Editing Papilio glaucus

{{short description|Species of insect}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Eastern tiger swallowtail
| image = Pristine Eastern Tiger Swallowtail.jpg
| image_caption = Male
| image2 = Eastern Tiger Swallowtail Papilio glaucus Wings 2908px.jpg
| image2_caption = Female
| status = G5
| status_system = TNC
| status_ref = <ref name=TNC>{{cite web |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.120967/Pterourus_glaucus |title=''Pterourus glaucus'' Eastern Tiger Swallowtail |work=NatureServe Explorer |publisher=NatureServe |date= Feb 5, 2021 |access-date= Feb 12, 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Papilio
| species = glaucus
| range_map = Papilio glaucus range map.JPG
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Lepidoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| synonyms = 
* ''Pterourus glaucus''
* ''Papilio turnus'' <small>Linnaeus</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/P/Papilio_glaucus/|title=''Papilio glaucus'' (Eastern Tiger Swallowtail)|publisher=zipcodezoo.com|access-date=May 10, 2013}}</ref>
}}

'''''Papilio glaucus''''', the '''eastern tiger swallowtail''', is a species of [[butterfly]] native to eastern North America. It is one of the most familiar butterflies in the eastern United States,<ref name=Cech>{{cite book |last1= Cech |first1= Rick |last2= Tudor |first2= Guy |title= Butterflies of the East Coast |year= 2005 |publisher= Princeton University Press |location= Princeton, NJ |isbn= 978-0-691-09055-9 |page= 64}}</ref> ranging north to southern [[Ontario]], Canada,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Tiger Swallowtail (''Papilio glaucus'') |website=Butterflies of Ontario |last=Cavasin |first=Rick |url=https://www.ontariobutterflies.ca/families/Papilionidae/eastern-tiger-swallowtail|access-date=7 October 2022|year=2022}}</ref> and is common in many different habitats. It flies from spring until fall, during which it produces two to three [[wikt:brood#Noun|broods]]. Adults feed on the nectar of many species of flowers, mostly from those of the families [[Apocynaceae]], [[Asteraceae]], and [[Fabaceae]]. ''P. glaucus'' has a [[wingspan]] measuring {{convert|7.9|to|14|cm|abbr=on}}. The male is yellow with four black "[[tiger]] stripes" on each forewing. Females may be either yellow or black, making them [[Polymorphism (biology)|dimorphic]]. The yellow morph is similar to the male, but with a conspicuous band of blue spots along the hindwing, while the dark morph is almost completely black.

The green [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] are laid singly on plants of the families [[Magnoliaceae]] and [[Rosaceae]]. Young [[caterpillar]]s are brown and white; older ones are green with two black, yellow, and blue [[Eyespot (mimicry)|eyespots]] on the [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|thorax]]. The caterpillar will turn brown prior to [[pupa]]ting. It will reach a length of {{convert|5.5|cm}}. The [[Pupa#Chrysalis|chrysalis]] varies from a whitish color to dark brown. [[Hibernation]] occurs in this stage in locations with cold winter months.

The eastern tiger swallowtail is the [[List of U.S. state butterflies|state butterfly]] of [[Alabama]] (as well as state mascot),<ref>{{citation |title=Alabama Official Mascot and Butterfly: Eastern Tiger Swallowtail |work=Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama |publisher=Alabama Department of Archives and History |url= http://www.archives.state.al.us/emblems/st_masct.html |access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref> [[Delaware]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[North Carolina]] and [[South Carolina]],<ref name="statebutterflies">"[http://www.netstate.com/states/tables/state_insects.htm Official State Butterflies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303210748/http://www.netstate.com/states/tables/state_insects.htm |date=2011-03-03 }}." ''Netstate''. NSTATE LLC''. ''26 June 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.</ref> and is the [[List of U.S. state insects|state insect]] of [[Virginia]].<ref name=stateinsects>{{cite web |url= http://www.netstate.com/states/tables/state_insects.htm |title= Official State Insects |date= 18 March 2010 |work= Netstate |publisher= NSTATE, LLC |access-date= 13 August 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110303210748/http://www.netstate.com/states/tables/state_insects.htm |archive-date= 3 March 2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Papilio glaucus adults, MM.jpg|thumb|left|Dorsal and ventral sides. 1. dorsal male; 2. dorsal female; 3. dorsal female (dark morph); 4. ventral male; 5. ventral female; 6. ventral female (dark morph)]]

