Editing Pandora

{{Short description|Greek mythological figure}}
{{Other uses|Pandora (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Pandora - John William Waterhouse.jpg|thumb|''Pandora'' by [[John William Waterhouse]], 1896]]

In [[Greek mythology]], '''Pandora'''{{efn-ua|[[Greek language|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Πανδώρα}},  derived from {{lang|grc|πᾶν}}, ''pān'', i.e. "all" and {{lang|grc|δῶρον}}, ''dōron'', i.e. "gift", thus  "the all-endowed", "all-gifted" or "all-giving")<ref>{{LSJ|pa{{=}}s1|πᾶν}}, {{LSJ|dw{{=}}ron|δῶρον|ref}}; Evelyn-White, note to Hesiod, ''Works and Days'' Schlegel and Weinfield, "Introduction to Hesiod" [https://books.google.com/books?id=R6GqYRhaCCAC&pg=PA6 p. 6]; Meagher, [https://archive.org/details/meaningofhelenin0000meag/page/148 p. 148]; Samuel Tobias Lachs, "The Pandora-Eve Motif in Rabbinic Literature", ''The Harvard Theological Review'', Vol. 67, No. 3 (July 1974), pp. 341–345. {{JSTOR|1509228}}.</ref>}} was the first human woman created by [[Hephaestus]] on the instructions of [[Zeus]].<ref>"Scatter-brained [of Zeus the woman, the maiden whom he had formed." (Hesiod, ''[[Theogony]]'' 510 ff. (Hugh G. White, translator)</ref><ref name=PandoraBlDictOfClMythology>{{cite book|title=A concise dictionary of Classical Mythology |chapter=Pandora |author-first=Pierre |author-last=Grimal |author-link=Pierre Grimal|editor-first=Stephen |editor-last=Kershaw |others=A. R. Maxwell-Hyslop (translator)|publisher=Basil Blackwell Ltd |place=Oxford |year=1990 |isbn=0-631-16696-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar00grim}}</ref> As [[Hesiod]] related it, each god cooperated by giving her unique gifts. Her other name—inscribed against her figure on a [[White ground technique|white-ground]] ''[[Kylix (drinking cup)|kylix]]'' in the British Museum<ref>B.M. 1881,0528.1: [[White ground technique|white-ground]] cup from Nola, painted by the Tarquinia painter, c. 470–460 BC ([https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1881-0528-1 British Museum on-line catalogue entry])</ref>—is '''Anesidora''' ({{langx|grc|Ἀνησιδώρα}}), "she who sends up gifts"<ref>Harrison, ''Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion'' 3rd ed., 1922:281. If ''Anesidora/Pandora'' were already "all-gifted", this would be an instance of [[mythic inversion]].</ref> (''up'' implying "from below" within the earth).

The Pandora myth is a kind of [[theodicy]], addressing the question of why there is evil in the world, according to which, Pandora opened a jar (''[[pithos]]''; commonly referred to as "[[Pandora's box]]") releasing all the evils of humanity. It has been argued that Hesiod's interpretation of Pandora's story went on to influence both Jewish and Christian theology and so perpetuated her bad reputation into the [[Renaissance]]. Later poets, dramatists, painters and sculptors made her their subject.

==Hesiod==
[[Hesiod]], both in his ''[[Theogony]]'' (briefly, without naming Pandora outright, line 570) and in ''[[Works and Days]]'', gives the earliest version of the Pandora story.

===''Theogony''===
The Pandora myth first appeared in lines 560–612 of Hesiod's poem in [[Dactylic hexameter|epic meter]], the ''[[Theogony]]'' (c. 8th–7th centuries BCE), without ever giving the woman a name. After humans received the stolen gift of fire from [[Prometheus]], an angry Zeus decides to give humanity a punishing gift to compensate for the boon they had been given. He commands [[Hephaestus]] to mold from earth the first woman, a "beautiful evil" whose descendants would torment the human race. After Hephaestus does so, [[Athena]] dresses her in a silvery gown, an embroidered veil, [[Clothing in ancient Greece|garlands]], and an ornate crown of silver. This woman goes unnamed in the ''Theogony'', but is presumably Pandora, whose myth Hesiod revisited in ''Works and Days''. When she first appears before gods and mortals, "wonder seized them" as they looked upon her. But she was "sheer guile, not to be withstood by men." Hesiod elaborates (590–93):

<blockquote><poem>For from her is the race of women and female kind: of her is the deadly race and tribe of women who live amongst mortal men to their great trouble, no helpmeets in hateful poverty, but only in wealth.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:585-616 590&ndash;593].</ref></poem></blockquote>

Hesiod goes on to lament that men who try to avoid the evil of women by avoiding marriage will fare no better (604–7):

<blockquote><poem>[He] reaches deadly old age without anyone to tend his years, and though he at least has no lack of livelihood while he lives, yet, when he is dead, his kinsfolk divide his possessions amongst them.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:585-616 604&ndash;607].</ref></poem></blockquote>

Hesiod concedes that occasionally a man finds a good wife, but still (609) "evil contends with good."

