Editing Palaic language

{{short description|Extinct Anatolian Indo-European language}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Palaic
|ethnicity=[[Palaic peoples]]
|region=[[Anatolia]]
|extinct=around [[1300 BCE]]
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]]
|fam3=[[Anatolian languages#Luwic branch|Luwo]]-[[Lydian language|Lydian]]?
|fam4=[[Anatolian languages#Luwic branch|Luwo]]-Palaic?
|iso3=plq
|glotto=pala1331
|glottorefname=Palaic
|linglist=plq
}}

'''Palaic''' is an extinct [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]], attested in [[cuneiform]] tablets in [[Bronze Age]] [[Hattusa]], the capital of the [[Hittites]]. Palaic, which was apparently spoken mainly in [[northern Anatolia]], is generally considered to be one of four primary sub-divisions of the [[Anatolian languages]], alongside [[Hittite language|Hittite]] (central Anatolia), [[Luwic]] (southern Anatolia) and [[Lydian language|Lydian]] (western Anatolia).

Its name in [[Hittite language|Hittite]] is ''palaumnili'', or "of the people of Pala"; [[Pala (Anatolia)|Pala]] was probably to the northwest of the Hittite core area, so in the northwest of present mainland [[Turkey]]. The region was overrun by the [[Kaskians]] in the 15th century BC, and the language likely went out of daily use at that time.

== Sources ==
The entire corpus of Palaic spans only CTH 751-754 in [[Emmanuel Laroche]]'s  [[catalog of Hittite texts]]; in addition Hittite texts elsewhere cite passages in Palaic in reference to the weather god [[Zaparwa]] ([[Hittite language|Hittite]] Ziparwa), the leading god of the land of Pala.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burney |first=Charles |date=2004 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Hittites |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=223 |isbn=0810865645 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1017/9781108758666.005 |chapter=Anatolian |title=The Indo-European Language Family |year=2022 |last1=Kloekhorst |first1=Alwin |pages=63–82 |isbn=978-1-108-75866-6 |authorlink1=Alwin Kloekhorst }}</ref> In particular, CTH 750, a festival in Hittite for Ziparwa and associated deities, includes passages stating, "The Old Woman speaks the words of the bread in Palaic," or alternately "the words of the meal," though no Palaic passages are quoted. The Palaic-language texts are all from a religious context, with ritual and mythological content.<ref>Carruba, O. ''Das Palaische. Texte, Grammatik, Lexikon.'' Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1970. StBoT 10.</ref> In addition to Zaparwa, the Palaumnili-speakers worshipped a sun deity [[Tiyaz]] ([[Luwian language|Luwian]] [[Tiwaz (Luwian deity)|Tiwaz]]), the Hattian goddess Kataḫzip/wuri, and several others.

== Phonology ==

[[Craig Melchert|Melchert]] reconstructs the following phonemic inventory for Palaic:<ref name=":0">{{cite book |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511486845.007 |chapter=Palaic |title=The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor |year=2008 |last1=Melchert |first1=H. Craig |pages=40–45 |isbn=978-0-521-68496-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Melchert |first=H. C. |date=1994 |chapter=Palaic Phonology |title=Anatolian Historical Phonology |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Brill |pages=190–208 |doi=10.1163/9789004657335_008|isbn=978-90-04-65733-5 }}</ref> However, Melchert claims that, instead of pharyngeals, "a pair of velar fricatives is equally possible".

=== Consonants === 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! [[Labiodental]] !! [[Dental consonant|Dental]] !! [[Palatal]] !!  [[Velar consonant|Velar]] !! [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
|-
! [[Plosive]] 
| {{IPAlink|p}} {{IPAlink|b}} 
|
| {{IPAlink|t}} {{IPAlink|d}}
|
| {{IPAlink|k}} {{IPAlink|g}}
|
|-
! [[Affricate]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|t͡s}}
|
|
|
|-
! [[Fricative]]
|
| {{IPAlink|f}}
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| {{IPAlink|ʒ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ħ}} {{IPAlink|ʕ}}
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| 
| {{IPAlink|n}}
|
|
|
|-
! [[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}
| {{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|-
! [[Semivowel|Glide]]
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|}

=== Vowels === 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|- 
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]] 
| {{IPAlink|i}} {{IPAlink|iː}}
|
| {{IPAlink|u}} {{IPAlink|uː}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|
|
|
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| {{IPAlink|a}} {{IPAlink|aː}}
|
|}

The phonemic status of /e/ and /eː/ is uncertain.