The [[wingspan]] ranges from {{convert|7.9|to|14|cm|abbr=on}}<ref name=Shull/> with females being the larger sex. Southern individuals are larger than northern ones.<ref name=clemson>{{cite web |url= http://entweb.clemson.edu/museum/buttrfly/local/bfly7.htm |title= Papilio glaucus "Eastern Tiger Swallowtail" Family: Papilionidae |last1= Wood |first1= Aaron |last2= Howard |first2= Garrett |last3= Young |first3= Ashli |date= 200 |work= Clemson Entomology |publisher= Clemson University Department of Entomology, Soils, and Plant Sciences |access-date=16 November 2010}}</ref> Males are yellow with four black "tiger stripes" on each forewing. The outer edge of the forewing is black with a row of yellow spots. The veins are marked with black. The postmedian area of the hindwing is black with yellow spots along the margin. The inner margin of the hindwing has small red and blue spots. The ventral forewing margin has a yellow bar that is broken into spots. This broken bar is present in both sexes, and is used to distinguish ''P. glaucus'' from its close relatives.<ref name=Brock>{{cite book |last1= Brock |first1= Jim P. |last2= Kaufman |first2= Kenn |title= Butterflies of North America |year= 2003 |publisher= Houghton Mifflin |location= New York, NY |isbn= 978-0-618-15312-1 |pages= 20, 26, 28}}</ref>

Females are [[Polymorphism (biology)|dimorphic]]. The yellow morph differs from the male in having a blue postmedian area on the dorsal hindwing. In the dark morph, the areas that are normally yellow are replaced with dark gray or black. The bluish postmedian area on the ventral hindwing has one row of orange spots.<ref name=Glassberg/> A shadow of the "tiger stripes" can be seen on the underside of some dark females.<ref name=Brock/>
<gallery mode="packed">
Papilio glaucus-female dark form.jpg|Female dark morph upperside
Papilio glaucus-female dark form ventral.jpg|Female dark morph underside
</gallery>

''P. glaucus'' is one of a few species of papilionids known to produce [[gynandromorph]]s. Most bilateral gynandromorphs are hybrids of ''P. glaucus'' and ''[[Papilio canadensis|P. canadensis]]'' that are found along hybrid zones. [[Mosaic (genetics)|Color mosaics]] are found in the central part of the species range.<ref name=Scriber>{{cite journal |last= Scriber |first= Mark |author2=Mercader, Rodrico |author3=Romack, Howard |author4=Deering, Mark |date= 29 April 2009 |title=Not all bilateral gynandromorph butterflies are interspecific hybrids: new ''Papilio'' specimens from field populations |journal= [[Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society]] |volume= 63 |issue= 1 |pages= 37–47 |publisher= [[Lepidopterists' Society|The Lepidopterists' Society]] |issn= 0024-0966}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
Eastern Tiger Swallowtail at Athens Botanical Garden.jpg|Eastern Tiger Swallowtail at the [[State Botanical Garden of Georgia]]
Papilio canadensis × glaucus.jpg|''Papilio canadensis × glaucus'' hybrid
</gallery>

==Taxonomy==
The first known drawing of a North American butterfly was of an eastern tiger swallowtail. It was drawn by [[John White (colonist and artist)|John White]] in 1587,<ref name=Cech/> during [[Sir Walter Raleigh]]'s third expedition to [[Virginia]].<ref name=ADW/> White named his drawing "Mamankanois" which is believed to be a [[Carolina Algonquian language|Carolina Algonquian]] word for "butterfly".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawson |first1=Scott |title=Croatoan Word List by Scott Dawson |url=https://www.coastalcarolinaindians.com/croatoan-word-list-by-scott-dawson/ |website=Coastal Carolina Indian Center |access-date=31 August 2023 |date=15 December 2011}}</ref> This species was later described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition]] of ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' in 1758.<ref name=taxonomicreport/> Some [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomists]] place ''P. glaucus'', along with the other tiger swallowtails, in the genus ''[[Pterourus]]''.<ref name=Cech/>

