an independent Pakistan, and was one of the founding fathers of Pakistan.<ref name="Renaissance Bookshop" /> After independence, Mandal was given ministries of [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Law]], [[Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)|Justice]], and [[Ministry of Labour (Pakistan)|Work-Force]] by Jinnah in Liaquat Ali Khan's government.<ref name="Renaissance Bookshop" /> Ironically, despite all his good contributions, Mandal was badly ignored in the emerging political scenario. He returned to India and submitted his resignation to Liaquat Ali Khan, the then-Prime Minister of Pakistan. He mentioned incidents related to social injustice and a biased attitude towards non-Muslim minorities in his resignation letter.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Forgotten hero|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/234965-Forgotten-hero|work=The News International|language=en|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225085218/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/234965-Forgotten-hero|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although the [[All India Conference of Indian Christians]] opposed the partition of India and creation of Pakistan,<ref name="Thomas1974">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Abraham Vazhayil |title=Christians in Secular India |year=1974 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |isbn=978-0-8386-1021-3 |pages=107–108 |language=en}}</ref> a minority of Christians dissented from this position and played a pivotal role in the creation of Pakistan.<ref name="Pakistan Daily">{{cite web|title=Christians played vital role in Pakistan Movement|url=http://www.daily.pk/christians-played-vital-role-in-pakistan-movement-5871/|work=Pakistan Daily|access-date=7 February 2012}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The notable Christians included [[Victor Turner (civil servant)|Sir Victor Turner]] and [[Alvin Robert Cornelius]].<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi">{{cite book|author=Aminullah Chaudry|title=The founding fathers|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press, Karachi|location=Karachi, Sindh Province|isbn=978-0-19-906171-6|url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/08/07/excerpt-the-founding-fathers.html|access-date=7 February 2012|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914170713/https://www.dawn.com/news/650005/excerpt-the-founding-fathers|url-status=live}}</ref> Turner was responsible for the economic, financial planning of the country after independence.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi" /> Turner was one of the founding fathers<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi" /> of Pakistan, and guided Jinnah and Ali Khan on economic affairs, taxation and handling of the administrative units.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi" /> Alvin Robert Cornelius was elevated as Chief Justice of Lahore High Court bench by Jinnah and served as Law Secretary in Liaquat Ali Khan's government.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi" />

===As an example or inspiration===
{{Main|Pakistanism}}

The Pakistan Movement became an inspiration in different countries of the world. Protection of one's beliefs, equal rights, and liberty were incorporated in the state's constitution. Arguments presented by [[Ali Mazrui]] pointed out that the South Sudan's [[South Sudan Liberation Movement|movement]] led to the partition of the Sudan into Sudan proper, which is primarily Muslim, and South Sudan, which is primarily Christian and animistic.<ref name="guardian1">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/09/sudan-secession-postcolonial-africa |title=Is this Pakistanism in Sudan? |first=Ali |last=Mazrui |author-link=Ali Mazrui |date=9 February 2011 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=31 August 2011 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921042055/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/09/sudan-secession-postcolonial-africa |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Europe, [[Alija Izetbegović]], the first President of the [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], began to embrace the "Pakistan model" in the 1960s, alienating [[Serbs]] who would use this ideology to attack Bosniaks later on,<ref>[[Faisal Devji]], ''Muslim Zion: Pakistan as a Political Idea'', Hurst Publishers, (2013), p. 248</ref> while in his ''[[Islamic Declaration]]'' he "designated Pakistan as a model country to be emulated by Muslim revolutionaries worldwide."<ref>[[Vjekoslav Perica]], ''[[Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States]]'', Oxford University Press (2002), p. 77</ref>

===Memory and legacy===
{{Main|Minar-e-Pakistan|Tomb of Allama Iqbal|Mazar-e-Quaid}}
[[File:Minar e Pakistan.jpg|thumb|374x374px|[[Minar-e-Pakistan]], where the bill of [[Lahore Resolution]] was passed on 22-24 March 1940]]
The Pakistan Movement has a central place in Pakistan's memory. The founding story of the Pakistan Movement is not only covered in school and university [[Pakistani textbooks controversy|textbooks]] but also in innumerable monuments.<ref name="Lexington, 2004">{{cite book|editor-last=Saha|editor-first=Santosh C.|title=Religious fundamentalism in the contemporary world: critical social and political issues|year=2004|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=Lexington|isbn=978-0-7391-0760-7}}</ref> Almost all key events are covered in Pakistan's textbooks, literature, and novels as well.<ref name="Lexington, 2004"/> Thus, the [[Fourteenth of August]] is one of major and most celebrated [[national day]]s in Pakistan.<ref name="Tribune Express 2013">{{cite news|title=Independence day: Hope, joy and mausoleum climbing|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/590123/pakistan-independence-day-live-updates/|access-date=8 February 2014|newspaper=Tribune Express 2013|date=14 August 2013|archive-date=5 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205082217/http://tribune.com.pk/story/590123/pakistan-independence-day-live-updates/|url-status=live}}</ref> To many authors and historians, Jinnah's legacy is Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mohiuddin|first=Yasmeen Niaz|title=Pakistan : a global studies handbook|year=2007|publisher=ABC-Clio|location=Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.]|isbn=978-1-85109-801-9}}</ref>

