Editing Paperboard

{{Short description|Thick paper-based material}}
[[Image:Cardboard All Flutes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Corrugated fiberboard made from paperboard]]

'''Paperboard''' is a thick [[paper]]-based material. While there is no rigid differentiation between paper and paperboard, paperboard is generally thicker (usually over 0.30 mm, 0.012 in, or 12 [[Inch#Equivalents|points]]) than [[paper]] and has certain superior attributes such as foldability and rigidity. According to [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] standards, paperboard is a paper with a [[grammage]] above 250 g/m<sup>2</sup>, but there are exceptions.<ref name="Robertson">{{Cite book|last=Robertson|first= Gordon L.|title=Food Packaging - Principle and Practice (2nd Ed.)|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8493-3775-8|page=111|publisher= CRC Press}}</ref> Paperboard can be single- or multi-ply.

Paperboard can be easily cut and formed, is lightweight, and because it is strong, is used in [[packaging]]. Another end-use is high quality graphic printing, such as book and magazine covers or postcards. Paperboard is also used in [[fine art]]s for creating sculptures.

Sometimes it is referred to as ''[[cardboard]]'', which is a generic, lay term used to refer to any heavy [[pulp (paper)|paper pulp]]–based board, however this usage is deprecated in the paper, printing, and packaging industries as it does not adequately describe each product type.

==History==
In 1817, the first paperboard carton was produced in [[England]]. [[Folding carton]]s first emerged around the 1860s and were shipped flat to save space, ready to be set up by customers when they were required. The mechanical die cutting and creasing of blanks was developed in 1879. In 1911 the first [[kraft process|kraft sulphate mill]] was built in [[Florida]]. In 1915 the [[carton#Gable top|gable top]] milk carton was patented and in 1935 the first [[dairy#Industrial processing|dairy plant]] was observed using them. Ovenable paperboard was introduced in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |author=Paperboard Packaging Alliance |title=Paperboard Packaging |url=http://www.paperboardpackaging.org/student_design_challenge/syllabus/1-%20History%20of%20Paperboard.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121092805/http://www.paperboardpackaging.org/student_design_challenge/syllabus/1-%20History%20of%20Paperboard.pdf |archive-date=November 21, 2008 |access-date=2009-07-18}}</ref>

==Terminology and classification==
[[File:Pakje sigaretten.JPG |thumb| Crush-proof [[cigarette pack]] made of folding boxboard]]
Terminology and classifications of paperboard are not always uniform. Differences occur depending on specific industry, locale, and personal choice. In general, the following are often used:<ref>[[ASTM]] D996</ref><ref>{{Cite book
  | last = Soroka
  | first = W
  | title = Illustrated Glossary of Packaging Terminology
  | publisher = Institute of Packaging Professionals
  | edition = Second
  | url = http://www.iopp.org/i4a/pages/Index.cfm?pageID=1
 }}</ref>
* Boxboard or cartonboard: paperboard for [[folding carton]]s and rigid set-up boxes
** [[Folding boxboard]] (FBB): a bending grade capable of being scored and bending without fracture
** [[White lined chipboard|Chipboard]]: a recycled, low quality board
*** [[White lined chipboard]] (WLC): a white, often clay-coated chipboard
** [[Kraft process|Kraft]] board: a strong virgin fiber board often used for beverage carriers. Often clay-coated for printing
** Laminated board: a lamination of paperboards and other materials, for example [[liquid packaging board]]
** [[Solid bleached board]] (SBB) or solid bleached sulphate (SBS): clean white board used for foods etc. Sulphate refers to the [[kraft process]]
** [[Solid unbleached board]] (SUB): board made from unbleached chemical pulp
* [[Containerboard]]: a type of paperboard manufactured for the production of [[corrugated fiberboard]]
** Corrugated medium: the inner fluted portion of corrugated fiberboard
** Linerboard: a strong stiff board for one or both sides of corrugated boxes. It is the flat covering over the corrugating medium.
* Other
** Binder's board: a paperboard used in [[bookbinding]] for making hardcovers.

==Production==
{{See also|Paper machine}}
[[File:Takon kartonkitehdas Tammerkoski.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Metsä Board Tako paperboard factory near the [[Tammerkoski]] in [[Tampere]], [[Finland]]]]
Fibrous material is turned into [[Pulp (paper)|pulp]] and bleached to create one or more layers of board, which can be optionally coated for a better surface and/or improved appearance. Pulp board is produced on pulping machines that can handle higher grammage and several plies.