The eastern tiger swallowtail was formerly considered a single species with a vast range into northern Canada and the eastern United States.<ref name=Cech/> In 1991, the [[subspecies]] ''[[Papilio canadensis|Papilio glaucus canadensis]]'' was elevated to species level, thus reducing the range of ''P. glaucus'' to south of Canada.<ref name=lepsocjournal>{{cite journal |last1= Haden |first1= Robert H. |last2= Lederhouse |first2= Robert C. |last3=Bossart |first3=J. L. |last4= Scriber |first4= J. Mark |year= 1991 |title= ''Papilio canadensis'' and ''P. glaucus'' (Papilionidae) are distinct species |journal=Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society |volume= 45 |issue= 4 |pages= 245–258 |url=http://peabody.research.yale.edu//jls/pdfs/1990s/1991/1991-45(4)245-Hagen.pdf }}</ref> In 2002, another closely related species, ''[[Papilio appalachiensis|P. appalachiensis]]'', was described by H. Pavulaan and D. M. Wright from the southern [[Appalachian Mountains]].<ref name=taxonomicreport>{{cite journal |last1= Pavulaan |first1= Harry |last2= Wright |first2= David M. |year= 2002 |title= ''Pterourus appalachiensis'' (Papilionidae: Papilioninae), a new swallowtail butterfly from the Appalachian region of the United States |journal= The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey |volume= 3 |issue= 7 |pages= 1–20 |url= http://tils-ttr.org/ttr/ttr-3-7.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120217065126/http://tils-ttr.org/ttr/ttr-3-7.pdf |archive-date= 2012-02-17 }}</ref> These two species can be separated from ''P. glaucus'' by size; ''P. canadensis'' is smaller and ''P. appalachiensis'' is larger. These two also have a solid yellow bar along the margin of the ventral forewing.<ref name=Brock/> ''P. canadensis'' females are not dimorphic, and ''P. appalachiensis'' females are rarely black.<ref name=taxonomicreport2>{{cite journal |last1= Pavulaan |first1=Harry |last2=Wright |first2=David M. |date= 1 December 2004 |title= Discovery of a black female form of ''Pterourus appalachiensis'' (Papilionidae: Papilioninae) and additional observations of the species in West Virginia |journal= The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey |volume= 6 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–10 |access-date= 3 January 2011 |url=http://www.carolinanature.com/butterflies/ttr-6-1.pdf }}</ref>

Similar species for the dark ''P. glaucus'' female include the pipevine swallowtail (''[[Battus philenor]]''), the spicebush swallowtail (''[[Papilio troilus]]''), and the female black swallowtail (''[[Papilio polyxenes]]''). ''B. philenor'' differs from the dark morph ''P. glaucus'' by the row of light-colored spots on each wing margin. ''P. troilus'' is more greenish, and has two rows of orange spots on the ventral hindwing. ''P. polyxenes'' is smaller, and the ventral hindwing has two rows of yellow-orange spots.<ref name=Brock/>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Eastern tiger swallowtail on a bush in Oklahoma.jpg|thumb|Specimen on a flowering bush in [[Eastern Oklahoma]]]]''P. glaucus'' is found in the eastern United States from southern [[Vermont]] to [[Florida]] west to eastern [[Texas]] and the [[Great Plains]].<ref name=Cech/> It is common throughout its range,<ref name=Glassberg>{{cite book |last1= Glassberg |first1= Jeffrey |title= Butterflies through Binoculars: The East |year= 1999 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= New York, NY |isbn= 978-0-19-510668-8 |page= 48}}</ref> although is rarer in southern Florida and absent from the [[Florida Keys]].<ref name=Cech/> In 1932, a single specimen was collected in [[County Wicklow]], Ireland. It is believed to have been an accidental introduction from North America.<ref name=UKbutterflies>{{cite web |url= http://www.ukbutterflies.co.uk/species.php?species=glaucus |title= Tiger Swallowtail ''Papilio glaucus''|last= Eeles |first= Peter |date= 2002–2010 |work= UK Butterflies |access-date=19 November 2010}}</ref>

