Editing Party-list proportional representation

{{short description|Family of voting systems}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2024}}
{{Electoral systems}}
[[File:ElezioneBrunate.jpg|thumb|Poster for the European Parliament election 2004 in Italy, showing party lists]]'''Party-list proportional representation''' ('''list-PR''') is a system of [[proportional representation]] based on preregistered [[Political party|political parties]], with each party being [[Apportionment (politics)|allocated]] a certain number of seats  [[Apportionment (politics)|roughly]] proportional to their share of the vote.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proportional Representation Systems |url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/polit/damy/BeginnningReading/PRsystems.htm |work=mtholyoke.edu}}</ref>

In these systems, parties provide lists of candidates to be elected, or candidates may declare their affiliation with a political party (in some open-list systems). Seats are distributed by election authorities to each party, in proportion to the number of votes the party receives. Voters may cast votes for parties, as in [[Spain]], [[Turkey]], and [[Israel]] ([[Closed list|closed lists]]); or for candidates whose vote totals are pooled together to parties, as in [[Finland]], [[Brazil]], and the [[Netherlands]] ([[mixed single vote]] or [[panachage]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Proportional Representation Open List Electoral Systems in Europe |url=http://www.ifes.org/~/media/Files/Publications/White%20PaperReport/2009/Proportional_Representation_Open_List_Electoral_Systems_Europe.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224074108/http://www.ifes.org/~/media/Files/Publications/White%20PaperReport/2009/Proportional_Representation_Open_List_Electoral_Systems_Europe.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-24 |publisher=International Foundation for Electoral Systems}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Système électoral du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg(fr) |url=http://www.elections.public.lu/fr/systeme-electoral/index.html |publisher=elections.public.lu}}</ref>

== Voting ==
In most party list systems, a voter will only support one party (a [[Choose-one voting|choose-one ballot]]). [[Open list]] systems may allow voters to support more than one candidate ''within'' a party list. Some open-list systems allow voters to support different candidates across multiple lists, which is called [[panachage]].

== Selection of party candidates ==
The order in which a party's list candidates get elected may be pre-determined by some method internal to the party or the candidates (a [[closed list]] system) or it may be determined by the voters at large (an [[open list]] system) or by districts (a [[Localized list|local list]] system).

=== Closed list ===
{{Main|Closed list}}
In a closed list system, each political party has pre-decided who will receive the seats allocated to that party in the elections, so that the candidates positioned highest on this list will always get a seat in the parliament while the candidates positioned very low on the closed list will not. Voters vote only for the party, not for individual candidates.

=== Open list ===
{{Main|Open list}}
An open list describes any variant of a party-list where voters have at least some influence on the order in which a party's candidates are elected. Open lists can be anywhere from ''relatively closed'', where a candidate can move up a predetermined list only with a certain number of votes, to ''completely open,'' where the order of the list completely depends on the number of votes each individual candidate gets.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smrek |first=Michal |title=Mavericks or Loyalists? Popular Ballot Jumpers and Party Discipline in the Flexible-List PR Context |journal=[[Political Research Quarterly]] |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=323-336 |doi=10.1177/10659129221087961}}</ref>

== Apportionment of party seats ==
Many variations on seat allocation within party-list proportional representation exist. Different [[Apportionment (politics)|apportionment methods]] may favor smaller or larger parties:<ref>{{cite web |last=Benoit |first=Kenneth |title=Which Electoral Formula Is the Most Proportional? A New Look with New Evidence |url=http://polmeth.wustl.edu/analysis/vol/8/PA84-381-388.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624102008/http://polmeth.wustl.edu/analysis/vol/8/PA84-381-388.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-24}}</ref>

* [[D'Hondt method]] (biased towards large parties)<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Helen J. |title=The D'Hondt Method Explained |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucahhwi/dhondt.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Sainte-Laguë method]] (roughly unbiased)
* [[Huntington–Hill method]] (roughly unbiased)
* [[Method of smallest divisors|Adams method]] (biased towards small parties)
* [[Hare quota|LR-Hare]] (roughly unbiased)
* [[Droop quota|LR-Droop]] (biased towards large parties)

The apportionment methods can be classified into two categories:

* The [[highest averages method]] (or divisor method), including the [[D'Hondt method]] (Jefferson method) is used in [[Armenia]], [[Austria]], [[Brazil]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Cambodia]], [[Croatia]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[Poland]], and [[Spain]]; and the [[Webster/Sainte-Laguë method|Sainte-Laguë method]] (Webster method) is used in [[Indonesia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]].
* The [[Largest remainder method|largest remainder (LR) methods]], including the Hamilton (Hare) method and Droop method.