===Raw materials===
The above-mentioned fibrous material can either come from fresh (virgin) sources (e.g. wood) or from [[Paper recycling|recycled waste paper]]. Around 90% of virgin paper is made from [[timber|wood]] pulp.<ref name="ind">{{Citation 
|last=Datamonitor
|title=Global Paper and Paperboard - Industry Profile
|date=June 2008
|ref=0199-2406
}}</ref>
Today paperboard packaging in general, and especially products from [[ecolabel|certified]] [[sustainability|sustainable]] sources, are receiving new attention, as manufacturers dealing with environmental, health, and regulatory issues look to [[renewable resources]] to meet increasing demand. It is now mandatory in many countries for paper-based packaging to be manufactured wholly or partially from [[recycling|recycled]] material.
 
Raw materials include:

* '''[[Hardwood]]:''' C. {{convert|0.05|in|mm}} in length e.g. [[Birch]] which has short fibres. It is generally more difficult to work with; however, it does provide higher tensile strength, but lower tear and other strength properties. Although its fibres are not as long and strong as those in softwood, they make for a stiffer product defined by some stiffness tests. Hardwood fibres fill the sheet better and therefore make a smoother paper that is more opaque and better for printing. Hardwood makes an excellent corrugating medium.
*'''[[Softwood]]:''' C. {{convert|0.13|in|mm}} in length e.g. [[Pine]] and [[spruce]] which have typically long fibres and make superior paperboard in services where strength is important. Softwood makes excellent linerboard.
* '''[[Deinked pulp|Recycled]]:''' Used paper is collected and sorted and usually mixed with virgin fibres in order to make new material. This is necessary as the recycled fibre often loses strength when reused; the added virgin fibres enhance strength. Mixed waste paper is not usually [[Deinking|deinked]] (skipping the deinking stage) for paperboard manufacture and hence the [[pulping|pulp]] may contain traces of inks, adhesives, and other residues which together give it a grey colour. Products made of recycled board usually have a less predictable composition and poorer functional properties than virgin fibre-based boards.<ref name="igg">{{Cite journal
|last=Iggesund Paperboard AB
|title=Paperboard the Iggesund Way
|year=2008
|page=10
}}</ref> Health risks have been associated with using recycled material in direct food contact. Swiss studies have shown that recycled material can contain significant portions of mineral oil, which may migrate into packed foods.<ref>{{cite web
  |author=Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Germany)
  |title=Migration of mineral oil from packaging materials to foodstuffs (BfR Opinion No. 008/2010 of 2009-12-09)
  |access-date=2010-04-21
  |url=http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/230/migration_of_mineral_oil_from_packaging_materials_to_foodstuffs.pdf}}</ref> Mineral oil levels of up to 19.4&nbsp;mg/kg were found in rice packed in recycled board.<ref>{{cite web
  |author=Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung
  |title=Übergänge von Mineralöl aus Verpackungsmaterialien auf Lebensmittel
  |access-date=2010-04-21
  |url=http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/216/uebergaenge_von_mineraloel_aus_verpackungsmaterialien_auf_lebensmittel.pdf}}</ref>

* '''[[Tree-free paper|Others]]''': It is also possible to use the fibres of [[Bagasse|Sugarcane Bagasse]], [[Straw]], [[Hemp]], [[Cotton]], [[Flax]], [[Kenaf]], [[Abaca]] and other plant products

===Pulping===
{{Main|Pulp (paper)}}
Two principal methods for extracting fibres from their sources are:

* '''[[Chemical pulp]]ing''' uses chemical solutions to convert wood into pulp, yielding around 30% less than mechanical pulping; however, pulp made by the kraft process has superior strength
* '''[[Thermo mechanical pulp]]''' is a two-stage process which results in a very high yield of wood fibres at the expense of strength.

====Bleaching====
{{Main|Bleaching of wood pulp}}
Pulp used in the manufacture of paperboard can be [[bleaching of wood pulp|bleached]] to decrease colour and increase purity. Virgin fibre pulp is naturally brown in colour, because of the presence of [[lignin]]. Recycled paperboard may contain traces of [[ink]]s, [[Adhesive|bonding agents]] and other residue which colors it grey.
Although [[bleaching of wood pulp|bleaching]] is not necessary for all end-uses, it is vital for many graphical and packaging purposes. There are various methods of [[bleaching of wood pulp|bleaching]], which are used according to a number of factors for example, the degree of colour change required, chemicals chosen and method of treatment. There are three categories of [[bleaching of wood pulp|bleaching methods]]:

* Bleaching by '''delignification''' using [[chlorine gas]], which is a method that has been largely replaced by procedures which are gentler to the environment such as the use of oxygen as a replacement for the chlorine gas.	
* Bleaching by '''[[oxidation]]''' using chemicals such as [[chlorine dioxide]], [[hydrogen peroxide]] or [[sodium hypochlorite]].
* Bleaching by '''[[redox|reduction]]''' using chemicals such as [[sodium bisulphite]].<ref name="igg"/>

===Plies===
[[Image:Single vs multiply.svg|thumb|100px|(1)&nbsp;single-ply vs. (2)&nbsp;multi-ply]]Multi-ply paperboard generally has higher creasing and folding performance than single-ply as a result of layering different types of pulp into a single product. In cases where the same kind of pulp is being used in several layers, each separate layer is treated and shaped individually in order to create the highest possible quality.<ref name="igg"/>

===Coating===
In order to improve whiteness, smoothness and gloss of paperboard, one or more layers of [[Coating and printing processes|coating]] is applied. [[Coated paper]] is usually made up of:

* a [[pigment]], which could be [[china clay]], [[calcium carbonate]] or [[titanium dioxide]], usually a combination of two
* an adhesive or binder as [[styrene-butadiene]] emulsions or [[starch]]es and [[water]].

Additional components could be OBA ([[optical brightener|optical brightening agent]]s).<ref name="kir">{{Cite book
|last=Kirwan
|first=Mark J.
|title=Paper and paperboard packaging technology
|year=1998
|publisher=Blackwell Publishing
|location=London
|isbn=978-1-4051-6845-8
}}</ref>

==Grades==
The [[Deutsches Institut für Normung|DIN]] Standard 19303 "Paperboard - Terms and grades" (Publication date : 2005-09) defines different grades of paperboard based on the surface treatment (first letter), the main furnish (second letter) and the colour (non-D grade) or bulk (D grade only) (numbering).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! First letter<br>(surface treatment)
! Second letter<br>(main furnish)
! Number
|-
|
* A = cast-coated
* G = pigment coated
* U = uncoated
| 
* Z = bleached virgin chemical pulp
* C = virgin mechanical pulp
* N = unbleached virgin chemical pulp
* T = recycled/secondary fibre with white, cream or brown reverse
* D = recycled/secondary fibre with grey back
|
All except D grades:
# white reverse side
# cream reverse side
# brown reverse side

D grades only:
# bulk ≥ 1.45&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup>/g
# 1.3&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup>/g&nbsp;< bulk <&nbsp;1.45&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup>/g
# bulk ≤ 1.3&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup>/g
|}

'''Example:''' GC1 would be a "pigment coated", "virgin mechanical pulp" board with a "white reverse side". Often the used paperboard type would be FBB, which was coated on both sides.

==Common terms==
'''Basis weight:''' in the US, it is the weight of {{convert|1000|sqft|m2}} of the same paperboard; the traditional British definition is the weight, in pound, of 100 of the same board<ref>[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.18571/page/168/mode/2up Page 169], ''Paper and Its Uses'' (1939 edition)</ref>

'''Brightness:''' Brightness is a technical term that is defined as the amount of blue-white light that a paper reflects.<ref name="twe">{{Cite journal
 | last1=Twede
 | first1=Diana
 | last2=Selke
 | first2=Susan E. M.
 | title=Cartons, Crates and Corrugated Board: Handbook of Paper and Wood Packaging Technology
 | publisher=DasTech Publications
 | place=Lancaster, PA
 | year=2004
 }}</ref> This property is very subjective and individual to each buyer and end use, as skin colour and food are better reproduced on 'warm' (yellow) whites and not blue whites.

'''Grammage:''' The [[grammage]] of the paperboard is assessed in accordance ISO 536.<ref>{{cite web
  |author=ISO: International Organization for Standardization
  |year=1995
  |title=Paper and board -- Determination of grammage
  |access-date=2009-07-18
  |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=20674}}</ref>
Grammage expresses mass per unit area and is measured in g/m<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="twe"/>

'''PH:''' Surface [[pH]] is measured on a water extract and is on a scale of 0–14. 0 is [[acidic]], 7 is neutral and 14 is [[alkaline]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Iggesund Paperboard |year=2008 |title=Product Catalogue: General Technical Information |access-date=2009-07-18 |url=http://www.iggesund.com/Main.aspx?ID=d3f6ae98-6286-435d-bf6d-99a7ca881cab |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713004736/http://www.iggesund.com/Main.aspx?ID=d3f6ae98-6286-435d-bf6d-99a7ca881cab |archive-date=July 13, 2011 }}</ref>

'''Stiffness:''' Stiffness is one of the most important properties of paperboard as it affects the ability of cartons to run smoothly through the machine that erects, fills and closes them. Stiffness also gives strength and reduces the propensity of a carton to bulge under the weight of settling flowable contents such as cereals.