===''Works and Days''===
[[File:Abel-josef-1764-1818-austria-prometheus-merkur-und-die-pand.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Pandora holding a ''[[pithos]]'', with Hermes, and a seated Prometheus, ''Prometheus, Mercury, and Pandora'', 1814, by [[Josef Abel]]]]

The more famous version of the Pandora myth comes from another of Hesiod's poems, ''[[Works and Days]]''. In this version of the myth (lines 60–105),<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg002.perseus-eng1:59-82 60&ndash;105].</ref> Hesiod expands upon her origin and moreover widens the scope of the misery she inflicts on humanity. As before, she is created by Hephaestus, but now more gods contribute to her completion (63–82): [[Athena]] taught her [[needlework]] and [[weaving]] (63–4); [[Aphrodite]] "shed grace upon her head and cruel longing and cares that weary the limbs" (65–6); [[Hermes]] gave her "a shameless mind and a deceitful nature" (67–8); Hermes also gave her the power of speech, putting in her "lies and crafty words" (77–80); Athena then clothed her (72); next [[Peitho|Persuasion]] and the [[Charites]] adorned her with necklaces and other finery (72–4); the [[Horae]] adorned her with a garland crown (75). Finally, Hermes gives this woman a name: "Pandora [i.e. "All-Gift"], because all they who dwelt on Olympus gave each a gift, a plague to men who eat bread" (81–2).<ref>For details on the meaning of the name "Pandora" see "Difficulties of Interpretation" below.</ref>

In this retelling of her story, Pandora's deceitful feminine nature becomes the least of humanity's worries. For she brings with her a [[Pithos|jar]] (which, due to textual corruption in the sixteenth century, came to be called a box)<ref>A ''pithos'' is a very large jar, usually made of rough-grained terra cotta, used for storage.</ref><ref>Cf. Verdenius, p.&nbsp;64, comment on line 94, on pithos. "Yet Pandora is unlikely to have brought along the jar of ills from heaven, for Hes. would not have omitted describing such an important detail. According to Proclus, Prometheus had received the jar of ills from the satyrs and deposited it with [[Epimetheus (mythology)|Epimetheus]], urging him not to accept Pandora. Maz. [Paul Mazon in his ''Hesiode''] suggests that Prometheus probably had persuaded the satyrs to steal the jar from Zeus, when the latter was about to pour them out over humanity. This may have been a familiar tale which Hes. thought unnecessary to relate."</ref><ref>''Contra'' West 1978, p.&nbsp;168: "Hesiod omits to say where the jar came from, what Pandora had in mind when she opened it, and what exactly it contained". West goes on to say this contributes to the "inconclusive Pandora legend".</ref> containing "countless plagues" (100). Prometheus had (fearing further reprisals) warned his brother [[Epimetheus (mythology)|Epimetheus]] not to accept any gifts from Zeus. But Epimetheus did not listen; he accepted Pandora, who promptly scattered the contents of her jar. As a result, Hesiod tells us, the earth and sea are "full of evils" (101). One item, however, did not escape the jar (96–9):

<blockquote><poem>Only Hope remained there in an unbreakable home within under the rim of the great jar, and did not fly out at the door; for ere that, the lid of the jar stopped her, by the will of Aegis-holding Zeus who gathers the clouds.</poem></blockquote>

Hesiod does not say why Hope (''[[Elpis (mythology)|Elpis]]'') remained in the jar.<ref>Regarding line 96. Verdenius, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kk3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA66 p. 66]  says that Hesiod "does not tell us why ''elpis'' remained in the jar. There is a vast number of modern explanations, of which I shall discuss only the most important ones. They may be divided into two classes according as they presume that the jar served (1) to keep ''elpis'' for man, or (2) to keep off ''elpis'' from man. In the first case the jar is used as a pantry, in the second case it is used as a prison (just as in Hom. E 387). Furthermore, ''elpis'' may be regarded either (a) as a good, or (b) as an evil. In the first case it is to comfort man in his misery and a stimulus rousing his activity, in the second case it is the idle hope in which the lazy man indulges when he should be working honestly for his living (cf. 498). The combination of these alternatives results in four possibilities which we shall now briefly consider."</ref> Hesiod closes with a moral (105): there is "[[Ancient Greek religion|no way to escape]] the will of Zeus."

<!-- Hesiod also outlines how the end of man's [[Golden Age]] (an all-male society of immortals who were reverent to the gods, worked hard, and ate from abundant groves of fruit) was brought on by Prometheus. When he stole Fire from [[Mount Olympus|Mt. Olympus]] and gave it to mortals, Zeus punished them by creating a woman. Thus, Pandora was created and given the jar (mistranslated as 'box') which releases all evils into the world.<ref>Cf. Hesiod, ''[[Works and Days]]'', (90)</ref> -->
[[Archaic Greece|Archaic]] and [[Classical Greece|Classic Greek]] [[Ancient Greek literature|literature]] seem to make little further mention of Pandora, but [[myth]]ographers later filled in minor details or added [[postscripts]] to Hesiod's account. For example, the ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' and [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] each make explicit what might be latent in the Hesiodic text: Epimetheus married Pandora. They each add that the couple had a daughter, [[Pyrrha]], who married [[Deucalion]] and survived the [[Deluge (mythology)|deluge]] with him. However, the Hesiodic ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'', [[:s:Catalogue of Women#5|fragment #5]], had made a "Pandora" one of the ''daughters'' of Deucalion, and the mother of [[Graecus]] by Zeus. In the 15th-century AD an attempt was made to conjoin pagan and scriptural narrative by the monk [[Annio da Viterbo]], who claimed to have found an account by the ancient [[Chaldea]]n historian [[Berossus]] in which "Pandora" was named as a [[Wives aboard Noah's Ark|daughter-in-law of Noah]] in the alternative [[Genesis flood narrative|Flood narrative]].