While the allocation formula is important, equally important is the district magnitude (number of seats in a constituency). The higher the district magnitude, the more proportional an electoral system becomes, with the most proportional results being when there is no division into constituencies at all and the entire country is treated as a single constituency.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} In some countries the electoral system works on two levels: [[at-large]] for parties, and in constituencies for candidates, with local party-lists seen as fractions of general, national lists. In this case, magnitude of local constituencies is irrelevant, seat apportionment being calculated at national level.

List proportional representation may also be combined with other apportionment methods in various mixed systems, using either [[Additional member system|additional member systems]] or [[parallel voting]].

=== Example ===
Below it can be seen how different apportionment methods yield different results when apportioning 100 seats.

Webster's method yields the same result (though this is not always the case). Otherwise, all other methods give a different number of seats to the parties.

Notice how the D'Hondt method breaks the [[quota rule]] (shown in red text) and favors the largest party by "rounding" an ideal apportionment of 35.91 up to 37.

Adams' method greatly favors smaller parties, giving 2 seats to the smallest party, and would give at least 1 seat to every party receiving at least one vote.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="3" |Party
! rowspan="3" |Votes
! rowspan="3" |[[Entitlement (fair division)|Entitlement]]
! colspan="2" |Largest remainders
! colspan="4" |Highest averages
|-
!Hare
!Droop quota
!D'Hondt (Jefferson)
!Sainte-Laguë (Webster)
!Huntington-Hill
!Adams
|-
!<math>\frac{\text{votes}}{\text{seats}}</math>
!<math>\frac{\text{votes}}{\text{seats}+1}</math>
!<math>\frac{\text{votes}}{\text{seats}+1}</math>
!<math>\frac{\text{votes}}{\text{seats}+0.5}</math>
!<math>\frac{\text{votes}}{\sqrt{\text{seats}(\text{seats}+1)}}</math>
!<math>\frac{\text{votes}}{\text{seats}}</math>
|-
!A
|1017
|'''35'''.91
| style="background:#dfd" |36
| style="background:#dfd" |36
| style="color:red; background:#dfd" | '''37'''
| style="background:#dfd" |36
| style="background:#dfd" |36
|35
|-
!B
|1000
|'''35'''.31
|35
| style="background:#dfd" |36
| style="background:#dfd" |36
|35
|35
| style="background:#fdd; color:red" |'''34'''
|-
!C
|383
|'''13'''.52
| style="background:#dfd" |14
|13
|13
| style="background:#dfd" |14
|13
| style="background:#dfd" |14
|-
!D
|327
|'''11'''.55
| style="background:#dfd" |12
| style="background:#dfd" |12
|11
| style="background:#dfd" |12
| style="background:#dfd" |12
| style="background:#dfd" |12
|-
!E
|63
|'''2'''.22
|2
|2
|2
|2
|2
| style="background:#dfd" |3
|-
!F
|42
|'''1'''.48
|1
|1
|1
|1
| style="background:#dfd" | 2
| style="background:#dfd" | 2
|-
!'''''Total'''''
!'''''2832'''''
!'''''100 seats'''''
!'''''100'''''
!'''''100'''''
!'''''100'''''
!'''''100'''''
!'''''100'''''
!'''''100'''''
|}

=== Electoral threshold ===
{{Main|Electoral threshold}}

== List of countries using party-list proportional representation ==
[[File:Electoral systems map.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|{{legend|#06f|Countries with party-list proportional representation (closed list)}}<br>{{legend|#00a693|Countries with party-list proportional representation (open list)}}<br>{{legend|#000080|Countries with party-list proportional representation (partially open list)}}<br>{{legend|#126180|Countries with [[Panachage]], a form of open-list party-list proportional representation}} ]]

