Editing Paul Baran

{{Short description|American-Jewish engineer}}
{{for|the economist with same name|Paul A. Baran}}
{{Use American English|date = February 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Paul Baran
| image             = Paul Baran.jpg
| alt               = 
| caption           = 
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1926|04|29}}
| birth_place       = [[Grodno]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]<br>(now [[Belarus]])
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|2011|03|26|1926|04|29}}
| death_place       = [[Palo Alto, California]], U.S.
| residence         = 
| citizenship       = [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], [[United States]]
| nationality       = 
| fields            = 
| workplaces        = [[RAND Corporation]]
| alma_mater        = [[Drexel University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[University of California, Los Angeles]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])
| known_for         = [[Packet switching]]
| author_abbrev_bot = 
| author_abbrev_zoo = 
| influences        = 
| influenced        = 
| awards            = [[IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal]] <small>(1990)</small> <br> [[Computer History Museum]] Fellow <small>(2005)</small><br> [[Marconi Prize]] {{small|(1991)}}<br>[[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]] <small>(2007)</small> <br> [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]]
| signature         = <!--(filename only)-->
| signature_alt     = 
| footnotes         = 
| spouse            = {{marriage|Evelyn Murphy Baran|1955}}
}}

'''Paul Baran''' (born '''Pesach Baran''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|r|ən}}; April 29, 1926 – March 26, 2011) was a Polish-American engineer who was a pioneer in the development of [[computer network]]s. He was one of the two independent inventors of [[packet switching]], which is today the dominant basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide, and went on to start several companies and develop other technologies that are an essential part of modern [[Data communication|digital communication]].

==Early life==
He was born in [[Grodno]] (then in the [[Second Polish Republic]], and since 1945 part of [[Belarus]]) on April 29, 1926.<ref name="NYT-obit">{{cite news |title = Paul Baran, Internet Pioneer, Dies at 84 |author= Katie Hafner |date = March 27, 2011 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/technology/28baran.html |work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref name="IEEE GHN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Paul_Baran |title=Paul Baran |author=Nathan Brewer |date=March 28, 2011 |work=IEEE Global History Network |publisher=[[IEEE]] |location=New York |access-date=March 28, 2011 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> He was the youngest of three children in his [[Lithuanian Jews|Lithuanian Jewish]] family,<ref>{{cite web |title= Paul Baran |author= Georgi Dalakov |work= History of Computers web site |url= http://history-computer.com/Internet/Birth/Baran.html |access-date= March 31, 2011 }}</ref> with the [[Yiddish]] given name "Pesach". His family moved to the United States on May 11, 1928,<ref>{{cite web |title= Morris "Moshe" Baran (1884–1979) |author= David Ira Snyder |date= August 4, 2009 |url= http://www.geni.com/people/Morris-Moshe-Baran/6000000005033975818 |work= Genealogy of the Baran family |publisher= Geni.com web site |access-date= March 29, 2011 }}</ref> settling in [[Boston]] and later in [[Philadelphia]], where his father, Morris "Moshe" Baran (1884–1979), opened a grocery store. He graduated from [[Drexel University]] (then called Drexel Institute of Technology) in 1949, with a degree in [[electrical engineering]]. He then joined the [[Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company]], where he did technical work on [[UNIVAC]] models, the first brand of commercial computers in the United States.<ref name="Franklin Institute">{{cite web |url=https://www.fi.edu/en/awards/laureates/search |title=Paul Baran - Franklin Laureate Database |work=[[The Franklin Institute Awards]] - Laureate Database |date=January 18, 2023 |publisher=[[The Franklin Institute]] |location=Philadelphia, PA |access-date=Jan 10, 2024}}</ref> In 1955 he married Evelyn Murphy, moved to Los Angeles, and worked for [[Hughes Aircraft]] on radar data processing systems. He obtained his master's degree in engineering from [[UCLA]] in 1959, with advisor [[Gerald Estrin]] while he took night classes. His thesis was on character recognition.<ref name="NYT-obit"/> While Baran initially stayed on at UCLA to pursue his doctorate, a heavy travel and work schedule forced him to abandon his doctoral work.<ref name=wizards>{{cite book|last=Hafner|first=Katie|title=Where wizards stay up late : the origins of the Internet|year=1996|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York|isbn=0-684-81201-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj/page/54 54]|edition=1st Touchstone|author2=Lyon, Matthew|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj/page/54}}</ref>