==''Pithos'' into "box"==
{{Main article|Pandora's box}}
[[File:Pithos Louvre CA4523.jpg|thumb|upright|A ''[[pithos]]'' from Crete, {{Circa|675 BC}} ([[Louvre Museum]])]]

The mistranslation of ''pithos'', a large storage jar, as "box"<ref>The development of this transformation was sketched by [[Jane Ellen Harrison]], "Pandora's Box" ''The Journal of Hellenic Studies'' '''20''' (1900: 99–114); she traced the mistranslation as far as Lilius Giraldus of Ferrara, in his ''Historiarum Deorum Syntagma'' (1580), in which ''pithos'' was rendered ''pyxide'', and she linked the ''pithos'' with the ''Pithoigia'' aspect of the Athenian festival of [[Anthesteria]].</ref> is usually attributed to the sixteenth century humanist [[Erasmus of Rotterdam]] when he translated Hesiod's tale of Pandora into Latin. Hesiod's ''pithos'' refers to a large storage jar, often half-buried in the ground, used for wine, oil or grain.<ref>Cf. Verdenius, p.&nbsp;64.</ref> It can also refer to a funerary jar.<ref>Cf. Harrison, Jane Ellen, ''Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion'', Chapter II, The Pithoigia, pp.&nbsp;42–43. Cf. also Figure 7 which shows an ancient Greek vase painting in the University of Jena where Hermes is presiding over a body in a pithos buried in the ground. "In the vase painting in fig.7 from a lekythos in the University Museum of Jena we see a Pithoigia of quite other and solemn intent. A large pithos is sunk deep into the ground. It has served as a grave. ... The vase-painting in fig. 7 must not be regarded as an actual conscious representation of the Athenian rite performed on the first day of the [[Anthesteria]]. It is more general in content; it is in fact simply a representation of ideas familiar to every Greek, that the pithos was a grave-jar, that from such grave-jars souls escaped and to them necessarily returned, and that Hermes was [[Psychopomp]]os, Evoker and Revoker of souls. The vase-painting is in fact only another form of the scene so often represented on Athenian white lekythoi, in which the souls flutter round the grave-stele. The grave-jar is but the earlier form of sepulture; the little winged figures, the Keres, are identical in both classes of vase-painting."</ref> Erasmus, however, translated ''pithos'' into the Latin word ''[[Pyxis (pottery)|pyxis]]'', meaning "box".<ref>According to West 1978, p. 168, Erasmus "probably" confused the story of Pandora with the story found elsewhere of a box which was opened by [[Cupid and Psyche|Psyche]]; the Panofskys (1956) follow him in this surmise.</ref> The phrase "Pandora's box" has endured ever since.

==Difficulties of interpretation==
Historic interpretations of the Pandora figure are rich enough to have offered Dora and [[Erwin Panofsky]] scope for monographic treatment.<ref>Panofsky 1956, see bibliography</ref> [[Martin Litchfield West|M. L. West]] writes that the story of Pandora and her jar is from a pre-Hesiodic myth, and that this explains the confusion and problems with Hesiod's version and its inconclusiveness.<ref name="West164">West 1978, pp.&nbsp;165&ndash;166.</ref> He writes that in earlier myths, Pandora was married to Prometheus, and cites the ancient Hesiodic ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' as preserving this older tradition, and that the jar may have at one point contained only good things for humanity. He also writes that it may have been that Epimetheus and Pandora and their roles were transposed in the pre-Hesiodic myths, a "mythic inversion". He remarks that there is a curious correlation between Pandora being made out of earth in Hesiod's story, to what is in the ''Bibliotheca'' that Prometheus created man from water and earth.<ref name="West164" /><ref>Apollodorus, ''Library and Epitome'', ed. Sir James George Frazer.</ref> Hesiod's myth of Pandora's jar, then, could be an amalgam of many variant early myths.

The meaning of Pandora's name, according to the myth provided in ''Works and Days'', is  "all-gifted". However, according to others, Pandora more properly means "all-giving".<ref>Adrian Room, ''Who's Who in Classical Mythology'', Random House 2003, p.229</ref> Certain vase paintings dated to the 5th century BCE likewise indicate that the pre-Hesiodic myth of the goddess Pandora endured for centuries after the time of Hesiod. An alternative name for Pandora attested on a [[White ground technique|white-ground]] [[Kylix (drinking cup)|kylix]] (ca. 460 BCE) is ''Anesidora'', which similarly means "she who sends up gifts." This vase painting clearly depicts Hephaestus and Athena putting the finishing touches on the first woman, as in the ''Theogony''. Written above this figure (a convention in Greek vase painting) is the name ''Anesidora''. More commonly, however, the epithet ''anesidora'' is applied to [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaea]] or [[Demeter]]. In view of such evidence, William E. Phipps has pointed out, "Classics scholars suggest that Hesiod reversed the meaning of the name of an earth goddess called Pandora (all-giving) or Anesidora (one-who-sends-up-gifts). Vase paintings and literary texts give evidence of Pandora as a mother earth figure who was worshipped by some Greeks. The main English commentary on ''Works and Days'' states that Hesiod shows no awareness [of this]."<ref name="Phipps1988" />

[[File:Pandora medal 1854.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Hermes carrying Pandora down from Mount Olympus, a medal based on a design by [[John Flaxman]]]]