The [[Minar-e-Pakistan]] is a monument which has attracted ten thousand visitors.<ref name="Gohar Publications,">{{cite book|last=Siddiqui|first=S.A.|title=Social Studies|year=2012|publisher=Gohar Publications|location=Lahore, Punjab|isbn=978-969-526-022-7}}</ref> The ''Minar-e-Pakistan'' still continues to project the memory to the people to remember the birth of Pakistan.<ref name="Gohar Publications,"/> Jinnah's estates in Karachi and Ziarat has attracted thousands visitors.<ref name="Express Tribune, Mulk">{{cite news|author=Muhammad Adil Mulk|title=Being Jinnah|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/481577/being-mr-jinnah/|access-date=9 February 2014|newspaper=Express Tribune, Mulk|date=23 December 2012|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221232709/http://tribune.com.pk/story/481577/being-mr-jinnah/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Historian of Pakistan, [[Vali Nasr]], argues that the [[universalism#Islam|Islamic universalism]] had become a main source of the Pakistan Movement that shaped patriotism, meaning, and nation's birth.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nasr|first=Vali|title=Islamic Leviathan : Islam and the Making of State Power|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford U.K.|isbn=978-0-19-803296-0}}</ref> To many Pakistanis, Jinnah's role is viewed as a modern [[Moses]]-like leader;<ref name="Washington Post, 2010">{{cite news|last=Ahmad|first=Akbar|title=Thomas Jefferson and Mohammed Ali Jinnah: Dreams from two founding fathers|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/02/AR2010070202442.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=4 July 2010|access-date=9 February 2014|archive-date=30 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630215541/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/02/AR2010070202442.html|url-status=live}}</ref> whilst many other founding fathers of the nation-state also occupy extremely respected places in the hearts of the people of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Enver|first=E.H. |year=1990 |title=The modern Moses: A brief biograhpy [sic] of M.A. Jinnah |publisher=Jinnah Memorial Institute |pages=164 pages |oclc=24361532}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* 1849 Annexation of the Punjab
* 1850 Urdu becomes the official language in all of the west Pakistan provinces, excluding [[Sindh]]
* 1857 [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|War of Independence]]
* 1878 Formation of [[Thamratut-Tarbiyat]] by [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
* 1885 [[Indian National Congress|Formation of the Indian National Congress]]
* 1901 [[Partition of Punjab]]
* 1905 [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]]
* 1906 [[Simla Deputation]]
* 1906 [[All-India Muslim League|Founding of the All-India Muslim League]]
* 1909 Formation of [[Jamiatul Ansar]]
* 1909 [[Indian Councils Act 1909|Minto–Morley Reforms]]
* 1911 [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Annulment of the Partition of Bengal]]
* 1913 Formation of [[Nizaratul Ma'arif al-Qur'ānia]]
* 1913–20 [[Silk Letter Movement]]
* 1914–18 [[World War I]]
* 1916 [[Lucknow Pact]]
* 1919 Formation of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]]
* 1919 [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
* 1919 [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]]
* 1919 [[Rowlatt Act]]
* 1919–22 [[Khilafat Movement]]
* 1922–29 [[Hindu–Muslim riots]]
* 1927 [[Delhi Muslim proposals]]
* 1928 [[Nehru Report]]
* 1928 [[Simon Commission]]
* 1929 [[Fourteen Points of Jinnah]]
* 1929 Formation of [[Majilis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam]]
* 1930 [[Separation of a strong Punjabi group from congress]]
* 1930 [[Allahabad Address|Allama Iqbal Address]]
* 1931 [[Kashmir Resistance movement]]
* 1930–32 [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conferences]]
* 1932 [[Communal Award|Communal Award (1932)]]
* 1933 [[Pakistan National Movement]]
* 1933 [[Pakistan Declaration]] / Now or Never Pamphlet
* 1935 [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act]]
* 1937 Elections
* 1937–39 Congress Rule in 7 out of 11 Provinces
* 1937 Strong anti congress governments in Punjab and Bengal
* 1938 [[Madani–Iqbal debate]]
* 1938 [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] of Bengal joined [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]
* 1938 Jinah Sikandar pact
* 1938 Pirpur Report
* 1939-45 World War II
* 1939 Resignation of congress ministries and non-congress power players got golden chance
* 1940 [[Pakistan Resolution]]
* 1940 [[Khaksars|19 March Khaksar Massacre in Lahore]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allamamashraqi.com/grandsonsarticles.html |title=Allama Mashraqi |access-date=25 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113151533/http://www.allamamashraqi.com/grandsonsarticles.html |archive-date=13 January 2008 |url-status=usurped  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allamamashraqi.com/images/The_Khaksar_Martyrs_of_March_19,_1940_by_Nasim_Yousaf.pdf |title=The Khaksar Martyrs of March 19, 1940 |access-date=25 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216041021/http://www.allamamashraqi.com/images/The_Khaksar_Martyrs_of_March_19,_1940_by_Nasim_Yousaf.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2008 |url-status=usurped  }}</ref>
* 1942 India Movement and non congress players further got space
* 1942 [[Cripps Mission]]
* 1944 Gandhi-Jinnah Talks
* 1945 [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]]
* 1945 [[Simla Conference]]
* 1946 [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India|The Cabinet Mission]] the last British effort to [[united India]]
* 1946 [[Direct Action Day]] in the aftermath of cabinet mission plan
* 1946 Interim Government installed in office
* 1946 [[Quit Kashmir campaign]] as the formation of the interim government of [[Azad Kashmir]]
* 1947 June 3 Partition Plan
* 1947 [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Creation of Pakistan]]
{{div col end}}