''P. glaucus'' can be found almost anywhere deciduous forests occur. Common habitats include woodlands, fields, rivers, creeks, roadsides, and gardens. It will stray into urban parks and city yards.<ref name=Shull>{{cite book |last1= Shull |first1= Ernest M. |title= The Butterflies of Indiana |year= 1987 |publisher= Indiana Academy of Science |location= IN |isbn= 978-0-253-31292-1 |pages= 91, 108 }}</ref><ref name=Iftner>{{cite book |last1= Iftner |first1= David C. |last2= Shuey |first2= John A. |last3= Calhoun |first3= John V. |title= Butterflies and Skippers of Ohio |year= 1992 |publisher= College of Biological Sciences and The Ohio University |isbn= 978-0-86727-107-2 |page= 70}}</ref><ref name=Nielson>{{cite book |last1= Nielson |first1= Mogens C. |title= Michigan Butterflies and Skippers |year= 1999 |publisher= Michigan State University Extension |location= MI |isbn= 978-1-56525-012-3 |page= 34}}</ref> Because it has adapted to many different habitats and host plants, ''P. glaucus'' is a [[Generalist and specialist species|generalist]], and is not considered [[Threatened species|threatened]].<ref name=Cech/><ref name=ADW/> ''Papilio glaucus'' is considered to be one of the most polyphagous of all swallowtail species.<ref name="Scriber1991">{{Cite journal|last=Scriber|first=J. Mark|date=Winter 1991|title=Differential suitability of 12 Great Lakes tree species for Papilio canadensis (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) larval survival and growth |url=http://www.michentsoc.org/gle-pdfs/vol24no4.pdf#page=32|journal=Great Lakes Entomologist|volume=24|issue=4|pages=239–252}}</ref> This is likely due to genetic traits and differential detoxification abilities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lindroth|first1=R.L.|last2=Scriber|first2=I.M.|last3=Hsia|first3=M.T.S.|date=Winter 1991|title=Differential responses of tiger swallowtail subspecies to secondary metabolites from tuliptree and quaking aspen|journal=Oecologia|volume=70|issue=1|pages=13–19|doi=10.1007/BF00377106|pmid=28311282|s2cid=24635310}} in [http://www.michentsoc.org/gle-pdfs/vol24no4.pdf#page=32 Scriber (1991)]</ref> However, as compared to ''[[Papilio canadensis]]'', at the northern overlap between the two species, ''P. glaucus'' survive very poorly through their first larval instar when settling on a [[quaking aspen]] (''Populus tremeloides'') tree and their survival rate under those conditions are approximately 15%, whereas ''P. canadensis'' thrives on this food plant.<ref name="Scriber1991"/>

Adults are seen from spring to fall, although the exact date varies depending on the location. In the south, they are seen from February to November; in the north, they are seen from May to September.<ref name=Cech/><ref name=Shull/><ref name=Iftner/> ''P. glaucus'' produces two [[wikt:brood#Noun|broods]] in the north and three in the south. The first broods yield the smallest adults.<ref name=Cech/>

==Behavior==
[[File:Swallowtail Group IMGP6353.jpg|thumb|Group of male eastern tiger swallowtails [[Mud-puddling|puddling]], including a male [[eastern black swallowtail]]]]
Eastern tiger swallowtails are [[Diurnality|diurnal]], and are usually solitary. Adults are known to fly high above the ground, usually seen above the tree canopy.<ref name=ADW>{{cite web |url= http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Papilio_glaucus.html |title= ''Papilio glaucus'' |last1= Roof |first1= Jennifer |year=1999 |work= Animal Diversity Website |publisher= University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |access-date=19 November 2010}}</ref><ref name=Fullard>{{cite journal |author1=Fullard, James H. |author2=Napoleone, Nadia |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=Diel flight periodicity and the evolution of auditory defences in the Macrolepidoptera |journal=[[Animal Behaviour (journal)|Animal Behaviour]] |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=349–368 |doi=10.1006/anbe.2001.1753 |s2cid=53182157 |url=http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3full/reprints/FullNapolDielAB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615060834/http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3full/reprints/FullNapolDielAB.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-15 }}</ref> Males seek females by patrolling habitats containing the [[larva]]l host plants. During [[Courtship#Courtship in other animals|courtship]], the male and female fly about each other prior to landing and mating. The male releases perfume-like [[Sex pheromone|pheromones]] during courtship to entice the female into mating.<ref name=Cech/><ref name=Scott>{{cite book |last1= Scott |first1= James A. |title= The Butterflies of North America |url= https://archive.org/details/butterfliesofnor00jame |url-access= registration |year= 1986 |publisher= Stanford University Press |location= Stanford, CA |isbn= 978-0-8047-2013-7 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/butterfliesofnor00jame/page/162 162], 181–182 }}</ref>