== Morphology ==
In terms of its [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], Palaic is a fairly typical specimen of Indo-European. Palaic shared common innovations with [[Luwian]] not present in Old Hittite, suggesting a prior Luwian-Palaic linguistic complex.<ref>The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective, p. 7. N.p., Cambridge University Press, 2022.</ref> It has been characterized as "more conservative than Hittite" and heavily influenced by the [[Hattic language]], though caution is prescribed for the latter assertion given the paucity of available materials.<ref>Melchert, Harold Craig. Anatolian historical phonology, p.10. Netherlands, Rodopi, 1994.</ref>

=== Noun ===

Palaic shows the same gender distinction as seen in Hittite, i.e. animate vs. inanimate. It distinguishes two numbers, singular and plural, and at least six cases: [[nominative]], [[vocative]], [[accusative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], and [[locative]].<ref name=":0"/>

Old Hittite has the genitive singular suffix ''-aš'' circa 1600 BC (compare [[Proto-Indo-European]] ''*-os''); where [[Cuneiform script|Cuneiform]] Luwian instead uses the ''-ašša/i-'' adjectival suffix. Palaic, on the northern border of both, like later [[Anatolian hieroglyph|Hieroglyphic Luwian]] has both an ''-aš'' genitive and an ''-aša-'' adjectival suffix. 

Palaic also has similar pronoun forms to Old Hittite.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} 

=== Verb ===

The verb in Palaic is inflected for number (singular and plural), person, tense (present and preterite), and mood (indicative and imperative). It also has two voices, active and [[medio-passive]].<ref name=":0"/>

Palaic is considered to have had a "high number of attestations of the suffix -ina," all of which were [[Transitivity (grammar)|transitive]].<ref>Sasseville, David. Anatolian Verbal Stem Formation: Luwian, Lycian and Lydian. Netherlands, Brill, 2020, p. 528.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Giusfredi |first=F. |chapter=Palaic in the Hittite Archives |title=Contacts of Languages and Peoples in the Hittite and Post-Hittite World |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Brill |date=2023 |pages=313–331 |editor1-first=Federico |editor1-last=Giusfredi |editor2-first=Valerio |editor2-last=Pisaniello |editor3-first=Alvise |editor3-last=Matessi |doi=10.1163/9789004548633_013 |isbn=978-90-04-54863-3}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Melchert |first1=H. Craig |authorlink1=Craig Melchert |title=Notes on Palaic |journal=Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung |date=1984 |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=22–43 |jstor=40848728 }}
* {{cite book |last=Melchert |first=H. C. |date=1994 |chapter=Changes from PA to Palaic |title=Anatolian Historical Phonology |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Brill |pages=209–228 |doi=10.1163/9789004657335_009|isbn=978-90-04-65733-5 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sasseville |first1=David |last2=Görke |first2=Susanne |title=Palaisch. Eine indogermanische Kleinkorpussprache in Zentralanatolien |journal=Antike Welt |date=2021 |url=https://www.academia.edu/49093938 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sasseville |first1=David |last2=Yakubovich |first2=Ilya |title=Palaic Words for Domestic Animals and their Enclosures |journal=Historische Sprachforschung |date=2018 |volume=131 |pages=46–58 |jstor=27032358 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sasseville |first1=David |title='To show' in Hittite and Palaic Rituals |journal=Altorientalische Forschungen |date=10 July 2019 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=22–32 |doi=10.1515/aofo-2019-0003 |s2cid=198490660 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Yakubovich |first=Ilya |title=Were Hittite Kings Divinely Anointed? A Palaic Invocation to the Sun-God and Its Significance for Hittite Religion |journal=Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions |volume=5 |issue=1 |date=2005 |pages=107–137 |doi=10.1163/156921205776137972}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | title=Digital etymological-philological Dictionary of the Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna) | url=https://www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/index.php | publisher=[[Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München]]}}
*[https://www.hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de/CTH/ Catalog of Hittite Texts]
*[https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/Melchert/webpage/gusmaniGS.pdf Genitive Case and Possessive Adjective in Anatolian] by Craig Melchert

{{Anatolian languages}}
{{Anatolian peoples}}

{{Portal|Asia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palaic Language}}
[[Category:Anatolian languages]]
[[Category:Palaic peoples|Language]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 2nd millennium BC]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 14th century BC]]