== Notable quotations ==
; [[Allama Iqbal]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>
{{blockquote|I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.<ref name="res1">[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205091745/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html |date=5 February 2007 }}, from Columbia University site</ref><ref name="Dec 1930"/>}}

; [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>
{{blockquote|At this solemn hour in the history of India, when British and Indian statesmen are laying the foundations of a Federal Constitution for that land, we address this appeal to you, in the name of our common heritage, on behalf of our thirty million Muslim brethren who live in ''Pakistan''&nbsp;– by which we mean the five Northern units of India, Viz: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind and Baluchistan&nbsp;– for your sympathy and support in our grim and fateful struggle against political crucifixion and complete annihilation.<ref name="cra">Choudhary Rahmat Ali, (1933), ''[[Pakistan Declaration|Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?]]'', [[pamphlet]], published 28 January</ref>}}

; [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>
{{blockquote|It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literature. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different ethics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the government of such a state.<ref name=dt-march>{{cite news|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_jinnah_lahore_1940.html|title=Presidential address by Muhammad Ali Jinnah to the Muslim League Lahore, 1940|publisher=Columbia University|access-date=24 October 2016|archive-date=10 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110125300/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_jinnah_lahore_1940.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

== Founding Fathers and Mothers ==
{{Main|List of Pakistan Movement activists}}
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]]
* [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
* [[Muhammad Iqbal]]
* [[Abdul Aleem Siddiqui]]
* [[Imam Ahmad Raza Khan]]
* [[Allama Fazl e Haq Khayrabadi]]
* [[Aga Khan III]]
* [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
* [[Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar]]
* [[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan]]
* [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]
* [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]]
* [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]
* [[Ghulam Bhik Nairang]]
* [[Khwaja Nazimuddin]]
* [[Jalal-ud-din Jalal Baba]]
* [[Chaudhry Naseer Ahmad Malhi]]
* [[Muhammad Arif Khan Rajbana Sial]]
* [[Zafar Ali Khan]]
* [[Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan]]
* [[Fatima Jinnah]]
* [[Abdullah Haroon]]
{{Div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[History of Pakistan]]
* [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
* [[Madani–Iqbal debate]]
* [[National Monument, Islamabad]]
* [[Mohammad Ismail Khan (Indian politician)|Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan]]
* [[Pakistani nationalism]]
* [[Pakistan Zindabad]]
* ''[[A Short History of Pakistan]]''