==Packet switched network design==
[[File:The idea of the data packet (Baran, 1964)-en.svg|thumb|The "block message" as suggested by Paul Baran in 1964, this is the very first [[data packet]] that was ever proposed.]]
After joining the [[RAND Corporation]] in 1959, Baran took on the task of designing a "survivable" communications system that could maintain communication between end points in the face of damage from [[nuclear weapon]]s during the [[Cold War]].<ref name=bbc>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12879908 | title = Internet pioneer Paul Baran passes away |date = March 28, 2011 | work = [[BBC News]] | access-date = March 28, 2011}}</ref> Then, most American military communications used [[high-frequency]] connections, which could be put out of action for many hours by a nuclear attack. Baran decided to automate RAND Director [[Franklin R. Collbohm]]'s previous work with emergency communication over conventional AM radio networks and showed that a distributed relay node architecture could be survivable. The [[Rome Air Development Center]] soon showed that the idea was practicable.<ref name=Brand>{{cite magazine |last=Brand|first=Stewart |author-link=Stewart Brand |date=March 2001 |title=Founding Father |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |volume=9 |issue=3 |location=New York |publisher=[[Condé Nast Digital]] |issn=1059-1028 |oclc=433726773 |access-date=March 27, 2011 |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.03/baran.html |quote=Paul Baran conceived the Internet's architecture at the height of the Cold War. Forty years later, he says the Net's biggest threat wasn't the USSR—it was the phone company}} Stewart Brand's interviews Paul Baran about his work at RAND on survivable networks.</ref>

Using the minicomputer technology of the day, Baran and his team developed a simulation suite to test basic connectivity of an array of nodes with varying degrees of linking. That is, a network of n-ary degree of connectivity would have n links per node. The simulation randomly "killed" nodes and subsequently tested the percentage of nodes that remained connected. The result of the simulation revealed that networks in which n ≥ 3 had a significant increase in resilience against even as much as 50% node loss. Baran's insight gained from the simulation was that redundancy was the key.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.list.html |title=Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet |publisher=RAND corporation |access-date= March 29, 2011}}</ref> His first work was published as a RAND report in 1960,<ref>{{cite journal |title= Reliable Digital Communications Systems Using Unreliable Network Repeater Nodes |journal= RAND Corporation Papers, Document P-1995 |year= 1960 |author= Paul Baran |url= https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P1995.html |access-date= March 29, 2011}}</ref> with more papers generalizing the techniques in the next two years.<ref>{{cite journal |title= On Distributed Communications Networks |journal= RAND Corporation Papers, Document P-2626 |year= 1962 |author= Paul Baran |url= https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P2626.html |access-date= March 29, 2011 }}</ref>

After proving survivability, Baran and his team needed to show proof of concept for that design so that it could be built. That involved high-level schematics detailing the operation, construction, and cost of all the components required to construct a network that leveraged the new insight of redundant links. The result was one of the first store-and-forward data layer switching protocols, a link-state/distance vector routing protocol, and an unproved connection-oriented transport protocol. Explicit detail of the designs can be found in the complete series of reports ''On Distributed Communications'', published by RAND in 1964.<ref>{{cite web |title=On Distributed Communications |author= Paul Baran|year=1964 |publisher=Rand |url=https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran-list.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060615000308/https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran-list.html |archive-date= June 15, 2006 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

The design flew in the face of telephony design of the time by placing inexpensive and unreliable nodes at the center of the network and more intelligent terminating 'multiplexer' devices at the endpoints. In Baran's words, unlike the telephone company's equipment, his design did not require expensive "gold plated" components to be reliable. The Distributed Network that Baran introduced was intended to route around damage. It provided connection to others through many points, not one centralized connection. Fundamental to the scheme was the division of the information into "blocks" before they were sent out across the network. That enabled the data to travel faster and communications lines to be used more efficiently. Each block was sent separately, traveling different paths and rejoining into a whole when they were received at their destination.

