Editing Patentability

{{Short description|Concept in patent law}}
{{Patent law}}
Within the context of a [[nation state|national]] or [[multilateralism|multilateral]] body of [[law]], an [[invention]] is '''patentable''' if it meets the relevant legal conditions to be granted a [[patent]]. By extension, patentability also refers to the substantive conditions that must be met for a patent to be held valid.

== Requirements ==
The patent laws usually require that, for an invention to be patentable, it must be:
* [[Patentable subject matter]], i.e., a kind of subject-matter eligible for patent protection (also called "statutory patentable subject-matter")
* [[novelty (patent)|Novel]] (i.e. at least some aspect of it must be new)
* [[Inventive step and non-obviousness|Non-obvious]] (in [[United States patent law]]) or involve an [[Inventive step and non-obviousness|inventive step]] (in [[European patent law]] and under the [[Patent Cooperation Treaty]])
* [[utility (patent)|Useful]] (in U.S. patent law) or be susceptible of [[industrial applicability|industrial application]] (in European patent law<ref>{{EPC Article|57}}</ref>)

Usually the term "''patentability''" only refers to the four aforementioned "substantive" conditions, and does not refer to formal conditions such as the "[[sufficiency of disclosure]]", the "[[unity of invention]]" or the "[[sufficiency of disclosure|best mode requirement]]".

Judging patentability is one aspect of the official [[patent application|examination]] of a [[patent application]] performed by a [[patent examiner]] and may be tested in post-grant patent litigation.

Prior to [[filing date|filing]] a patent application, [[inventor]]s sometimes obtain a [[patentability opinion]] from a [[patent attorney|patent agent]] or [[patent attorney]] regarding whether an invention satisfies the substantive conditions of patentability.

== Opposition and reexamination ==

Many national and regional patent offices provide procedures for reconsidering whether or not a given patent is valid after grant. Under the [[European Patent Convention]], any person can file an [[Opposition procedure before the European Patent Office|opposition]] provided they act promptly after the patent is granted. In the United States, members of the public can initiate [[reexamination]] proceedings. Japan provides similar options. In India, the Patent Act provides for a dual opposition system i.e. pre-grant opposition as well as post grant opposition. While a pre-grant opposition may be filed by any person, the post grant opposition may only be filed by a person interested in the field of invention.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/ev/sections/ps25.html|title=Opposition Proceedings to Grant of Patents}}</ref>

Members of the public can also initiate [[lawsuit]]s in the courts of various nations to have patents declared invalid.

United Kingdom patents can be reviewed by way of a [[Non-binding opinion (United Kingdom patent law)|non-binding opinion]] issued by the Patent Office, or by formal applications for revocation before the Patent Office or the Court. If the patent survives a revocation action, this fact is noted for future reference by way of a [[Certificate of contested validity]].

== Infringement ==

The fact that an invention is patentable or even patented does not necessarily mean that use of the invention would not also [[patent infringement|infringe]] another patent. The first patent in a given area might include a broad claim covering a general inventive concept if there is at that point no relevant [[prior art]]. Later, a specific implementation of that concept might be patentable if it is not disclosed in the earlier patent (or any intervening [[prior art]]), but nevertheless still falls within the scope of the earlier claim (covering the general concept). This means that the later inventor must obtain a license from the earlier inventor to be able to exploit their invention. At the same time, the earlier inventor might want to obtain a license from the later inventor, particularly if the later invention represents a significant improvement in the implementation of the original broad concept. In this case, the two enter into a cross license.

[[Thomas Edison]]'s thin carbon filament light bulb was a patentable improvement over the earlier patented [[Henry Woodward (inventor)|Woodward]] and [[Mathew Evans|Evans]] thick carbon filament light bulb. Thomas Edison bought the Woodward patent for $5,000 US before he began his development work so that Woodward would not be able to later sue him for patent infringement after Edison became commercially successful.

== National laws ==
=== United States ===
{{Update|section|inaccurate=yes|reason=It seems that it is no longer correct to state that, under U.S. patent law, only inventors can apply for patents. Companies (or, more generally, legal entities) can also apply for patents|date=October 2024}}
Under [[United States patent law]], [[inventor (patent)|inventorship]] is also regarded as a patentability criterion. It is a [[Copyright Clause|constitutional]] requirement, since the language of the US Constitution authorizes "the exclusive Right to their ... Discoveries" to Inventors only. The most significant implication of this requirement, which makes the US practice different from all other countries, is the fact that only actual people-inventors (and not their employer) can apply for a US patent. For this reason, patent applications filed via the [[Patent Cooperation Treaty]] often have two sets of applicants: the physical individuals for the US, and the legal entity (employer) for all other countries.{{Update inline|date=October 2024}}

