Editing Parke-Davis

{{Short description|Pfizer subsidiary}}
{{For|the American football player, coach, and historian|Parke H. Davis}}
{{Infobox company
| name             = Parke-Davis
| image            = Parke Davis.jpg
| image_caption    = Parke Davis Administration Building in 1943
| image_size       = 200px
| type             = [[Subsidiary]]
| traded_as        = 
| founders         = Samuel P. Duffield<ref name=grpm>{{cite web| title= Collections: Parke-Davis| url=https://grpmcollections.org/Detail/entities/6804| access-date=July 17, 2020| website=Grand Rapids Public Museum| language=en}}</ref>
| foundation       = {{Start date and age|1866}}
| industry         = [[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceutical]]
| location         = [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], United States
| area_served      = Worldwide
| key_people       = 
| products         = 
| revenue          = 
| operating_income = 
| net_income       = 
| assets           = 
| equity           = 
| num_employees    = 
| subsid           = 
| parent           = [[Pfizer]]
| homepage         = 
}}

'''Parke-Davis''' is a [[subsidiary]] of the [[pharmaceutical company]] [[Pfizer]]. Although '''Parke, Davis & Co.''' is no longer an independent corporation, it was once America's oldest and largest drug maker, and played an important role in medical history. In 1970 Parke-Davis was acquired by [[Warner–Lambert]], which in turn was acquired by [[Pfizer]] in 2000.<ref name=joins>{{cite web| title=2000: Pfizer Joins Forces With Warner-Lambert| url=https://www.pfizer.com/about/history/pfizer_warner_lambert| access-date=March 20, 2019| website=Pfizer, Inc.}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Hervey C Parke 001.jpg|thumb|Hervey C. Parke]]
[[File:Parke-Davis Research Laboratory Detroit MI.jpg|thumb|Former Parke-Davis Research Laboratory on the Detroit River (now in use as a hotel)]]
[[File:Parke-Davis Plant-McDougal Ave Detroit MI.jpg|thumb|Building on the Parke-Davis Plant campus in Detroit]]
Parke, Davis and Company was founded in [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] by Dr. Samuel P. Duffield, a physician and pharmacist.<ref name=grpm/>  In 1860, Dr. Duffield owned a small drugstore at the corner of Gratiot and Woodward Avenues. Dr. Duffield made a variety of pharmaceutical preparations, including Hoffman’s anodyne and mercurial ointment, but was overwhelmed by the operations of the business.<ref name="bull hist">{{cite journal| title=The Early History of Parke-Davis and Company| journal=[[Bulletin for the History of Chemistry]]| volume=25| issue= 1| year=2000| last=Hoefle| first=Milton L.| url=http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/bulletin_open_access/v25-1/v25-1%20p28-34.pdf}}</ref>

Dr. Duffield and Hervey Coke Parke formed a partnership in October 1866, with George S. Davis becoming a third partner in 1867. Parke was a businessman looking for business opportunities and Davis, an ambitious man with skills in sales. Duffield withdrew in 1869 because of poor health and an interest in practicing medicine. The partnership adopted the name Parke, Davis or Parke-Davis in 1871, and was formally incorporated as Parke, Davis & Company in 1875.<ref name="bull hist"/>

In 1871, the company sent expeditions to Central and South America and the West Indies in search of medicinal plants. The company produced an herbal laxative drug [[Rhamnus purshiana|Cascara]] found from Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest.<ref name="bull hist"/>

It was once the world's largest [[pharmaceutical company]] and is credited with building the first modern pharmaceutical laboratory and developing the first systematic methods of performing [[clinical trials]] of new medications. The [[Parke-Davis Research Laboratory]] is a [[National Historic Landmark]]; the surrounding [[Parke-Davis and Company Pharmaceutical Company Plant]] is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].

In 1912, Parke-Davis pharmacist [[Wilbur Scoville]] developed the "Scoville Organoleptic Test" - now standardized as the Scoville scale - to measure the "spiciness" or "heat" of various chili peppers.

The production facility on Parkdale Road in what was then [[Avon Township, Michigan]] (site now in [[Rochester, Michigan]]) was also a landmark in that vicinity and is now used by PAR Pharmaceuticals.