Adults use a wide range of food sources, most preferring to nectar on sturdy plants with red or pink flowers.<ref name=Cech/><ref name=clemson/> Many members of the families [[Apocynaceae]], [[Asteraceae]] and [[Fabaceae]] are used as common nectar sources.<ref name=Iftner/><ref name=Nielson/> Males participate in a behavior called [[Mud-puddling|puddling]], in which they congregate on mud, damp gravel or puddles. They extract sodium ions and amino acids from these sources which aid in reproduction.<ref name=Iftner/><ref name=Lederhouse/> Males that puddle are typically fresh, and puddle only for their first couple of days. Females will occasionally puddle, but do not form congregations.<ref name=Lederhouse>{{cite journal |last1= Lederhouse |first1= R.C. |last2= Ayres |first2=M.P. |last3=Scriber |first3=J.M. |year= 1990 |title= Adult nutrition affects male virility in ''Papilio glaucus'' L. |journal= Functional Ecology |volume= 4 |issue= 6 |pages= 743–751 |url= http://www.dartmouth.edu/~mpayres/pubs/Lederhouse_etal_1990.pdf |access-date= 19 November 2010 |doi=10.2307/2389441|jstor= 2389441|bibcode= 1990FuEco...4..743L }}</ref> Adults have also been seen feeding on dung, carrion, and urine.<ref name=Iftner/>

The eastern tiger swallowtail, ''Papilio glaucus'', is probably the most [[polyphagous]] of all 560+ species of swallowtail butterflies in the world.<ref name=Scriber1991/>

==Life cycle==
The butterfly may have one or two generations in the north, while southern areas may have three. Time duration for various stages is as follows:
*Egg - It takes three to five days for eggs to hatch.
*Larva - The caterpillar has five instars.
*Pupa - The chrysalis stage lasts nine to eleven days, or over winter hibernation.

===Egg===
[[File:Papilio glaucus egg.jpg|thumb|right|Egg]]
Females lay their [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] singly on the host plant leaves,<ref name=Scott/> preferring to [[oviposit]] on host plants near nectar sources.<ref name=Grossmueller>{{cite journal |last1= Grossmueller |first1= D. W. |last2= Lederhouse |first2= R. C. |year= 1987 |title= The role of nectar source distribution in habitat use and oviposition by the tiger swallowtail butterfly |journal=Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society |publisher= The Lepidopterists' Society |volume= 41 |issue= 3 |pages= 159–165 |url= http://peabody.research.yale.edu//jls/pdfs/1980s/1987/1987-41(1)159-Grossmueller.pdf }}</ref> The egg is round and green, later turning yellowish green with reddish dots.<ref name=Scott/> The size of the egg is large for a butterfly, being 0.8&nbsp;millimeters (0.03&nbsp;in) in height and 1.2&nbsp;millimeters (0.05&nbsp;in) in width.<ref name=Pyle>{{cite book |last1= Pyle |first1= Robert Michael |title= National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Butterflies |year= 1981 |publisher= Alfred A. Knopf |location= New York |isbn= 978-0-394-51914-2 |page= [https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi00robe/page/341 341] |url= https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi00robe/page/341 }}</ref> It takes between 4 and 10 days to hatch.<ref name=Stokes>{{cite book |last1= Stokes |first1= Donald and Lillian |last2= Williams |first2= Ernest |title= Stokes Butterfly Book |year= 1991 |publisher= Little, Brown and Company |location= Boston, MA |isbn= 978-0-316-81780-6 |page= [https://archive.org/details/butterflybooke00stok/page/49 49] |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/butterflybooke00stok/page/49 }}</ref>