[[Jane Ellen Harrison]]<ref>Harrison, ''Prolegomena'' 1922, pp 280–83.</ref> also turned to the repertory of vase-painters to shed light on aspects of myth that were left unaddressed or disguised in literature. On a fifth-century amphora in the [[Ashmolean Museum]] (her fig.71) the half-figure of Pandora emerges from the ground, her arms upraised in the epiphany gesture, to greet Epimetheus. A winged ''[[Keres (Greek mythology)|ker]]'' with a fillet hovers overhead: "Pandora rises from the earth; she ''is'' the Earth, giver of all gifts," Harrison observes. Over time this "all-giving" goddess somehow devolved into an "all-gifted" mortal woman. A.H. Smith,<ref>Smith, "The Making of Pandora" ''The [[Journal of Hellenic Studies]]'' '''11''' (1890, pp.&nbsp;278–283), p 283.</ref> however, noted that in Hesiod's account Athena and the Seasons brought wreaths of grass and spring flowers to Pandora, indicating that Hesiod was conscious of Pandora's original "all-giving" function. For Harrison, therefore, Hesiod's story provides "evidence of a shift from [[matriarchy]] to [[patriarchy]] in Greek culture. As the life-bringing goddess Pandora is eclipsed, the death-bringing human Pandora arises."<ref name="Phipps1988">{{Cite journal |last=Phipps |first= William Eugene |title=Eve and Pandora contrasted | journal = [[Theology Today]]| volume = 45| issue = 1| pages = 34–48| date = April 1988|publisher=[[Princeton Theological Seminary]] |doi= 10.1177/004057368804500104 |url=http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/apr1988/v45-1-article3.htm |access-date=11 September 2023|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108063409/http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/apr1988/v45-1-article3.htm |archive-date=January 8, 2011 |url-access=subscription }}.</ref> Thus, Harrison concludes "in the patriarchal mythology of [[Hesiod]] her great figure is strangely changed and diminished. She is no longer Earth-Born, but the creature, the handiwork of Olympian Zeus." (Harrison 1922:284). [[Robert Graves]], quoting Harrison,<ref>Harrison, ''Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion'' (1903) 1922: 283–85 quoted in Graves, ''The Greek Myths'' (1955) 1960, sect.39.8 p.&nbsp;148.</ref> asserts of the Hesiodic episode that "Pandora is not a genuine myth, but an anti-feminist fable, probably of his own invention." [[H. J. Rose|H.J. Rose]] wrote that the myth of Pandora is decidedly more illiberal than that of epic in that it makes Pandora the origin of all of Man's woes with her being the exemplification of the bad wife.<ref>Cf. Rose, ''A Handbook of Greek Literature; From Homer to the Age of Lucian'', Chapter III, ''Hesiod and the Hesiodic Schools'', p.&nbsp;61. "Its attitude towards women is decidedly more illiberal than that of epic; a good wife is indeed the best prize a man can win (702), but a bad one is the greatest curse; generally speaking women are a snare and a temptation (373–5) and Pandora was the origin of all our woes".</ref>

The Hesiodic myth did not, however, completely obliterate the memory of the all-giving goddess Pandora. A scholium to line 971 of [[Aristophanes]]' ''[[The Birds (play)|The Birds]]'' mentions a cult "to Pandora, the earth, because she bestows all things necessary for life".<ref name=Hurwit171>Jeffrey M. Hurwit, "Beautiful Evil: Pandora and the Athena Parthenos" ''American Journal of Archaeology'' '''99'''.2 (April 1995: 171–186)</ref> And in fifth-century Athens, Pandora made a prominent appearance in what, at first, appears an unexpected context, in a marble relief or bronze appliqués as a frieze along the base of the ''[[Athena Parthenos]]'', the culminating experience on the [[Acropolis]].  Jeffrey M. Hurwit has interpreted her presence there as an "anti-Athena."  Both were motherless, and reinforced via opposite means the civic ideologies of [[patriarchy]] and the "highly gendered social and political realities of fifth-century Athens"<ref name=Hurwit171 />—Athena by rising above her sex to defend it, and Pandora by embodying the need for it. Meanwhile, [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] (i.24.7) merely noted the subject and moved on.

==Artistic representations==
[[File:J.D.Batten Pandora 1913.jpg|thumb|upright=1.10|left|Hammer-wielding workmen appear through a doorway, while in the foreground Hephaestus broods on the as yet unanimated figure of "Pandora" in the painting by [[John D. Batten]], ''The Creation of Pandora'', 1913, tempera on fresco, 128 × 168 cm, [[Reading University]]]]

Images of Pandora began to appear on Greek pottery as early as the 5th century BCE, although identification of the scene represented is sometimes ambiguous. An independent tradition that does not square with any of the Classical literary sources is in the visual repertory of Attic [[Red-figure pottery|red-figure]] vase-painters, which sometimes supplements, sometimes ignores, the written testimony; in these representations the upper part of Pandora is visible rising from the earth, "a [[chthonic]] goddess like [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] herself."<ref>Jeffrey M. Hurwit, "Beautiful Evil: Pandora and the Athena Parthenos" ''American Journal of Archaeology'' '''99'''.2 (April 1995:171–186) p.&nbsp;177.</ref> Sometimes,<ref>E.g. as on a volute krater, ca 450&nbsp;BCE, in the [[Ashmolean Museum]], Oxford (Oxford G 275), Hurwit, p.&nbsp;276 fig.&nbsp;7.</ref> but not always, she is labeled ''Pandora''. In some cases the figure of Pandora emerging from the earth is surrounded by figures carrying hammers in what has been suggested as a scene from a [[satyr play]] by [[Sophocles]], ''Pandora, or The Hammerers'', of which only fragments remain.<ref>''Sophocles: Fragments'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&dq=Pandora+Sophocles&pg=PA251 Volume 3, pp.251-3]</ref> But there have also been alternative interpretations of such scenes.<ref>Susan B. Matheson, ''Polygnotos and Vase Painting in Classical Athens'', University of Wisconsin1995, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_UTwjgroSIC&dq=Pandora+Sophocles&pg=PA261 pp.261-2]</ref>

In the late Pre-Raphaelite painting by [[John D. Batten]], hammer-wielding workmen appear through a doorway, while in the foreground Hephaestus broods on the as yet unanimated figure of "Pandora". There were also earlier English paintings of the newly created Pandora as surrounded by the heavenly gods presenting gifts, a scene also depicted on ancient Greek pottery.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.theoi.com/Gallery/T22.2.html| title = Theoi}}</ref> In one case it was part of a decorative scheme painted on the ceiling at Petworth House by [[Louis Laguerre]] in about 1720.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object/486595| title = National Trust site}}</ref> [[William Etty]]'s ''Pandora Crowned by the Seasons'' of a century later is similarly presented as an [[apotheosis]] taking place among the clouds.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:William_Etty_-_Pandora_Crowned_by_the_Seasons,_1824.jpg| title = Wikimedia}}</ref>
 