The table below lists countries that use a proportional electoral system to fill a nationally elected legislative body. Detailed information on electoral systems applying to the first chamber of the legislature is maintained by the [[ACE Electoral Knowledge Network]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=ACE Project: The Electoral Knowledge Network|title=Electoral Systems Comparative Data, World Map|url=http://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDMap?question=ES005&set_language=en|access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=ACE Project: The Electoral Knowledge Network|title=Electoral Systems Comparative Data, Table by Country|url=http://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDTable?question=ES005&view=country&set_language=en|access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref> Countries using PR as part of a [[parallel voting]] (mixed-member majoritarian) or other [[Mixed electoral system|mixed system]] (e.g. [[Mixed-member proportional representation|MMP]]) are not included.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country
! Legislative body
! List type
! Variation of [[Open list#Variation|open lists]]
(if applicable)
! [[Apportionment (politics)|Apportionment method]]
! [[Electoral threshold]]
! [[Proportional representation#District magnitude|Constituencies]]
! Governmental system
! Notes
|-
| [[Elections in Albania|Albania]]
|[[Parliament of Albania|Parliament]] (Kuvendi)
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|[[d'Hondt method]]
|4% nationally or 2.5% in a district
|Counties
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Algeria|Algeria]]
|[[People's National Assembly]]
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|[[Hare quota]]
|5% of votes in respective district.<ref name="algeriaACE">{{cite web |date=10 May 2012 |title=Final Report on Algeria's Legislative Elections |url=http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/DZ/algeria-final-report-legislative-elections-ndi/at_download/file |access-date=10 January 2015 |website=ACE Project |publisher=National Democratic Institute |format=pdf}}</ref>
|
|[[Semi-presidential republic]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Angola|Angola]]
|[[National Assembly (Angola)|National Assembly]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|[[d'Hondt method]]
|{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|5 member districts and nationwide
|[[Parliamentary republic with an executive presidency]]
|[[Double simultaneous vote]] use to elect the President and the National Assembly at the same election.
|-
| [[Elections in Argentina|Argentina]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Argentina)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|[[d'Hondt method]]
|3% of registered voters
|Provinces
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Elections in Armenia|Armenia]]
| rowspan="2" |[[National Assembly (Armenia)|National Assembly]]
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
| 
| rowspan="2" |[[D'Hondt method]]
| rowspan="2" |5% (parties), 7% (blocs)
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Parliamentary republic]]
| rowspan="2" |Party lists run-off, but only if necessary to ensure stable majority of 54% if it is not achieved either immediately (one party) or through building a coalition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia, Parliamentary Elections, 2 April 2017: Needs Assessment Mission Report |url=https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/armenia/293546 |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=[[osce.org]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DocumentView |url=https://www.arlis.am/DocumentView.aspx?DocID=109081 |website=www.arlis.am}}</ref> If a party would win more than 2/3 seats, at least 1/3 seats are distributed to the other parties.
|-
|style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|
|-
| [[Elections in Aruba|Aruba]]
|[[Parliament of Aruba|Parliament]]
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Elections in Austria|Austria]]
| rowspan="3" |[[National Council (Austria)|National Council]]
| style="background:#dfd" |[[Open list]]
|[[Open list#More open|More open]]:<br />14% on the district level (among votes for the candidates party)
| [[Hare quota]]
| rowspan="3" |4%
|Single-member districts within federal states (''Länder'')
| rowspan="3" |[[Semi-presidential republic]]
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| style="background:#dfd" |[[Open list]]
|[[Open list#More open|More open]]:
10% on the regional (state) level (among votes for the candidates party)
| [[Hare quota]]
|Federal states (''Länder'')
|-
| style="background:#dfd" |[[Open list]]
|[[Open list#More open|More open]]: 7% of the on the federal level (among votes for the candidates party)
|[[d'Hondt method]]
|Single federal (nationwide) constituency
|-
| [[Elections in Belgium|Belgium]]
|[[Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)|Chamber of Representative]]
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|5%
|Constituencies
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Benin|Bénin]]
|[[National Assembly (Benin)|National Assembly]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|[[Largest remainder method]]
|10%
|Constituencies 
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
|[[Elections in Bolivia|Bolivia]]
|[[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Chamber of Senators]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|[[d'Hondt method]]
|
|[[Departments of Bolivia|Departments]]
|[[Presidential republic]]
|Ballots use the [[double simultaneous vote]]: voters cast a single vote for a presidential candidate and their party's list and local candidates at the same time (vote splitting is not possible/allowed)
|-
| [[Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|[[House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina|House of Representative]]
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
| [[Sainte-Laguë method]]
|
| 
| Parliamentary [[directorial republic]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Brazil|Brazil]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
| [[D'Hondt method]]
|2% distributed in at least 9 Federation Units with at least 1% of the valid votes in each one of them
|States and Federal District
|[[Presidential system|Presidential republic]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
|[[National Assembly (Bulgaria)|National Assembly]]