===Selling the idea===
After the publication of ''On Distributed Communications'', he presented the findings of his team to a number of audiences, including AT&T engineers (not to be confused with Bell Labs engineers, who at the time provided Paul Baran with the specifications for the first generation of T1 circuit that he used as the links in his network design proposal). In subsequent interviews, Baran mentioned how the AT&T engineers scoffed at his idea of non-dedicated physical circuits for voice communications, at times claiming that Baran simply did not understand how voice telecommunication worked.<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/03/internet-architect-paul-baran-dies-at-84/|title=Internet Architect Paul Baran Dies at 84 |publisher=Wired |date= March 28, 2011|access-date= March 29, 2011|first=John C|last=Abell}}</ref>

[[Donald Davies]], at the [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|National Physical Laboratory]] in the [[United Kingdom]], also thought of the same idea and implemented a trial network.<ref name="NYT-obit" /><ref name="Harvnb|Harris">{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Trevor, University of Wales |date=2009 |editor-last=Pasadeos |editor-first=Yorgo |title=Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies |url=https://www.academia.edu/378261 |url-status=dead |journal=Variety in Mass Communication Research |language=en |publisher=ATINER |pages=123–134 |isbn=978-960-6672-46-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502025941/https://www.academia.edu/378261/Who_is_the_Father_of_the_Internet_The_Case_for_Donald_Davies |archive-date=May 2, 2022}}</ref> While Baran used the term "message blocks" for his units of communication, Davies used the term "packets," as it was capable of being translated into languages other than English without compromise.<ref name="Harvnb|Harris"/> He applied the concept to a general-purpose computer network. Davies's key insight came in the realization that computer network traffic was inherently "bursty" with periods of silence, compared with relatively-constant telephone traffic. It was in fact Davies's work on packet switching, not Baran's, that initially caught the attention of the developers of ARPANET at the [[Symposium on Operating Systems Principles]] in October 1967.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Isaacson|first1=Walter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA237|title=The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution|date=2014|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9781476708690|page=237}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Metz |first=Cade |date=3 September 2012 |title=What Do the H-Bomb and the Internet Have in Common? Paul Baran |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/09/what-do-the-h-bomb-and-the-internet-have-in-common-paul-baran/ |magazine=WIRED |quote=He was very conscious of people mistaken belief that the work he did at RAND somehow led to the creation of the ARPAnet. It didn't, and he was very honest about that.}}</ref> Baran was happy to acknowledge that Davies had come up with the same idea as him independently. In an e-mail to Davies, he wrote:

{{Blockquote|You and I share a common view of what packet switching is all about, since you and I independently came up with the same ingredients.<ref name="Harvnb|Harris"/>|author=|title=|source=}}