In between these two had come [[James Barry (painter)|James Barry]]'s huge ''Birth of Pandora'', on which he laboured for over a decade at the turn of the nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.wikiart.org/en/james-barry/the-birth-of-pandora| title = Now in Manchester Art Gallery}}</ref> Well before that he was working on the design, which was intended to reflect his theoretical writings on the interdependence between history painting and the way it should reflect the ideal state.<ref>Liam Lennihan,"The Writings of James Barry and the Genre of History Painting", Routledge 2017, [https://books.google.com/books?id=My4rDwAAQBAJ p.186]</ref> An early drawing, only preserved now in the print made of it by [[Luigi Schiavonetti]], follows the account of Hesiod and shows Pandora being adorned by the Graces and the Hours while the gods look on.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?assetId=547422001&objectId=1599518&partId=1| title = The British Museum}}</ref> Its ideological purpose, however, was to demonstrate an equal society unified by the harmonious function of those within it. But in the actual painting which followed much later, a subordinated Pandora is surrounded by gift-bearing gods and [[Minerva]] stands near her, demonstrating the feminine arts proper to her passive role. The shift is back to the culture of blame whenever she steps outside it.<ref>John Barrell, ''James Barry, the birth of Pandora and the division of knowledge'', Macmillan 1992, [https://books.google.com/books?id=16XtCwAAQBAJ ch. 7]</ref>

In the individual representations of Pandora that were to follow, her idealisation is as a dangerous type of beauty, generally naked or semi-naked. She is only differentiated from other paintings or statues of such females by being given the attribute of a jar or, increasingly in the 19th century, a straight-sided box. As well as the many European paintings of her from this period, there are examples in sculptures by Henri-Joseph Ruxthiel (1819),<ref>{{cite web| url = https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henri-Joseph_Ruxthiel_-_Pandore.jpg| title = Wikimedia}}</ref> John Gibson (1856),<ref>{{cite web| url = https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O66216/pandora-statue-gibson-john| title = Victoria & Albert Museum| date = 1856}}</ref> Pierre Loison (1861, see above) and Chauncy Bradley Ives (1871).<ref>{{cite web| url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pandora_by_Chauncy_Bradley_Ives,_1871,_marble,_view_2_-_Brooklyn_Museum_-_DSC09595.JPG| title = Brooklyn Museum| date = 30 October 2013}}</ref>

==Pandora's relationship to Eve==
[[File:Jean Cousin (I) - Eva Prima Pandora - WGA05537.jpg|thumb|Jean Cousin, painting on panel, ''Eva Prima Pandora'' (Eve the first Pandora), 1550]]

There is an additional reason why Pandora should appear nude, in that it was a theological commonplace going back to the early [[Church Fathers]] that the Classical myth of Pandora made her a type of [[Eve]].<ref>Stella P. Revard, "Milton and Myth" in ''Reassembling Truth: Twenty-first-century Milton'', Susquehanna University 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz3bAJ7v_RMC&q=Tertullian p.37]</ref> Each is the first woman in the world; and each is a central character in a story of transition from an original state of plenty and ease to one of suffering and death, a transition which is brought about as a punishment for transgression of divine law.

It has been argued that it was as a result of the [[Hellenisation]] of [[Western Asia]] that the [[misogyny]] in Hesiod's account of Pandora began openly to influence both Jewish and then Christian interpretations of scripture.<ref name="Phipps1988" /> The doctrinal bias against women so initiated then continued into the [[Renaissance]]. Bishop Jean Olivier's long Latin poem ''Pandora'' drew on the Classical account as well as the Biblical to demonstrate that woman is the means of drawing men to sin. Originally appearing in 1541 and republished thereafter, it was soon followed by two separate French translations in 1542 and 1548.<ref>Raymond Trousson, ''Le thème de Prométhée dans la littérature européenne'', Geneva 2001, p.168</ref>  At the same period appeared a 5-act tragedy by the Protestant theologian Leonhard Culmann (1498-1568) titled ''Ein schön weltlich Spiel von der schönen Pandora'' (1544), similarly drawing on Hesiod in order to teach conventional Christian morality.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/werkansicht?PPN=PPN807086886&DMDID=&PHYSID=PHYS_0005| title = Berlin National Library}}</ref>
 
The equation of the two also occurs in the 1550 allegorical painting by [[Jean Cousin the Elder]], ''Eva Prima Pandora'' (Eve the first Pandora), in which a naked woman reclines in a grotto. Her right elbow rests on a skull, indicating the bringing of death, and she holds an apple branch in that hand – both attributes of Eve. Her left arm is wreathed by a snake (another reference to the temptation of Eve) and that hand rests on an unstopped jar, Pandora's attribute. Above hangs the sign from which the painting gains its name and beneath it is a closed jar, perhaps the counterpart of the other in Olympus, containing blessings.<ref>Pamela Norris, ''Eve: A Biography'', New York University 2001, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-fE8DAAAQBAJ&dq=Pandora+Eve&pg=PA124 p.125]</ref>

[[File:Nicolas Régnier - Allegory of Vanity (Pandora).JPG|thumb|upright|[[Nicolas Régnier]]: ''Allegory of Vanity—Pandora'', {{Circa|1626}}]]
 