In the 1950s, Parke-Davis employed [[Jonas Salk]] as a consultant on vaccine adjuvants. Parke-Davis was also involved in manufacturing the polio vaccine. It took Salk much effort to convince Parke-Davis to follow his production protocols exactly. For about six months Parke-Davis had the exclusive contract to produce the vaccine for field trials but in February 1954 the National Foundation for the Prevention of Polio reneged on the contract and opened vaccine production to other companies as well.<ref>{{cite book| last=Smith| first=Jane S.| title=Patenting the Sun: Polio and the Salk Vaccine| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIHhAAAAMAAJ&q=parke-davis| pages=20, 218, 246| publisher=W. Morrow| year=1990| isbn=978-0688094942}}</ref>

Parke-Davis commissioned Detroit illustrator [[Robert Thom (illustrator)|Robert Thom]] to produce 40 illustrations for the series, “A History of Pharmacy in Pictures.” Each print came with a history article that explained the depicted scene and its place in history. Launched in 1957, the series was developed in cooperation with the Institute for the History of Pharmacy at the University of Wisconsin. Druggists were encouraged to display the artwork in their stores. Thom also did a comparable series on the history of medicine.<ref>{{cite web| title=The Norman Rockwell of Medicine| url=https://www.medicalhistorytour.com/missives/2017/10/18/the-normal-rockwell-of-medicine?rq=normal%20rockwell%20of%20medicine| website=Medical History Tour| access-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref>

In the case of ''[[Franklin v. Parke-Davis]]'' (2002), the company was accused of illegal [[marketing]] practices, including the promotion of [[Off-label use|off-label]] uses of its anticonvulsant medication [[Neurontin]].<ref>Purse, Marcia (March 15, 2019). [http://bipolar.about.com/cs/neurontin/a/neurontin_suit.htm Suit: Neurontin Marketed Illegally for Bipolar Disorder]. ''VeryWell Mind''.</ref> The drug had only been approved for use in patients with [[epilepsy]], but in 2001 over 80% of its $1.8 billion in sales were for indications unapproved by the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]]. In 2004, Pfizer "admitted that Parke-Davis aggressively marketed Neurontin by illicit means for unrelated conditions including bipolar disorder, pain, migraine headaches, and drug and [[alcohol withdrawal]]", and consented to $430 million in penalties although it claimed the violations originated in 1996, well before Pfizer's acquisition of Warner–Lambert.<ref>Tansey, Bernadette (May 14, 2004). [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/05/14/BUGKK6L0LB1.DTL Huge penalty in drug fraud Pfizer settles felony case in Neurontin off-label promotion]. ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''.</ref>

As announced on January 22, 2007, Pfizer closed its research facilities in Ann Arbor, Michigan.<ref>{{cite journal| url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/01/22/pfizer-changes-layoffs-biz-cz_mh_0122changes.html?partner=biotech_newsletter| title=At Pfizer, Brutal Cuts And Big Changes| last=Herper| first=Matthew| date=January 22, 2007| journal=[[Forbes]]| access-date=March 20, 2019}}</ref>

== Products ==
<!--  [[Adrenaline (disambiguation)]] links to this section  -->

One of Parke-Davis' early products was an [[amylase]] isolated from ''[[Aspergillus oryzae]]'' by Dr. [[Takamine Jōkichi|Jōkichi Takamine]].<ref>Bennett, Joan and Yutaka Yamomoto. [http://www.deerland-enzymes.com/files/Dr_Jokichi%20Takamine_Bio.pdf  Dr. Jokichi Takamine: Japanese father of American Biotechnology] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615080954/http://deerland-enzymes.com/files/Dr_Jokichi%20Takamine_Bio.pdf |date=2006-06-15 }}. ''Deerland Enzymes''.</ref> The enzyme was originally intended for use in [[distilleries]] but was more successfully marketed as "Taka-diastase" for [[dyspepsia]].