[[Leonard Kleinrock]], a contemporary working on analyzing message flow using [[queueing theory]], developed a theoretical basis for the operation of [[message switching]] networks in his proposal for a Ph.D. thesis in 1961-2, published as a book in 1964.<ref>{{Citation | last = Kleinrock | first = Leonard | author-link = Leonard Kleinrock | title = Information flow in large communication nets | journal = RLE Quarterly Progress Report | issue =1 | year = 1961 }}</ref> In the early 1970s, he applied this theory to model the performance of packet switching networks. However, the representation of Kleinrock's early work as originating the concept of packet switching is disputed by other [[internet pioneers]],<ref>{{citation |title= Comments on Dr. Leonard Kleinrock's claim to be "the Father of Modern Data Networking" |year= 2009 |author= Alex McKenzie |url= http://alexmckenzie.weebly.com/comments-on-kleinrocks-claims.html |access-date= April 23, 2015}}
"...there is nothing in the entire 1964 book that suggests, analyzes, or alludes to the idea of packetization."</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Isaacson|first1=Walter|title=The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution|date=2014|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9781476708690|page=245|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA245|quote=This led to an outcry among many of the other Internet pioneers, who publicly attacked Kleinrock and said that his brief mention of breaking messages into smaller pieces did not come close to being a proposal for packet switching}}</ref><ref name="Harvnb|Harris"/><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.inc.com/computerfreaks |title=Computer Freaks |date=June 22, 2023 |last=Haughney Dare-Bryan |first=Christine |type=Podcast |publisher=Inc. Magazine |series=Chapter Two: In the Air}}</ref> including [[Robert Taylor (computer scientist)|Robert Taylor]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Birthing the Internet: Letters From the Delivery Room; Disputing a Claim|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/22/technology/l-birthing-the-internet-letters-from-the-delivery-room-disputing-a-claim-325210.html|access-date=10 September 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=22 November 2001|quote=Authors who have interviewed dozens of Arpanet pioneers know very well that the Kleinrock-Roberts claims are not believed.}}</ref> Baran<ref>{{citation |title= A Paternity Dispute Divides Net Pioneers |newspaper= New York Times|date= November 8, 2001 |author= Katie Hefner |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/08/technology/a-paternity-dispute-divides-net-pioneers.html?pagewanted=all|quote="The Internet is really the work of a thousand people," Mr. Baran said. "And of all the stories about what different people have done, all the pieces fit together. It's just this one little case that seems to be an aberration."}}</ref> and Davies.<ref>{{citation |title= A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching |quote="I can find no evidence that he understood the principles of packet switching."|journal= Computer Journal, British Computer Society|year= 2001 |author= Donald Davies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=152–162 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/44.3.152 |url=http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/3/152.extract|url-access=subscription }}{{dead link|date=May 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
</ref> Baran and Davies are recognized by historians and the U.S. [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]] for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/|title=The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-18|quote=Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=316|title=Inductee Details - Paul Baran|publisher=National Inventors Hall of Fame|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091231/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=316|archive-date=6 September 2017|access-date=6 September 2017|postscript=none}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328|title=Inductee Details - Donald Watts Davies|publisher=National Inventors Hall of Fame|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091936/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328|archive-date=6 September 2017|access-date=6 September 2017}}</ref>

In 1969, when the US [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (ARPA) started implementing the idea of an internetworked set of terminals to share computing resources, the reference materials that they considered included Baran and the RAND Corporation's "On Distributed Communications" volumes.<ref name="NYT-obit"/> The resiliency of a packet-switched network that uses [[link-state routing]] protocols, which are used on the [[Internet]], stems in part from the research to develop a network that could survive a nuclear attack.<ref name="NYT-obit" /><ref name="BBC-obit" />

==Later work==
In 1968, Baran was a founder of the [[Institute for the Future]] and was then involved in other networking technologies developed in [[Silicon Valley]]. He wrote on the subject of computer systems and [[privacy]].<ref name=ppaf/> Baran participated in a review of the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NBS]] proposal for a [[Data Encryption Standard]] in 1976, along with [[Martin Hellman]] and [[Whitfield Diffie]] of [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toad.com/des-stanford-meeting.html|title=DES (Data Encryption Standard) Review at Stanford University - Recording and Transcript|year=1976|access-date=March 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503083539/http://www.toad.com/des-stanford-meeting.html|archive-date=May 3, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1971, he predicted the development of household [[Email]].  He estimated potential revenue for such services to be $707 million by 1989.<ref name="chm-email-innovation-timeline">{{cite web |last1=Feinler |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Vittal |first2=John |date=2022-07-01 |title=Email Innovation Timeline |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2022/08/102806104-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2023-08-18 |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |page=23 |authorlink1=Elizabeth J. Feinler}}</ref>