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|[[Hare quota]]
|4%
|Constituencies 
|[[Parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Cape Verde|Cape Verde]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Chile|Chile]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Elections in Colombia|Colombia]]
|[[Chamber of Representatives of Colombia|Chamber of Representatives]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|
|
|
| rowspan="2" |Unitary [[presidential republic]]
|
|-
|[[Senate of Colombia|Senate]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Croatia|Croatia]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
|5%
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Cyprus|Cyprus]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
|5%
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Denmark|Denmark]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
|2%
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in the Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Ecuador|Ecuador]]
| [[National Congress of Ecuador|National Congress]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
| <div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
| [[Sainte-Laguë method]]
| 
| 
| 
|
|-
| [[Elections in El Salvador|El Salvador]]
| [[Legislative Assembly of El Salvador|Legislative Assembly]]
| style="background:#dfd" |[[Open list]]
| 
| [[D'Hondt method]]
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Riigikogu|Estonia]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
|5%
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in the Faroe Islands|Faroe Islands]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Fiji|Fiji]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
|5%
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Finland|Finland]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Elections in Germany|Germany]]
| rowspan="2" |Bundestag
|[[Localized list]]
|Separate vote for candidates
|Only first place candidate may win seat (but not guaranteed to)
| rowspan="2" |5% or 3 constituencies, first place for independents (only in constituencies)
|Constituencies (single-member)
| rowspan="2" |[[Federalism|Federal]] [[parliamentary republic]]
| rowspan="2" |The system was recently modified to an essentially (non-mixed) closed list proportional system with a local constituency vote to eliminate the need for overhang seats. In the new system, the number of seats a party can win is capped, if they "won" more seats by plurality, not all of their winners will be elected.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schorkopf |first=Frank |date=2023-03-24 |title=Abschied von Adenauer oder weshalb die Wahlrechtsreform ein Verfassungsrechtsproblem ist |url=https://verfassungsblog.de/abschied-von-adenauer-oder-weshalb-die-wahlrechtsreform-ein-verfassungsrechtsproblem-ist/ |journal=Verfassungsblog |language=de-DE |doi=10.17176/20230324-185228-0}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|[[Sainte-Laguë method]]
|Federal states (''Länder'')
|-
| [[Elections in Greenland|Greenland]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Guatemala|Guatemala]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Guyana|Guyana]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Honduras|Honduras]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Iceland|Iceland]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Indonesia|Indonesia]]
|[[House of Representatives (Indonesia)|House of Representative]]
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
| [[Sainte-Laguë method]]
|4%
|3 to 10 members [[List of Indonesian national electoral districts|constituencies]]
|[[Presidential system]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Israel|Israel]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|
|3.25%
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Kosovo|Kosovo]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
| [[Sainte-Laguë method]]
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Latvia|Latvia]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
| [[Sainte-Laguë method]]
|5%
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Lebanon|Lebanon]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Landtag of Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
|8%
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
|[[Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)|Chamber of Deputies]]
|style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|[[Panachage]] (number of votes equal to the number of members elected)
|[[d'Hondt method]]
|No ''de jure'' threshold
|Four multi-member constituencies, ranging from 7 to 23 members
|[[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in North Macedonia|Macedonia]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Moldova|Moldova]]
| [[Parliament of Moldova|Parliament]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
| <div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
| [[d'Hondt method]]
| 5% (party), 7% (electoral block), 2% (independent)<ref>{{cite act |date=21 November 1997 |article=94 |legislature=Parliament Republic of Moldova |title=CODUL ELECTORAL |trans-title=Electoral Code|url=https://www.legis.md/cautare/getResults?doc_id=122633&lang=ro |language=Romanian}}</ref>
| ''None''<br />(single nationwide constituency)
| [[Unitary parliamentary republic]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Montenegro|Montenegro]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|
|3%
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Namibia|Namibia]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
| [[House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
| [[Open list#More open|More open]]<br />(25% of the quota to override the default party-list)
| [[d'Hondt method]]
| No ''de jure'' threshold, but an effective threshold of 0.67% (1/150) for a seat
| ''None''<br />(single nationwide constituency)
| [[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Norway|Norway]]
|[[Storting|Parliament (Storting)]]
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
| style="background:#fdd" | De facto [[Closed list]] (50% of votes to override)
| [[Sainte-Laguë method]]
|4%
| 
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Paraguay|Paraguay]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Peru|Peru]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|
|5%
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Poland|Poland]]
| [[Sejm]]
| style="background:#dfd" |[[Open list]]
|