===Caterpillar===
[[File:TigerSwallowtailCaterpillar.jpg|thumb|right|Fifth [[instar]] caterpillar, shortly before pupating]]

The [[caterpillar]] eats the leaves of the host plant. It will rest on a silk pad on a leaf, with the edges of the leaf folded over itself and held together with silk.<ref name=Scott/><ref name=Wagner>{{cite book |last1= Wagner |first1= David L. |title= Caterpillars of Eastern North America |year= 2005 |publisher= Princeton University Press |location= Princeton, NJ |isbn= 978-0-691-12144-4 |page= 79 }}</ref><ref name=naturalhistorynotes/> The first three [[instar]]s are brown. A large white spot, known as a saddle, is found on the abdomen. After [[Moulting|molting]] to the fourth instar, the caterpillar becomes green. The swollen thorax has two black, yellow, and blue [[Eyespot (mimicry)|eyespots]]. These eyespots are much smaller than those of the similar-looking spicebush swallowtail caterpillar. A yellow and black transverse stripe is present between the first and second abdominal segments. It is concealed between the folds of the segments when the caterpillar is at rest.<ref name=Scott/><ref name=Wagner/> The abdomen is spotted transversely with light blue. Before [[pupa]]ting, the caterpillar will turn dark brown. It will reach a length of {{convert|5.5|cm}}. The caterpillar of ''P. glaucus'' is impossible to distinguish from the caterpillars of ''[[Papilio canadensis|P. canadensis]]'' and ''[[Papilio appalachiensis|P. appalachiensis]]''.<ref name=Scott/><ref name=Wagner/>

===Chrysalis===
[[File:Papilio glaucus.JPG|thumb|right|A light colored chrysalis]]

The [[chrysalis]] measures {{convert|3.2|cm}}.<ref name=Pyle/> It hangs from a surface by a silk girdle around the thorax and a silk pad at the base.<ref name=Scott/> The chrysalis varies in color, ranging from off white to dark brown. It is often spotted with green and dark brown. Lighter-colored chrysalids often have a dark lateral stripe along each side of the body. Two horn-like projections are present on the head; one is found on the thorax. ''P. glaucus'' chrysalids can be found in a variety of places, but are commonly found on tree trunks, fence posts, and in ground litter.<ref name=Scott/> It [[hibernate]]s in locations with cold winters.<ref name=Cech/>

===Host plants===
[[File:Liriodendron tulipifera.jpg|thumb|left|Leaves of ''Liriodendron tulipifera'', one of many host plants for ''P. glaucus'']]
The caterpillar feeds on host plants of many different families.<ref name=Cech/> Common host plants used are those of the families [[Magnoliaceae]] and [[Rosaceae]], with species including tulip tree (''[[Liriodendron tulipifera]]''), sweet bay magnolia (''[[Magnolia virginiana]]'') and wild black cherry (''[[Prunus serotina]]'').<ref name="TNC"/> It also feeds on other members of the family Rosaceae, as well as members from the families [[Lauraceae]], [[Oleaceae]], [[Rutaceae]], and [[Tilioideae]].<ref name=Shull/><ref name=Iftner/><ref name=Pyle/>
Aspens ([[aspen|''Populus'' sect. ''Populus'']]), birches (''[[Betula]]''), and willows (''[[Salix]]'') have been recorded in older literature as host plants, but these are used by ''P. canadensis''.<ref name=TNC/> Host plants of ''P. glaucus'' include:
* Wild black cherry (''[[Prunus serotina]]'')
* Ash (''[[Fraxinus]]'' species)
* Cottonwood (''[[Populus]]'' species)
* Wafer ash or hoptree (''[[Ptelea trifoliata]]'')
* Common lilac (''[[Syringa vulgaris]]'')
* Sweet bay magnolia (''[[Magnolia virginiana]]'')
* Tulip poplar or tulip tree (''[[Liriodendron tulipifera]]'')
* Willow (''[[Salix]]'' species)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dziedzic|first1=Brenda|title=Learn About Butterflies in the Garden|date=2011|publisher=Brenda Dziedzic|location=USA|isbn=978-0-615-44303-4|page=26|edition=1}}</ref>