Although most paper strength properties increase with increasing sheet density, stiffness does not. A rule of thumb is that stiffness is proportional to the 1.6 power of sheet caliper.

The species of fiber used has an effect on stiffness, other things being equal. Northern softwood species impart superior stiffness compared to southern softwoods.

Other factors which affect board stiffness include coatings and moisture content.<ref name="twe"/>

'''Smoothness:''' Smoothness is particularly important when being used for printing, the smoother the paperboard, the better the image quality, because of better ink coverage. Smoothness is measured using air leak methods – the greater the rate of air leakage, at a specific air pressure, from under a cylindrical knife placed on the surface, the rougher the surface.<ref name="twe"/>

'''Caliper/thickness:''' In the [[United States]] caliper is usually expressed in thousandths of an inch (0.001”) or points, where a sheet of paperboard with a thickness of 0.024” would be 24 points. In [[Europe]] it is often sold in g/m<sup>2</sup>, however the thickness of the board is measured in [[micron]] (μm).

Paperboard also tends to be referred to with thickness rather than weight.<ref name="kir"/>

'''Whiteness:''' It refers ideally to the equal presence of all colours, because a truly white sheet will reflect all [[wavelengths]] of visible light equally.<ref name="twe"/>

==Paperboard industry==

The paperboard sector is mainly looked at in conjunction with the paper industry. The Paper & Paperboard market size (2007) had a value of US$630.9 billion and a volume of 320.3 million metric tons.<ref name="ind"/> Of that market 40.1% is European. About 50% of all produced paper is used for packaging, followed by printing and writing.<ref name="ind"/> According to ProCarton, the consumption of paper and paperboard seem to correlate with economic trends (GDP).<ref>{{cite web|author=Dr. Peter Ince |year=1999–2000 |title=Paper, Paperboard and Woodpulp – Production, Consumption and Trade ECE/FAO Forest Products Annual Market Review |access-date=2009-07-18 |url=http://www.unece.org/timber/docs/rev-00/12.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605234531/http://www.unece.org/timber/docs/rev-00/12.pdf |archive-date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
  |author=ProCarton
  |year=2009
  |title=The Carton Packaging Fact File: Cartons, Industry and the Environment
  |access-date=2009-07-20
  |url=http://www.procarton.com/files/publications_item/fact_file_3.pdf}}</ref> Sales of carton in Europe sum up to around 8 billion Euros worth. 

Over 1,100 printers produce 5.4 million tonnes of cartonboard yearly. Cartons make up one third of paper and board packaging and 15% of all packaging. A bit more than half (54%) of the European carton is produced using recovered fibre or waste paper.
The paper and paperboard industry is quite energy and capital intensive. Just a coated board machine itself can cost around 90 - 120 million Euros<ref>{{cite web
 |author      = Metso Corporation's press release
 |year        = 2011
 |title       = Metso to supply coated board line to International Paper & Sun Cartonboard in China
 |access-date  = 2011-11-04
 |url         = http://www.metso.com/news/newsdocuments.nsf/Web3NewsDoc/649B6B5726D07047C2257910001C30C3?OpenDocument&ch=ChMetsoWebEng&id=649B6B5726D07047C2257910001C30C3&
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20111013021431/http://metso.com/news/newsdocuments.nsf/Web3NewsDoc/649B6B5726D07047C2257910001C30C3?OpenDocument&ch=ChMetsoWebEng&id=649B6B5726D07047C2257910001C30C3&
 |archive-date = 2011-10-13
}}</ref>
(about 125 - US$166 million in 11/2011). [[Economies of scale]] apply, because of which a few large players often dominate the market place. E.g. in North America the top 5 producers have a market share of 85%.

==See also==
* [[Card stock]]
* [[Coated paper]]
* [[Fiberboard]]
* [[Papermaking]]
* [[Slip sheet]]
* [[Homasote]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2apple and aplle}}

==Further reading==
* Brody, A. L., and Marsh, K, S., ''Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology'', John Wiley & Sons, 1997, {{ISBN|0-471-06397-5}}
* Soroka, W., ''Fundamentals of Packaging Technology'', IoPP, 2002, {{ISBN|1-930268-25-4}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tappi.org/ TAPPI]—Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry

{{packaging}}
{{Paper}}
{{Paper products}}
{{Wood products}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Paperboard| ]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1817]]
[[Category:Visual arts materials]]
[[Category:Coated paper]]
[[Category:English inventions]]
[[Category:Packaging materials]]
[[Category:Paper]]
[[Category:Pulp and paper industry]]

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