|[[d'Hondt method]] 
|5% threshold or more for single parties, 8% or more for coalitions or 0% or more for minorities
|41 multi-member constituencies, ranging from 7 to 20 members
|[[Semi-presidential republic]]|
|-
| [[Elections in Portugal|Portugal]]
|[[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|[[d'Hondt method]]
|''No threshold''
|
|[[Semi-presidential republic]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Romania|Romania]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in San Marino|San Marino]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
| 3.5%
|
|
| If needed to ensure a stable majority, the two best-placed parties participate in a run-off vote to receive a [[Majority bonus system|majority bonus]]. 
|-
| [[Elections in São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé and Príncipe]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Serbia|Serbia]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|
|3%
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Sint Maarten|Sint Maarten]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Slovakia|Slovakia]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
|5%
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Elections in Slovenia|Slovenia]]
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
| rowspan="2" |
|[[Largest remainder method|Largest remainder]] (Droop quota)
|4%
|
|
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[d'Hondt method]]
|4%
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in South Africa|South Africa]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|<div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Spain|Spain]]
| [[Congress of Deputies]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
| <div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
| [[d'Hondt method]]
| 3%
| [[Provinces of Spain]]
| [[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Elections in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Parliament of Sri Lanka|Parliament]]
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]<br />(for 196/225 seats)
| [[Panachage]]<br />(up to 3 preference votes)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-electors-can-vote-for-one-party-three-preferences-in-2020-general-elections-polls-chief-72625|title=Sri Lanka electors can vote for one party, three preferences in 2020 general elections: polls chief|date=August 4, 2020|website=EconomyNext}}</ref>
| [[d'Hondt method]]
| 5%<br />(per constituency)
| Constituencies
| rowspan="2" | [[Semi-presidential system]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]<br />(for 29/225 seats)
| <div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
| ?
| ''No threshold''
| ''None''<br />(single nationwide constituency)
|-
| [[Elections in Suriname|Suriname]]
| [[National Assembly (Suriname)|National Assembly]]
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
| [[Open list#Most open|Most open]]
| [[d'Hondt method]]
| ''No threshold''
| [[Districts of Suriname]]
| [[List of countries by system of government#Assembly-independent republics|Assembly-independent republic]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Sweden|Sweden]]
| [[Riksdag]]
| rowspan="1" style="background:#dfd" , | [[Open list]]
| [[Open list#More open|More open]]<br />(5% of the party vote to override the default party-list)<ref>Swedish Election Authority: [http://www.val.se/pdf/electionsinsweden_webb.pdf Elections in Sweden: The way its done] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225072954/http://www.val.se/pdf/electionsinsweden_webb.pdf |date=2009-02-25 }} (page 16)</ref>
| [[Sainte-Laguë method]] ([[leveling seat]]s)
|4% nationally or 12%<br />in a given constituency
| [[Counties of Sweden]]<br />(some counties are further subdivided)
| [[Parliamentary system]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Switzerland|Switzerland]]
| [[National Council (Switzerland)|National Council]]
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
| [[Panachage]]
| [[Hagenbach-Bischoff system]]
| ''No threshold''
| [[Cantons of Switzerland]]
| [[Semi-direct democracy]] under an [[assembly-independent]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shugart |first1=Matthew Søberg |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns |journal=French Politics |date=December 2005 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=323–351 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 |s2cid=73642272|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Elgie |first=Robert |title=Government Systems, Party Politics, and Institutional Engineering in the Round |journal=Insight Turkey |date=2016 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=79–92 |jstor=26300453 |issn=1302-177X}}</ref> [[Directorial system|directorial]] [[republic]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Timor-Leste|Timor-Leste]]
|
| style="background:#dfd" | [[Open list]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Tunisia|Tunisia]]
| [[Assembly of the Representatives of the People]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
| <div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
| [[Largest remainder method]]
| ''No threshold''
| Constituencies
| [[Semi-presidential system]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Turkey|Turkey]]
| [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
| <div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
| [[d'Hondt method]]
| 7%. No threshold for independent candidates.
| [[Provinces of Turkey]]<br />(some provinces are further subdivided)
| [[Presidential system]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Elections in Uruguay|Uruguay]]
| [[Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay|Chamber of Representatives]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:#fdd" , | [[Closed list]]
| rowspan="2" | <div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
| rowspan="2" | [[d'Hondt method]]
| rowspan="2" | ''No threshold''
| [[Departments of Uruguay]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Presidential system]]
| rowspan="2" | Ballots use the [[double simultaneous vote]], the same ballot is used for electing the president (first round) and the two chambers
|-
| [[Senate of Uruguay|Chamber of Senators]]
| ''None''<br />(single nationwide constituency)
|-
| [[Senedd#Elections|Wales]]
| [[Senedd]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
| <div style="text-align: center;">—</div>
| [[d'Hondt method]]
| ''No threshold''
|
|
|
|}