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Adnan, Abdullah. “Pakistan: Creation and Genesis.” The Muslim world (Hartford) 96, no. 2 (2006), 201–217.
*[[Akbar Ahmed|Ahmed, Akbar]] . "Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity : the Search for Saladin", London ;: Routledge, 1997.
*[[Hector Bolitho|Bolitho, Hector]]. "Jinnah, Creator of Pakistan", London: J. Murray, 1954.
*[[Sugata Bose|Bose, Sugata]], and Ayesha Jalal. "Modern South Asia : History, Culture, Political Economy". Fourth edition. London ;: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2018 {{ISBN|978-1-138-24368-2}}
*Chatterji, Joya. ''Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932—1947''. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 2002, {{ISBN|0-521-52328-1}}
*Dhulipala, Venkat. "Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India", Cambridge 2015, {{ISBN|978-1-316-25838-5}}
*Gilmartin, David. "Empire and Islam : Punjab and the Making of Pakistan". London: Tauris, 1988.
*Gilmartin, David. 'Partition, Pakistan and South Asian History: In Search of a Narrative', Journal of Asian Studies 57, 4 (1998), 1068-1095
*Hasan, Mushirul. ''India’s Partition : Process, Strategy and Mobilization''. Delhi Oxford University Press, 1993.
*Hayat, Sikandar. "Aspects of the Pakistan movement", Islamabad, 1998, {{ISBN|969-415-053-1}}
*Hayat, Syed Umar and Himayatullah Yaqubi. “Creation of Pakistan and the Political Orientation of Bengali Muslims: 1940-47.” Pakistan Perspectives 23, no. 1 (2018), 41–58
*Hossain, Ashfaque. “The Making and Unmaking of Assam-Bengal Borders and the Sylhet Referendum.” Modern Asian studies 47, no. 1 (2013), 250–287
*Ikram, S. M. "Makers of Pakistan and Modern Muslim India", Lahore, 1970
*Islam, Sirajul. "History of Bangladesh 1701-1971", Dhaka 1992
* [[Christophe Jaffrelot|Jaffrelot, Christophe]]. "The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience", Oxford 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-19-061330-3}}
* [[Ayesha Jalal|Jalal, Ayesha]]. "The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the demand for Pakistan", Cambridge 1985, {{ISBN|0-521-45850-1}}
*Jalal, Ayesha. The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,, 2014.
*Jalal, Ayesha. “Conjuring Pakistan: History as Official Imagining.” ''International journal of Middle East studies'' 27, no. 1 (1995), 73–89.
*Jalal, Ayesha. “Inheriting the Raj: Jinnah and the Governor-Generalship Issue.” ''Modern Asian studies'' 19, no. 1 (1985), 29–53.
*[[Muin-ud-din Ahmad Khan|Khan, Muin-ud-din Ahmad]]. Muslim Struggle for Freedom Bengal from Plassey to Pakistan, A.D. 1757-1947, Dacca 1960
* [[Masood Ashraf Raja|Raja, Masood Ashraf]]. ''Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity'', 1857–1947, Oxford 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-19-547811-2}}
*Rashid, Harun-or-. "The Foreshadowing of Bangladesh: Bengal Muslim League and Muslim Politics, 1906–1947", Dhaka 1987
*Rashid, Harun-or-. "Inside Bengal Politics 1936–1947: Unpublished Correspondence of Partition Leaders", Dhaka 2003
*Roy, Asim. “The High Politics of India’s Partition: The Revisionist Perspective - The High Politics of India’s Partition: The Revisionist Perspective.” ''Modern Asian studies'' 24, no. 2 (1990), 385–408.
*Sayeed, Khalid B. ''Pakistan : the Formative Phase, 1857-1948''. 2nd ed. London Oxford University Press, 1968.
*Singh, Jaswant. ''Jinnah : India, Partition, Independence''. New Delhi: Rupa & Co., 2009.
*Talbot, Ian. "Pakistan: A Modern History", London 2009, {{ISBN|978-1-85065-989-1}}
*Talbot, Ian (1994), "Planning for Pakistan: The Planning Committee of the All-India Muslim League, 1943–46", ''Modern Asian Studies'', '''28''' (4): 875–889
*Talbot, Ian (1982). "The growth of the Muslim League in Punjab, 1937–1946". ''Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics''. '''20''' (1): 5–24.
*Talbot, Ian.  ''Freedom's Cry: The Popular Dimension in the Pakistan Movement and Partition Experience in North-West India''. Oxford University Press, 1996 {{ISBN|978-0-19-577657-7}}
* Talbot, Ian and Gurharpal Singh. "The partition of India", Cambridge 2009 
*[[Stanley Wolpert|Wolpert, Stanley]]. Jinnah of Pakistan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
*Ziring, Lawrence. ''Pakistan in the Twentieth Century : a Political History''. Karachi ;: Oxford University Press, 1997.

== External links ==
* [http://www.storyofpakistan.com/timeline06.htm The Pakistan Movement] at the Story of Pakistan website
* [http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/movement/move_main.htm Iqbal and the Pakistan Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620142012/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/movement/move_main.htm |date=20 June 2017 }} at the Iqbal Academy Pakistan
{{Jinnah}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan Movement}}
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:1940s in British India]]
[[Category:1940s in India]]
[[Category:1940s in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1940s in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1947 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:British Empire in World War II]]
[[Category:Modern history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Islam in Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Islam in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:History of Islam in India]]