In the early 1980s, Baran founded PacketCable, Inc, "to support impulse-pay television channels, locally generated videotex, and packetized voice transmission."<ref name=ppaf>{{cite web| url=http://www.cablelabs.com/news/newsletter/SPECS/JanFeb_SPECSTECH/tech.pgs/leadstory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415014439/http://www.cablelabs.com/news/newsletter/SPECS/JanFeb_SPECSTECH/tech.pgs/leadstory.html |title=Baran's keynote on The Past, Present, and Future of Convergence |date=1999-02-09 |archive-date=April 15, 2012 |access-date=2012-03-20}}</ref><ref>Baran, "Packetcable: A New Interactive Cable System Technology," 31st Annual NCTA Convention Official Transcript, 1982, cited in US patent 4,754,426</ref> PacketCable, also known as Packet Technologies, spun off [[StrataCom]] to commercialize his packet voice technology for the telephony market. That technology led to the first commercial pre-standard [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode]] product.

He founded [[Telebit]] after conceiving its discrete multitone [[modem]] technology in the mid-1980s. It was one of the first commercial products to use [[orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing]], which was later widely deployed in [[Digital subscriber line|DSL]] modems and [[Wi-Fi]] wireless modems.

In 1985, Baran founded [[Metricom]], the first wireless Internet company, which deployed [[Ricochet (internet service)|Ricochet]],<ref name="IEEE GHN"/> the first public wireless mesh networking system. In 1992, he also founded [[Com21]], an early cable modem company.<ref name="Franklin Institute"/> After Com21, Baran founded and was president of GoBackTV, which specializes in personal TV and cable [[IPTV]] infrastructure equipment for television operators.<ref>{{cite web |title= Management Team |work= goBackTV web site |url= http://www.gobacktv.com/company-management.php |access-date= March 29, 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110321031846/http://www.gobacktv.com/company-management.php |archive-date= March 21, 2011 }}</ref> Later, he founded Plaster Networks, providing an advanced solution for connecting networked devices in the home or small office through existing wiring.<ref>{{cite web |title= About Plaster Networks |work= Plaster Networks web site |url= http://www.plasternetworks.com/about.html |access-date= March 29, 2011 }}</ref>

Baran extended his work in packet switching to wireless-spectrum theory, developing what he called "kindergarten rules" for the use of wireless spectrum.<ref name=EFF>{{cite web |url=http://w2.eff.org/Infrastructure/Wireless_cellular_radio/false_scarcity_baran_cngn94.transcript |title=Keynote Talk Transcript, 8th Annual Conference on Next Generation Networks Washington, DC |first=Paul |last=Baran |date=November 9, 1994 |work=EFF "GII - NII - Wireless/Cellular/Radio" Archive |publisher=[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] |location=San Francisco, CA |access-date=March 29, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323202905/https://w2.eff.org/Infrastructure/Wireless_cellular_radio/false_scarcity_baran_cngn94.transcript |archive-date=March 23, 2011 }}</ref>

In addition to his innovation in networking products, he is also credited with inventing the first doorway gun detector.<ref name="Franklin Institute"/><ref name="latimes">{{cite news |author= Jessica Guynn |url= http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-paul-baran-20110329,0,4562265.story |title=Paul Baran dies at 84; inventor helped lay foundation for Internet |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date= March 29, 2011 |access-date= March 29, 2011}}</ref>