In Juan de Horozco's Spanish [[emblem book]], ''Emblemas morales'' (1589), a motive is given for Pandora's action. Accompanying an illustration of her opening the lid of an urn from which demons and angels emerge is a commentary that condemns "female curiosity and the desire to learn by which the very first woman was deceived".<ref>''Enciclopedia Akal de Emblemas Españoles Ilustrados'', Madrid 1999, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1mqNvGq3tuoC&dq=Pandora+Alciato&pg=PA617 Emblem 1260]</ref> In the succeeding century that desire to learn was equated with the female demand to share the male prerogative of education. In [[Nicolas Regnier]]'s painting "The Allegory of Vanity" (1626), subtitled "Pandora", it is typified by her curiosity about the contents of the urn that she has just unstopped and is compared to the other attributes of vanity surrounding her (fine clothes, jewellery, a pot of gold coins).<ref>Line Cottegnies, Sandrine Parageau, ''Women and Curiosity in Early Modern England and France'', Brill 2016, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aH4JDAAAQBAJ&dq=Nicolas+Regnier%2C+Allegory+of+Vanity+1626&pg=PA12 p.12]</ref> Again, [[Pietro Paolini]]'s lively Pandora of about 1632 seems more aware of the effect that her pearls and fashionable headgear is making than of the evils escaping from the jar she holds.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.dorotheum.com/en/auctions/current-auctions/kataloge/list-lots-detail/auktion/10313-old-master-paintings/lotID/547/lot/1584988-pietro-paolini.html| title = Dorotheum auctions| access-date = 2018-01-17| archive-date = 2018-01-18| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180118181120/https://www.dorotheum.com/en/auctions/current-auctions/kataloge/list-lots-detail/auktion/10313-old-master-paintings/lotID/547/lot/1584988-pietro-paolini.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> There is a social message carried by these paintings too, for education, no less than expensive adornment, is only available to those who can afford it.
 
But an alternative interpretation of Pandora's curiosity makes it merely an extension of childish innocence. This comes out in portrayals of Pandora as a young girl, as in [[Walter Crane]]'s "Little Pandora" spilling buttons while encumbered by the doll she is carrying,<ref>{{cite web| url = https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O708322/little-pandora-engraving-crane-walter-rws| title = Victoria & Albert Museum}}</ref> in [[Arthur Rackham]]'s book illustration<ref>{{cite web| url = https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pandora_by_Arthur_Rackham.jpg| title = Wikimedia| date = 1922}}</ref> and [[Frederick Stuart Church]]'s etching of an adolescent girl taken aback by the contents of the ornamental box she has opened.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/church_frederick_stuart_pandora.htm| title = Art of the Print}}</ref> The same innocence informs [[Odilon Redon]]'s 1910/12 clothed figure carrying a box and merging into a landscape suffused with light, and even more the 1914 version of a naked Pandora surrounded by flowers, a primaeval Eve in the [[Garden of Eden]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/437383| title = Metropolitan Museum| date = 1914}}</ref> Such innocence, "naked and without alarm" in the words of an earlier French poet, portrays Pandora more as victim of a conflict outside her comprehension than as temptress.

===Between Eve and Pygmalion===
Early dramatic treatments of the story of Pandora are works of musical theatre. ''La Estatua de Prometeo'' (1670) by [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca]] is made an allegory in which devotion to learning is contrasted with the active life. Prometheus moulds a clay statue of [[Minerva]], the goddess of wisdom to whom he is devoted, and gives it life from a stolen sunbeam. This initiates a debate among the gods whether a creation outside their own work is justified; his devotion is in the end rewarded with permission to marry his statue.<ref>David Jonathan Hildner, ''Reason and the Passions in the Comedias of Calderón'', John Benjamin's Publishing Co. 1982, [https://books.google.com/books?id=d7dQAP-tIusC&dq=%22La+Estatua+de+Prometeo+%22+Calderon&pg=PA67 pp.67-71]</ref> In this work, Pandora, the statue in question, plays only a passive role in the competition between Prometheus and his brother Epimetheus (signifying the active life), and between the gods and men.

[[File:Pandora MET DT2160.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Pandora'', [[Odilon Redon]]'s {{Circa|1914}} oil painting depicting Pandora as an innocent Eve]]

Another point to note about Calderón's musical drama is that the theme of a statue married by her creator is more suggestive of the story of [[Pygmalion (mythology)|Pygmalion]]. The latter is also typical of [[Voltaire]]'s ultimately unproduced opera ''Pandore'' (1740).<ref>''The Works of M. de Voltaire'', London 1762, [https://archive.org/details/works13smolgoog pp.221-51]</ref> There too the creator of a statue animates it with stolen fire, but then the plot is complicated when Jupiter also falls in love with this new creation but is prevented by [[Destiny]] from consummating it. In revenge the god sends Destiny to tempt this new Eve into opening a box full of curses as a punishment for Earth's revolt against Heaven.<ref>Jean-François de La Harpe, ''Cours de littérature ancienne et moderne: Dix-huitième siècle'', Paris 1825, [https://books.google.com/books?id=eVJCAAAAYAAJ&dq=Pandore+poeme&pg=PA102 pp.102-106]</ref>

If Pandora appears suspended between the roles of Eve and of Pygmalion's creation in Voltaire's work, in [[Charles-Pierre Colardeau]]'s erotic poem ''Les Hommes de Prométhée'' (1774) she is presented equally as a love-object and in addition as an unfallen Eve:

<blockquote><poem>Not ever had the painter's jealous veil
Shrouded the fair Pandora's charms:
Innocence was naked and without alarm.<ref>Charles-Pierre Colardeau, ''Les Hommes de Prométhée'' (1774), [https://books.google.com/books?id=xOrbH_P8MBMC&pg=PA16 p. 16]</ref></poem></blockquote>

Having been fashioned from clay and given the quality of "naïve grace combined with feeling", she is set to wander through an enchanted landscape. There she encounters the first man, the prior creation of Prometheus, and warmly responds to his embrace. At the end the couple quit their marriage couch and survey their surroundings "As sovereigns of the world, kings of the universe".<ref>{{cite web| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xOrbH_P8MBMC| title = Les hommes de Promethée, poëme. Par m. Colardeau| last1 = Colardeau| first1 = Charles Pierre| year = 1775}}</ref>

One other musical work with much the same theme was Aumale de Corsenville's one-act verse melodrama ''Pandore'', which had an overture and incidental music by [[Franz Ignaz Beck]]. There Prometheus, having already stolen fire from heaven, creates a perfect female, "artless in nature, of limpid innocence", for which he anticipates divine vengeance. However, his patron Minerva descends to announce that the gods have gifted Pandora with other qualities and that she will become the future model and mother of humanity.<ref>Script and score on [https://books.google.com/books?id=tD1hAAAAcAAJ&dq=Pandore&pg=PP3 Google Books]</ref> The work was performed on 2 July 1789, on the very eve of the [[French Revolution]],<ref>Cesare Scarton, ''Il melologo: una ricerca storica tra recitazione e musica'', Edimond 1998, [https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22Franz+Ignaz+Beck+%22+Pandore&num=10 p.43]</ref> and was soon forgotten in the course of the events that followed.