=== Authoritarian regimes ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country
! Legislative body
! List type
! [[Apportionment (politics)|Apportionment method]]
! [[Electoral threshold]]
! [[Proportional representation#District magnitude|Constituencies]]
! Governmental system
! Notes
|-
| [[Elections in Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]]
|[[National Assembly of Burkina Faso|National Assembly]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|
|
|Constituencies 
|[[Semi-presidential republic]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Burundi|Burundi]]
| [[National Assembly (Burundi)|National Assembly]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|2%
|Constituencies
|[[Presidential republic]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Cambodia|Cambodia]]
|[[National Assembly (Cambodia)|National Assembly]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|[[D'Hondt method]]
|
|Constituencies 
|[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Elections in Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]]
|Chamber of Deputies
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|
|10%
|Constituencies
| rowspan="2" |[[Presidential republic]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|Senate
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|
|
|Constituencies
|-
| [[Elections in Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau]]
|[[National People's Assembly (Guinea-Bissau)|National People's Assembly]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|
|
|
|[[Semi-presidential republic]]
|
|-
| [[Elections in Mozambique|Mozambique]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Rwanda|Rwanda]]
|
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Elections in Togo|Togo]]
| [[National Assembly (Togo)|National Assembly]]
| style="background:#fdd" | [[Closed list]]
| [[Highest averages method]]
| ''No threshold''
| Constituencies
| [[Presidential system]]
|
|}

==See also==
*[[Comparison of the Hare and Droop quotas]]
*[[General ticket]] (party block voting), a term usually given to less or non proportional equivalents
*[[Mixed-member proportional representation]], a kind of party-list proportional representation
*[[Leveling seats]]
*[[List MP]]
*[[Ley de Lemas]]
*[[Sectoral representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines]]
*[[Outline of democracy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Politics}}
*[http://www.aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd02/esd02c/esd02c01/ Advantages and disadvantages of List PR] - from the [http://www.aceproject.org ACE Project]
*[http://www.aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd02/esd02e/esd02e03 Open, Closed and Free Lists] - from the [http://www.aceproject.org ACE Project]
*[http://works.bepress.com/josep_colomer/3/ Handbook of Electoral System Choice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428065929/http://works.bepress.com/josep_colomer/3/ |date=2010-04-28 }}
*[http://www.jdawiseman.com/papers/electsys/apportionment.html Apportionment, or How to Round Seat Numbers]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100428090933/http://www.electionsineurope.org/glossary.asp Glossary of Electoral Formulas]

{{voting systems}}

[[Category:Party-list proportional representation| ]]
[[Category:Proportional representation electoral systems]]