He received an honorary doctorate when he gave the commencement speech at Drexel in 1997.<ref>{{cite news |title=Opportunity Lies In Ideas, Engineer Tells Drexel Grads Paul Baran, "the Grandfather Of The Internet" Spoke At His Alma Mater. He Received An Honorary Doctorate |author=Nita Lelyveld |date=June 15, 1997 |url=http://articles.philly.com/1997-06-15/news/25524943_1_constantine-papadakis-paul-baran-graduation-ceremony |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330035420/http://articles.philly.com/1997-06-15/news/25524943_1_constantine-papadakis-paul-baran-graduation-ceremony |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 30, 2012 |newspaper= The Inquirer |location= Philadelphia |access-date= March 29, 2011}}</ref>

== Death ==
Baran died in [[Palo Alto, California]], at the age of 84 on March 26, 2011<ref name="NYT-obit"/><ref name="ZDNet-obit">{{cite web|url=http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/business-of-it/2011/03/29/packet-switching-inventor-paul-baran-dies-aged-84-40092315/|title=Packet switching inventor Paul Baran dies aged 84|publisher=ZDNet UK|date= March 29, 2011 |access-date= March 29, 2011}}</ref> from complications caused by lung cancer.<ref name="BBC-obit"/> Upon his death, RAND President [[James Thomson (executive)|James Thomson]], stated, "Our world is a better place for the technologies Paul Baran invented and developed, and also because of his consistent concern with appropriate public policies for their use."<ref name="ZDNet-obit"/>

One of the fathers of the Internet, [[Vinton Cerf]], stated, "Paul wasn't afraid to go in directions counter to what everyone else thought was the right or only thing to do."<ref name="BBC-obit">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12879908 |title=Internet pioneer Paul Baran passes away|publisher=BBC|date= March 28, 2011|access-date= March 29, 2011}}</ref> According to [[Paul Saffo]], Baran also believed that innovation was a "team process" and avoided seeking credit for himself.<ref name="latimes"/> On hearing news of his death, [[Bob Kahn|Robert Kahn]], co-inventor of the Internet, said: "Paul was one of the finest gentlemen I ever met and creative to the very end."

==Awards and honors==
* [[IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal]] (1990)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/bell_rl.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619233055/http://ieee.org/documents/bell_rl.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 19, 2010 |title=IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal Recipients |page=2 |publisher=IEEE |access-date= March 29, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Marconi Prize]] (1991)
* [[C&C Prize|Nippon Electronics Corporation C&C Prize]] (1996)
* [[The Franklin Institute Awards|Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science]] (2001)<ref name="Franklin Institute"/>
* Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (2003)<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=May 17, 2011}}</ref>
* Fellow of the [[Computer History Museum]] (2005) "for fundamental contributions to the architecture of the Internet and for a lifetime of entrepreneurial activity."<ref>[http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Paul,Baran/ Paul Baran 2005 Fellow] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103004756/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Paul,Baran/ |date=2015-01-03 }}</ref>
* [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]] (2007)
* [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]] (2007)<ref>{{cite web|date=January 7, 2010 |title=The National Medal of Technology and Innovation 2007 Laureates |url=http://www.uspto.gov/about/nmti/recipients/2007.jsp |publisher=The United States Patent and Trademark Office |access-date= March 31, 2011 }}</ref>
* [[Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science#Alumni|UCLA Engineering]] Alumnus of the Year (2009)<ref>{{cite web |title= In Memoriam: Paul Baran MS '59 |work= UCLA Engineering web site |url= http://www.engineer.ucla.edu/newsroom/featured-news/archive/2011/in-memoriam-paul-baran-ms-201959 |access-date= March 28, 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110611033319/http://www.engineer.ucla.edu/newsroom/featured-news/archive/2011/in-memoriam-paul-baran-ms-201959 |archive-date= June 11, 2011 }}</ref>
* [[Internet Hall of Fame]] (2012)<ref>[http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/year/2012 2012 Inductees], [[Internet Hall of Fame]] website. Last accessed April 24, 2012</ref>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
* [[Internet pioneers]]