Also, Parke-Davis distributed [[Coley's toxins]], the first cancer vaccine, which was developed by William Coley to treat osteosarcoma.  Additionally, the company entered into a distribution agreement with the Inoculation Department of St Mary's (London) and distributed a number of vaccines for infectious diseases and even acne and cancer.<ref name="fleming">{{cite book| title=Penicillin Man: Alexander Fleming and the Antibiotic Revolution| first=Kevin| last=Brown| publisher=The History Press| date=December 2005| isbn=978-0750931533}}</ref>

Another of the company's products developed by Takamine was a pure form of adrenaline. The compound was patented in 1900 and trademarked as "Adrenalin." Because of the similarity of this name to "Adrenaline," the use of the alternative name "epinephrine" for generics was mandated in the United States and is used to this day. Parke-Davis filed a lawsuit against [[H. K. Mulford Company]] alleging infringement of its Adrenalin patents.  The ruling in favor of Parke-Davis by Judge [[Learned Hand]] is considered crucial to modern patent law.

Like [[Bayer]] with [[heroin]]; before the criminalization of [[cocaine]], the drug was sold by Parke-Davis in various forms, including cigarettes, powder, and even a cocaine mixture that could be injected directly into the user’s veins with the included needle. The company promised that its cocaine products would "supply the place of food, make the coward brave, the silent eloquent and ... render the sufferer insensitive to pain." In October 1915, [[Aleister Crowley]], author of ''[[Diary of a Drug Fiend]]'' and ''[[The Confessions of Aleister Crowley]]'', stopped by Parke-Davis in Detroit, where, according to Crowley, the cooperation was complete. "[They] were kind enough to interest themselves in my researches in [[Anhalonium lewinii]] (peyote) and made me some special preparations on the lines indicated by my experience which proved greatly superior to previous preparations."<ref>{{cite book |last=Sutin |first=Lawrence |title=Do What Thou Wilt: a life of Aleister Crowley |page=253 |date=September 14, 2000 |publisher=Macmillan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKvAwAAQBAJ&q=parke-davis |isbn=978-0312252434}}</ref> Parke-Davis also was the original manufacturer and patent holder of [[phencyclidine]] (PCP) which is currently listed as a Schedule II drug in the United States. It also developed Ketalar ([[ketamine]] hydrochloride), a general anesthetic and dissociative drug, in 1962.

Parke-Davis marketed the first widely available [[epilepsy]] treatment, [[Dilantin]], which was approved in 1939, although it discovered neither the compound nor the application on its own.<ref>[http://www.remarkablemedicine.com/Medicine/flaw2.html A Flaw in the System]. ''remarkablemedicine.com'' Accessed May 16, 2006.</ref>

In partnership with the Japanese firm [[Daiichi Sankyo Co.]] and the British firm [[Glaxo Wellcome]], Parke-Davis developed and marketed the anti-diabetic drug Rezulin ([[troglitazone]]) in the late 1990s. The drug was withdrawn in 2000 because of liver toxicity.

Parke-Davis developed the first bacterial [[vaccine]], and the company was thus known as a pioneer in the field of [[vaccinology]]. It was also among the five firms contracted to manufacture the original [[Jonas Salk|Salk]] killed-virus [[polio vaccine|vaccine]].<ref>Bayly, M. Beddow. The Story of the Salk Anti-Poliomyelitis Vaccine. 1956.</ref> A combination of the [[DPT vaccine|DPT]] and polio vaccines, called Quadrigen, was developed in 1954 and approved in 1959. Quadrigen was later removed from the market in 1968 after a series of lawsuits pertaining to adverse effects in vaccinated children.  Parke-Davis also produced the broad-spectrum antibiotic [[chloramphenicol]], which was a blockbuster product before the discovery of its association with [[aplastic anemia]].

Other products popularized by the company included [[anti-infective]]s and brands of [[combined oral contraceptive pill]]s.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://cocaine.org/parkedavis-works.htm A picture of a Parke Davis & Co. Cocaine injection kit from 1885]
*[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1145205 2002 NPR broadcast of the Neurontin lawsuit story] on the show [[All Things Considered]]
*{{HAER |survey=MI-19 |id=mi0171 |title=Parke-Davis Industrial Site, Bounded by MacDougall & Joseph Campau Avenues, Detroit, MI |photos=20 |cap=3}}

{{Pharmaceutical companies of the United States}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defunct pharmaceutical companies of the United States]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1866]]
[[Category:Pfizer]]
[[Category:Companies based in Detroit]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in Michigan]]
[[Category:Historic American Engineering Record in Michigan]]
[[Category:2000 mergers and acquisitions]]