The requirement to list actual human inventors was further confirmed by [[case law]]: "Inventorship is indeed relevant to patentability under 35 U.S.C. § 102(f), and patents have in the past been held unenforceable for failure to correctly name inventors in cases where the named inventors acted in bad faith or with deceptive intent."<ref>''Board of Education ex rel Board of Trustees of Florida State University v. American Bioscience Inc'', 67 USPQ 2d 1252 ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit|Fed Cir]] 2003) [http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/fed/opinions/02opinions/02-1109.html]</ref>{{Update inline|date=October 2024}}

Another difference between the practices of the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] (USPTO) and other patent offices is the requirements for [[non-obviousness]] and for [[inventive step]]. Although both requirements have the same purpose to prevent patent issuance for routine improvements/modifications (rather than for true inventions), the practical analyses of these criteria are based on different rules and sometimes result in different outcomes (see [[Inventive step and non-obviousness]] for more details).{{Vague|date=October 2024}}

Details on patentability in the U.S. can be found in the [[Manual of Patent Examining Procedure]] or MPEP. This is published by the USPTO and is the reference manual used by both [[patent examiner]]s and patent agents/attorneys. [http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/documents/2100.htm Chapter 2100], in particular, gives a comprehensive overview of the standards for patentability, a discussion of the related case law, and guidance on how to overcome an examiner's rejection of a given set of claims.

In the United States, the patent grant is presumptive, e.g. a patent shall issue unless the patent statutes preclude the grant. In other words, the burden is on the Patent Office to prove why a patent should not be granted.<ref>''A person shall be entitled to a patent unless...'' [http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/consolidated_laws.pdf 35 USC 102]</ref> Once a patent issues, it is presumed valid and a court may declare it invalid only on the basis of [[clear and convincing evidence]].

=== Europe ===
Terminology in Europe, within the member states of the [[European Patent Organisation]],<ref>European Patent Office, [https://www.epo.org/mobile/about-us/foundation/member-states.html Member states of the European Patent Organisation], accessed 16 November 2022</ref> is slightly different from U.S. terminology. While in the U.S. all patent applications are considered to cover inventions automatically, in Europe a patent application is first submitted to a test whether it covers an invention at all: the first out of four tests of {{EPC Article|52|1}} (the other three being novelty, inventive step, and industrial applicability). So an "invention" in European legal terminology is similar to "patentable subject-matter" in the American system. Articles 52-57 of the European Patent Convention are concerned with patentability.<ref>European Patent Office, [https://documents.epo.org/projects/babylon/eponet.nsf/0/2733CDF5F5B8575CC12588EC00539D22/$File/EPC_17th_edition_2020_en.pdf European Patent Convention], 17th edition, 2020], pg. 108-117</ref>

=== India ===
Under the Indian Patent Act (1970), "inventions" are defined as a new product or process involving an inventive step and capable of industrial application.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/ev/sections/ps2.html|title=Indian Patent Act 1970-Sections|website=ipindia.nic.in|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref> Thus the patentability criteria largely involves novelty, inventive step and industrial application or usability of the invention. In addition, section 3 of the Patent Act, 1970, also provides a list of non-patentable inventions for e.g. inventions that are frivolous or contrary to well established to natural laws.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/ev/sections/ps3.html|title=What are not inventions - Section 3}}</ref>

== Quotes ==

:''[The question whether there is a patentable invention] is as fugitive, impalpable, wayward, and vague a phantom as exists in the whole [[paraphernalia]] of legal concepts. It involves, or it should involve, as complete a reconstruction of the art that preceded it as is possible. The test of invention is the originality of the discovery, and discovery depends upon the mental act of conceiving the new combination, for substantially every invention is only a combination. Nothing is more illusory, as nothing is more common, than to assume that this can be measured objectively by the magnitude of the physical readjustments required. Courts never tire, or at least in earlier times they never did, of expatiating upon the freshness of insight which observes a little, but fruitful, change which had theretofore escaped detection by those engaged in the field. When all is said, we are called upon imaginatively to project this act of discovery against a [[hypostatically|hypostatized]] [[person having ordinary skill in the art|average practitioner]], acquainted with all that has been published and all that has been publicly sold. If there be an issue more troublesome, or more apt for litigation than this, we are not aware of it. (...)''
::- US Judge [[Learned Hand]] in ''Harries v. Air King Prod. Co.'', 183 F.2d 158, 162 ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]] 1950).<ref>[[US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]], [https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/183/158/266728/ Harries et al. v. Air King Products Co., Inc, 183 F.2d 158 (2d Cir. 1950)], accessed 16 November 2022</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Idea-expression divide]], a copyright law concept often [erroneously] raised in the patent context.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/documents/2100.htm Manual of Patent Examining Procedure, Chapter 2100, "Patentability"], from the USPTO web site
* {{EPO Guidelines|g|i}} "Patentability"

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[[Category:Patent law]]