==References==
{{Reflist |30em}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_rand.htm |title=Paul Baran Invents Packet Switching |date=January 17, 2011 |work=livinginternet.com |publisher=William Stewart |access-date=March 31, 2011 }}
*{{cite web |url=http://purl.umn.edu/107101 |title=Oral history interview with Paul Baran |first=Judy E. |last=O'Neill |date=March 5, 1990 |publisher=[[Charles Babbage Institute]] |location=Minneapolis, MN |access-date=March 31, 2011 }} A 44-page transcript in which Baran describes his working environment at [[RAND Corporation|RAND]], his initial interest in survivable communications, the evolution of his plan for distributed networks, the objections he received, and the writing and distribution of his eleven-volume work, ''On Distributed Communications''. Baran discusses his interaction with the group at [[DARPA|ARPA]] who were responsible for the later development of the [[ARPANET]].
*{{cite journal |last=Ryan |first=Patrick S. |date=June 1, 2005 |title=SSRN-Wireless Communications and Computing at a Crossroads: New Paradigms and Their Impact on Theories Governing the Public's Right to Spectrum Access |journal=Journal on Telecommunications & High Technology Law |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=239–274 |location=Boulder, CO |publisher=[[University of Colorado Law School]] |issn=1543-8899 |oclc=66137086 |ssrn=732483}} This describes Paul Baran's development of packet switching and its application to wireless computing.
*{{cite web |url=http://www.cablelabs.com/news/newsletter/SPECS/JanFeb_SPECSTECH/tech.pgs/leadstory.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316015220/http://www.cablelabs.com/news/newsletter/SPECS/JanFeb_SPECSTECH/tech.pgs/leadstory.html |title=Convergence: Past, Present, and Future: Paul Baran Addresses CableLabs® Winter Conference |date=February 1999 |publisher=[[CableLabs|Cable Television Laboratories, Inc]] |location=Louisville, CO |access-date=March 31, 2011 |archive-date=March 16, 2006 }} A transcript of Baran's keynote address at the Countdown to Technology 2000 Winter Conference that includes a photo.
*{{cite web |url=http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/032811-paul-baran-packet-switching-obit.html |title=Paul Baran, Internet and packet switching pioneer, is mourned |first=Bob |last=Brown |date=March 27, 2011 |publisher=[[Network World|Network World, Inc]] |location=Framingham, MA |access-date=April 2, 2011 |quote=Baran credited with inventing packet switching in 1960s against military backdrop |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831223417/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/032811-paul-baran-packet-switching-obit.html |archive-date=August 31, 2011 }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pioneers/baran.html |title=Paul Baran |date=November 6, 2005 |work=ibiblio.org |publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] |location=Chapel Hill, NC |access-date=April 2, 2011 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Gilder |first=George |author-link=George Gilder |date=June 2, 1997 |title=Inventing the Internet Again |journal=Forbes ASAP |volume=159 |issue=11 |pages=106–120 |location=New York |issn=1078-9901 |oclc=173437996 |access-date=April 8, 2011 |url=http://www.gilder.com/public/telecosm_series/inventing.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401042211/http://www.gilder.com/public/telecosm_series/inventing.html |archive-date=April 1, 2011 |url-status=dead }}
*[http://marconisociety.org/fellows/paul-baran/ Paul Baran named 1991 Marconi Fellow]
*[https://www.rand.org/pubs/authors/b/baran_paul.html Publications by Paul Baran] RAND Corporation

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gerald R. Ash]] and [[Billy B. Oliver]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal]]|years=1990}}
{{s-aft|after=[[C. Chapin Cutler]], [[John O. Limb]] and [[Arun Netravali]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Internet Hall of Fame}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baran, Paul}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:American telecommunications industry businesspeople]]
[[Category:American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Belarusian Jews]]
[[Category:Drexel University alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Internet pioneers]]
[[Category:Packets (information technology)]]
[[Category:People from Grodno]]
[[Category:People from Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)]]
[[Category:National Medal of Technology recipients]]
[[Category:RAND Corporation people]]
[[Category:Polish emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American inventors]]
[[Category:Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates]]