==19th century drama==
Over the course of the 19th century, the story of Pandora was interpreted in radically different ways by four dramatic authors in four countries. In two of these she was presented as the bride of Epimetheus; in the two others she was the wife of Prometheus. The earliest of these works was the lyrical dramatic fragment by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], written between 1807 and 1808.<ref>Goethe, ''Verse Plays and Epic'', Princeton University 1887, [https://books.google.com/books?id=D60IBA7_IQAC pp.209-246]</ref> Though it bears the title ''Pandora'', what exists of the play revolves round Epimetheus' longing for the return of the wife who has abandoned him and has yet to arrive. A biographer has argued that it is a philosophical transformation of Goethe's passion in old age for a teenaged girl.<ref>[[Albert Bielschowsky]], ''The Life of Goethe'', ch.XIII "Pandora" [https://books.google.com/books?id=eenWqWMU-zIC&dq=Pandora+poem&pg=PA388 pp.388-404]</ref>

[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s ''The Masque of Pandora'' dates from 1876. It begins with her creation, her refusal by Prometheus and acceptance by Epimetheus. Then in the latter's house an "oaken chest, Carven with figures and embossed with gold" attracts her curiosity. After she eventually gives in to temptation and opens it, she collapses in despair and a storm destroys the garden outside. When Epimetheus returns, she begs him to kill her but he accepts joint responsibility.<ref>''The Masque of Pandora and Other Poems'', Boston 1876, [https://archive.org/details/masqueofpandorao00long/page/11 <!-- quote=Pandora Longfellow. --> pp.3-54]</ref> The work was twice used as the basis for operas by [[Alfred Cellier]] in 1881 and by [[Eleanor Everest Freer]] in 1933.<ref>[[Margaret Ross Griffel]], ''Operas in English: A Dictionary'', Scarecrow Press 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8bQAwAAQBAJ&dq=Alfred+Cellier++%22%22Pandora%22&pg=PA309 p.309]</ref> Iconographical elements from the masque also figure in Walter Crane's large [[watercolour]] of Pandora of 1885. She is pictured as sprawled over a carved wooden chest on which are embossed golden designs of the [[Moirai|three fates]] who figure as a chorus in Longfellow's scene 3. Outside the palace, a high wind is bending the trees. But on the front of the chest, a medallion showing the serpent wound about the tree of knowledge recalls the old interpretation of Pandora as a type of Eve.<ref>[[:File:W.Crane-Pandora.jpg|Wikimedia]]</ref>

In England the high drama of the incident was travestied in [[James Robinson Planché]]'s ''Olympic Revels or Prometheus and Pandora'' (1831), the first of the [[Victorian burlesque]]s. It is a costume drama peppered with comic banter and songs during which the gods betroth Pandora to a disappointed Prometheus with "only one little box" for dowry. When she opens it, Jupiter descends to curse her and Prometheus, but Hope emerges from the box and negotiates their pardon.<ref>James Robinson Planché, Charles Dance, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TtFZAAAAcAAJ ''Olympic Revels, or Prometheus and Pandora, a mythological, allegorical burletta in one act''], London 1834</ref>

At the other end of the century, [[Gabriel Fauré]]'s ambitious opera [[Prométhée]] (1900) had a cast of hundreds, a huge orchestra and an outdoor amphitheatre for stage. It was based in part on the ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' of [[Aeschylus]] but was rewritten so as to give the character of Pandore an equal part with his. This necessitated her falling "as if dead" on hearing the judgement against Prométhée in Act 1; a funeral procession bearing her body at the start of Act 2, after which she revives to mourn the carrying out of Prométhée's sentence; while in Act 3 she disobeys Prométhée by accepting a box, supposedly filled with blessings for mankind, and makes the tragedy complete.<ref>Jean-Michel Nectoux, ''Gabriel Fauré: A Musical Life'', Cambridge University 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YEo5jwtbnC4C&dq=Gabriel+Faur%C3%A9+%E2%80%93+%22Pandore%22&pg=PA207 pp.192 – 214]</ref>

===Pandora in character===
<gallery mode="">
File:Pandora Loison cour Carree Louvre.jpg|''Pandora'' (1861) by Pierre Loison (1816–1886)
File:Madame Vestris as Pandora.jpg|[[Lucia Elizabeth Vestris|Madame Vestris]] in the burlesque ''Prometheus and Pandora'', an 1831 print
File:Alexandre Cabanel - Pandora - Walters 3799.jpg|Swedish soprano [[Christina Nilsson|Christine Nilsson]] as ''Pandora'' by [[Alexandre Cabanel]], 1873
File:Pandora-1879.jpg|[[Jane Morris]] in the role, [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]], coloured chalks, 1879
File:Yvonne Park - Pandora.png|[[Yvonne Gregory]]'s [[photogram]] recreates a pose from a painting, 1919 
</gallery>

The pattern during the 19th century had only repeated that of the nearly three millennia before it. The ancient myth of Pandora never settled into one accepted version, was never agreed to have a single interpretation. It was used as a vehicle to illustrate the prevailing ideologies or artistic fashions of the time and eventually became so worn a coinage that it grew confused with other, sometimes later, stories. Best known in the end for a single metaphorical attribute, the box with which she was not even endowed until the 16th century, depictions of Pandora have been further confused with other holders of receptacles – with one of the trials of [[Psyche (mythology)|Psyche]],<ref>Panofsky 1956, p.41</ref> with [[Sophonisba]] about to drink poison<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2016/master-paintings-evening-sale-n09460/lot.6.html| title = Sotherby's catalogue note}}</ref> or [[Artemisia II of Caria|Artemisia]] with the ashes of her husband.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.blouinartsalesindex.com/auctions/Elisabetta-Sirani-6504507/Portrait-of-a-lady,-half-length,-as-Pandora-or-Artemisia| title = Blouin Art Sales}}</ref> Nevertheless, her very polyvalence has been in the end the guarantor of her cultural survival.