==Defense against predators==
[[File:Osmeterium cropped.jpg|thumb|Caterpillar with an everted [[osmeterium]]]]
The first three instars of the caterpillar are bird dropping mimics, coloration that helps protect it from predators. In later instars, the eyespots on the thorax serve to deter [[bird]]s.<ref name=naturalhistorynotes>{{cite web |url= http://www.windpuffindesigns.com/pdfs/tigerst.pdf |title= Natural History Notes: Eastern Tiger Swallowtail (''Papilio glaucus'') |year= 2005 |publisher= WindPuffin Designs |access-date=4 December 2010}}</ref> Like all members of the family Papilionidae, the caterpillar of ''P. glaucus'' possesses an [[osmeterium]], an orange, fleshy organ that emits foul-smelling [[terpene]]s to repel predators. Normally hidden, the osmeterium is located on the first segment of the thorax, and can be everted when the caterpillar feels threatened.<ref name=Eisner>{{cite journal |last1= Eisner |first1= Thomas |last2= Meinwald |first2= Yvonne C. |date= 24 December 1965 |title= The defensive secretions of a caterpillar (Papilio) |journal= Science |volume= 150 |pages= 1733–1735 |doi= 10.1126/science.150.3704.1733 |pmid= 17768875 |issue=3704|bibcode= 1965Sci...150.1733E |s2cid= 206565422 }}</ref> The combination of eyespots and osmeterium makes the caterpillar resemble a [[snake]].<ref name=Grolier>{{cite web |url= http://gme-ada.grolier.com/article?assetid=0193960-0 |title= Other kinds of mimicry |first= Paul |last= Zabarauskas |year= 2010 |work= Grolier Online |publisher= Scholastic |access-date= 4 December 2010}}</ref>

Since adults are palatable, dark morph females use [[Batesian mimicry]] to protect themselves from [[vertebrate]] predators by mimicking the poisonous [[pipevine swallowtail]]. Dark morph females are more prevalent in the south, where ''B. philenor'' is more common.<ref name=Brock/><ref name=Hall>{{cite web |url= http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/bfly/tiger_swallowtail.htm |title= Eastern Tiger Swallowtail |last1= Hall |first1= Donald W. |last2= Butler |first2= Jerry F. |year= 1998–2007 |work= Featured Creatures |access-date= 4 December 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Papilio multicaudata|Two-tailed swallowtail]]
* [[Papilio rutulus|Western tiger swallowtail]]
* [[Papilio canadensis|Canadian tiger swallowtail]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title= Animal The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife |editor= Burnie, David |editor2=Wilson, Don E. |publisher= DK Publishing, Inc |year= 2001 |page= 571 |chapter= Invertebrates |isbn= 978-0-7894-7764-4}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Papilio glaucus|''Papilio glaucus''}}
* {{cite web |url= https://bugguide.net/node/view/491 |title= Species ''Papilio glaucus'' - Eastern Tiger Swallowtail |last= Bartlett |first= Troy |date= 16 February 2004 |work= Bugguide |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.cbif.gc.ca/spp_pages/butterflies/species/EasternTigerSwallowtail_e.php |title= Eastern Tiger Swallowtail |last1= Layberry |first1= Ross A. |last2= Hall |first2= Peter W. |last3= Lafontaine |first3= J. Donald |year= 2002 |work= Butterflies of Canada }}

{{Taxonbar |from=Q310069}}

[[Category:Papilio|glaucus]]
[[Category:Butterflies described in 1758]]
[[Category:Butterflies of North America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Symbols of Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Symbols of Alabama]]
[[Category:Symbols of North Carolina]]
[[Category:Symbols of South Carolina]]
[[Category:Symbols of Virginia]]
[[Category:Symbols of Delaware]]
[[Category:Lepidoptera of the United States]]
[[Category:Lepidoptera of Canada]]