Editing Patripassianism

{{Short description|Christian theological position}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2011}}

In [[Christian theology]], historically '''patripassianism''' (as it is referred to in the [[Latin Church|Western church]]) is a version of '''[[Sabellianism]]''' in the [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern church]] (and a version of '''modalism''', '''modalistic monarchianism''', or '''modal monarchism'''). Modalism is the belief that God the Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit are three different ''modes'' or ''emanations'' of one monadic [[God in Christianity|God]], as perceived by the believer, rather than three distinct persons within the [[Godhead in Christianity|Godhead]] and that there are no real or substantial differences between the three, such that the identity of the Spirit or the Son is that of the Father.<ref>G. T. Stokes, "Sabellianism," ed. William Smith and Henry Wace, A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines (London: John Murray, 1877–1887), 567.</ref>

In the West, a version of this belief was known pejoratively as ''patripassianism'' by its critics (from Latin {{lang|la|patri-}}, "father", and {{lang|la|passio}}, "suffering") because they alleged that the teaching required that since God the Father had become directly incarnate in Christ, the Father literally sacrificed himself on the cross.<ref>Alan Cairns, Dictionary of Theological Terms (Belfast; Greenville, SC: Ambassador Emerald International, 2002), 285.</ref>

==Trinitarian perspective==
From the standpoint of the doctrine of the [[Trinity]], with one divine being existing in three persons, patripassianism is considered heretical by some Christian churches since "it simply cannot make sense of the New Testament's teaching on the interpersonal relationship of Father, Son, and Spirit."<ref>{{citation|last=Trueman|first=Carl R|author-link=Carl Trueman|title=Trinitarianism 101|newspaper=Modern Reformation|volume=23|issue=6|pages=16–19|date=November 2014|url=http://www.modernreformation.org/default.php?page=articledisplay&var1=ArtRead&var2=1572&var3=main&var4=Home|editor-last=Glomsrud|editor-first=Ryan}}</ref> In this, patripassianism asserts that God the Father—rather than God the Son—became incarnate and suffered on the cross for humanity's redemption. This amplifies the personhood of [[Jesus Christ]] as the personality of the Father, but is seen by trinitarians as distorting the ''spiritual transaction'' of atonement that was taking place at the cross, which the [[Apostle Paul]] described: "God [the Trinity] was reconciling the world to himself in Christ [the Son], not counting people's sins against them. [...] God [the Trinity] made him who had no sin [Jesus of Nazareth] to be sin for us, so that in him [the Son] we might become the righteousness of God [the Trinity]."<ref>{{bibleverse|2 Corinthians|5:19|NIV}}</ref>

It is possible, however, to modify patripassianism to acknowledge the Divine Being as having feelings toward and sharing in the experiences of both Jesus, whom Christians regard as both human and divine, and of other human beings. Full-orbed{{Technical inline|date=November 2022}} patripassianism denies Trinitarian distinctions, yet it does not contradict Christianity as defined in [[Nicene Creed|the Creeds]] to say that God feels or experiences things, including nonphysical forms of suffering. With regard to the crucifixion of Jesus, they claim it is consistent with Scriptural teaching to say that God the Father suffered—that is, felt emotional and spiritual pain as he watched his Son suffer on the cross, as it is written "The Spirit searches all things, even the deep things of God [...] no one knows the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God [...] What we have received is [...] the Spirit who is from God."<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Corinthians|2:10–12|NIV}}</ref>

==History==
Patripassianism is attested as early as the 2nd century; theologians such as [[Praxeas]] speak of God as unipersonal.<ref>Tertullian, Adversus Praxean, Ch. 1</ref> Patripassianism was referred to as a belief ascribed to those following [[Sabellianism]], after a chief proponent, [[Sabellius]], especially by the chief opponent [[Tertullian]], who also opposed Praexas. Sabellius, considered a founder of an early movement, was a priest who was excommunicated from the Church by [[Pope Callixtus I]] in 220 and lived in [[Rome]]. Sabellius advanced the doctrine of one God sometimes referred to as the "economic Trinity" and he opposed the orthodox doctrine of the "essential Trinity". Praxeas and [[Noetus]] were some major followers.

Because the writings of Sabellius were destroyed, it is difficult to know if he actually believed in Patripassianism, but one early version of the [[Apostles' Creed]], recorded by [[Tyrannius Rufinus|Rufinus]], explicitly states that the Father is '[[Impassibility|impassible]].' This reading dates to about 390 AD. This addition was made in response to patripassianism, which Rufinus evidently regarded as a heresy,<ref>Philip Schaff, ''The Creeds of Christendom'' (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books, 2007): vol. 2, pp. 49–50.</ref> and [[Ignatius of Antioch|Ignatius]] believed the incarnate one is the impassible: "being impassible, He was in a passible body, being immortal, He was in a mortal body".<ref>Ignatius, Letter to the Ephesians, ch. 7</ref>

Cyprian and Tertullian famously accused the [[Modalism|Modalistic]] [[Monarchianism|Monarchians]] of patripassianism.<ref name="History of the Christian Church">Williston Walker, ''History of the Christian Church'', Page 73, Charles Scribner's Sons 1949</ref> The Monarchians taught the unity of the Godhead in Christ and that as the Son suffered the Father also experienced the sufferings. They did not teach that the Father died on the cross though they were sometimes accused of that.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

The term has been used by others such as F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone to describe other Oneness religions.<ref>eds., ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press), accessed via [http://www.oxfordreference.com Oxford Reference Online] August 21, 2009</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Nontrinitarianism]]
* [[Trinitarianism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Heresies condemned by the Catholic Church}}

[[Category:Nontrinitarianism]]
[[Category:Nature of Jesus Christ]]