== Notes ==
{{notelist-ua}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited references==
* Athanassakis, A. ''Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days, Shield'' (New York 1983).
* Beall, E. "The Contents of Hesiod's Pandora Jar: ''Erga'' 94–98," Hermes 117 (1989) 227–30.
*[[Jane Ellen Harrison|Harrison, Jane Ellen]], ''Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion'' (1903) 1922, pp.&nbsp;280–85.
* Griffith, Mark. ''Aeschylus ''Prometheus Bound'' Text and Commentary'' (Cambridge 1983).
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg002.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Patrick Kaplanian, Mythes grecs d'Origine, volume I, Prométhée et Pandore, Ed. L'entreligne, Paris 2011, distribution Daudin
* Kenaan, ''Pandora's Senses: The Feminine Character of the Ancient Text'' (Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2008), pp.&nbsp;xii, 253 (Wisconsin Studies in Classics).
* Kirk, G.S., ''Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures'' (Berkeley 1970) 226–32.
* Lamberton, Robert, ''Hesiod'', New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-300-04068-7}}. Cf. Chapter II, "The Theogony", and Chapter III, "The Works and Days", especially pp.&nbsp;96–103 for a side-by-side comparison and analysis of the Pandora story.
* Leinieks, V. "''Elpis'' in Hesiod, ''Works and Days'' 96," ''Philologus'' 128 (1984) 1–8.
* Meagher, Robert E.; ''The Meaning of Helen: in Search of an Ancient Icon'', Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-86516-510-6}}.
* Moore, Clifford H. ''The Religious Thought of the Greeks'', 1916.
* Neils, Jenifer, ''The Girl in the Pithos: Hesiod's Elpis'', in [https://books.google.com/books?id=6yi6XtAI6GwC "Periklean Athens and its Legacy. Problems and Perspectives"], eds. J. M. Barringer and J. M. Hurwit (Austin : University of Texas Press), 2005, pp.&nbsp;37–45.
* Nilsson, Martin P. ''History of Greek Religion'', 1949.
* Panofsky, Dora and Erwin, ''Pandoras Box - The Changing Aspects of a Mythical Symbol'', [https://www.scribd.com/document/365690708/Pandoras-Box-The-Changing-Aspects-of-a-Mythical-Symbol-by-Dora-and-Erwin-Panofsky-Art-eBook Bollingen Series 52], New York 1956 
* Phipps, William E., [https://web.archive.org/web/20110108063409/http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/apr1988/v45-1-article3.htm ''Eve and Pandora Contrasted''], in ''Theology Today'', v.45, n.1, April 1988, pp. 34–48; Princeton: [[Princeton Theological Seminary]].
* Pucci, Pietro, ''Hesiod and the Language of Poetry'' (Baltimore 1977)
* [[H. J. Rose|Rose, Herbert Jennings]], ''A Handbook of Greek Literature; From Homer to the Age of Lucian'', London, Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1934. Cf. especially Chapter III, ''Hesiod and the Hesiodic Schools'', p.&nbsp;61
* Schlegel, Catherine and Henry Weinfield, "Introduction to Hesiod" in  ''Hesiod / Theogony and Works and Days'', University of Michigan Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-472-06932-3}}.
* [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]]; ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D5%3Aentry%3Dpandora-bio-1 "Pando'ra" ]
* [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]]; ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D24%3Aentry%3Danesidora-bio-1 "Anesido'ra" ]
* [[Willem Jacob Verdenius|Verdenius, Willem Jacob]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Kk3AAAAIAAJ ''A Commentary on Hesiod ''Works and Days'' vv 1–382''] (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1985). {{ISBN|90-04-07465-1}}. This work has a very in-depth discussion and synthesis of the various theories and speculations about the Pandora story and the jar. Cf. p.&nbsp;62 and onwards.
* [[J. P. Vernant|Vernant, J. P.]], ''Myth and Society in Ancient Greece'' (New York 1990) 183–201.
* Vernant, J. P. "Le mythe prométhéen chez Hésiode", in ''Mythe et société en Grèce ancienne'', Paris, Maspéro, 1974, pp.&nbsp;177–194
* [[Marina Warner|Warner, M.]], ''Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form'' (New York 1985) 213–40
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1966), ''Hesiod: Theogony'', Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-814169-6}}.
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1978), ''Hesiod: Works and Days'', Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|0-19-814005-3}}.
* Zarecki, Jonathan P., [https://web.archive.org/web/20110305015217/http://duke.edu/web/classics/grbs/FTexts/47/Zarecki.pdf "Pandora and the Good Eris in Hesiod"], ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' 47 (2007) 5–29
* [[Froma Zeitlin|Zeitlin, Froma]]. ''Playing the Other: Gender and Society in Classical Greek Literature'' (Princeton 1995).

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000198 The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Pandora)]
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Pandora}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pandora| ]]
[[Category:Deeds of Aphrodite]]
[[Category:Deeds of Hermes]]
[[Category:Deeds of Zeus]]
[[Category:Mythological first humans]]
[[Category:Nudity in mythology]]
[[Category:Women in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Adam and Eve]]
[[Category:Progenitors in Greek mythology]]