Editing Paul Poiret

{{short description|French fashion designer (1879–1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Paul Poiret
| image              = Paulpoiret.jpg
| alt                = 
| caption            = Poiret {{circa|1913}}
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1879|4|20|df=y}}
| birth_place        = Paris, France
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|df=y|1944|4|30|1879|4|20}}
| death_place        = Paris, France
| occupation         = [[Haute couture|Couturier]]
| known_for          = [[Haute couture]] and perfumery
| label_name         = {{plainlist|
* Maison Paul Poiret
* Parfums de Rosine
* Les Ateliers de Martine
}}
| spouse             = Denise Poiret (née Boulet)
| website            = {{URL|poiret.com}}
| signature          = Poiret, Paul 1879-1944 Signature.jpg
}}
[[Image:Iribe Les Robes de Paul Poiret p.17.jpg|thumb|upright|Poiret illustrations by [[Paul Iribe]], 1908]]
[[Image:Paul Poiret sultana skirts and harem pants fashions, 1911.jpg|upright|thumb|Poiret [[harem pants]] and sultana skirts, 1911]]
[[Image:Poiretdress.jpg|thumb|upright|Model in a Poiret dress, 1914]]
[[Image:Poiretchecksuit.jpg|thumb|upright|Model in a Poiret suit, 1914]]

'''Paul Poiret''' (20 April 1879 – 30 April 1944)<ref>{{Britannica|466443}}</ref> was a  French fashion designer, a master couturier during the first two decades of the 20th century. He was the founder of his namesake [[haute couture]] house.

==Early life and career==
Poiret was born on 20 April 1879 to a cloth merchant in the poor neighborhood of [[Les Halles]], Paris.<ref name="vogue">[[Hamish Bowles|Bowles, Hamish]]. "Fashioning the Century." ''Vogue'' (May 2007): 236–250. A [http://www.style.com/vogue/feature/050107/page2.html condensed version of this article] appears online. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201195214/http://www.style.com/vogue/feature/050107/page2.html|date=1 December 2008}}</ref> His older sister, [[Jeanne Poiret Bovin|Jeanne]], would later become a jewelry designer.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Claudette Colbert Starfish: A Ruby and Amethyst Starfish Brooch Designed by Juliette Moutard for René Boivin, Paris, 1937|url=https://www.siegelson.com/jewel/f4166/|access-date=November 2, 2020|publisher=Siegelson}}</ref> Poiret's parents, in an effort to rid him of his natural pride, apprenticed him to an umbrella maker.<ref name=vogue/> There, he collected scraps of silk left over from the cutting of umbrella patterns, and fashioned clothes for a doll that one of his sisters had given him.<ref name=vogue/> While a teenager, Poiret took his sketches to [[Louise Chéruit]], a prominent dressmaker, who purchased a dozen from him.<ref name=vogue/> Poiret continued to sell his drawings to major Parisian couture houses, until he was hired by [[Jacques Doucet (fashion designer)|Jacques Doucet]] in 1898.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Joslin, Katherine |title=Edith Wharton and the making of fashion |date=2011|publisher=Univ of New Hampshire Pr|isbn=978-1-61168-218-2|pages=147|oclc=741023820}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=Koda|first1=Harold|last2=Bolton|first2=Andrew|date=September 2008|title=Paul Poiret (1879–1944)|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/poir/hd_poir.htm|access-date=2020-07-12|website=www.metmuseum.org|page=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–}}</ref> His first design, a red cloth cape, sold 400 copies.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Poiret|first=Paul|title=My First Fifty Years|publisher=Gollancz|year=1931}}</ref><ref name=vogue/> He became famous after designing a black mantle of [[Tulle (netting)|tulle]] over a black [[taffeta]], painted by the famous fan painter Billotey. The actress [[Gabrielle Réjane|Réjane]] used it in a play called ''[[Zaza (play)|Zaza]]'', the stage then becoming a typical strategy of Poiret's [[Marketing strategy|marketing practices]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1901, Poiret moved to the [[House of Worth]], where he was responsible for designing simple, practical dresses,<ref name="vogue" /> called "fried potatoes" by Gaston Worth because they were considered side dishes to Worth's main course of "truffles".<ref name=":0" /> The "brazen modernity of his designs," however, proved too much for Worth's conservative clientele.<ref name="vogue" /> When Poiret presented the Russian [[Leonilla Bariatinskaya|Princess Bariatinsky]] with a Confucius coat with an innovative kimono-like cut, for instance, she exclaimed, "What a horror! When there are low fellows who run after our sledges and annoy us, we have their heads cut off, and we put them in sacks just like that."<ref name="vogue" /><ref name=":0" /> This reaction prompted Poiret to fund his own ''maison''.<ref name=":0" />

==Career expansion==
Poiret established his own house in 1903. In his first years as an independent couturier, he broke with established conventions of dressmaking and subverted other ones.<ref name=":0" /> In 1903, he dismissed the petticoat, and later, in 1906, he did the same with the corset.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sebakijje|first=Lena|title=Research Guides: Paul Poiret: Topics in Chronicling America: Introduction|url=https://guides.loc.gov/chronicling-america-paul-poiret/introduction|access-date=2020-07-12|website=guides.loc.gov|language=en}}</ref> Poiret made his name with his controversial kimono coat and similar, loose-fitting designs created specifically for an uncorseted, slim figure.<ref name=vogue/>

Poiret designed flamboyant window displays and threw sensational parties to draw attention to his work. His instinct for marketing and branding was unmatched by any other Parisian designer, although the pioneering fashion shows of the British-based [[Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon|Lucile]] (Lady Duff Gordon) had already attracted tremendous publicity.<ref name="vogue" /> In 1909, he was so famous, [[Margot Asquith]], wife of British prime minister [[H. H. Asquith]], invited him to show his designs at [[10 Downing Street]].<ref name="vogue" /> The cheapest garment at the exhibition was 30 guineas, double the annual salary of a scullery maid.<ref name="vogue" />

[[Jeanne Margaine-Lacroix]] presented wide-legged trousers for women in 1910, some months before Poiret, who took credit for being the first to introduce the style.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Milford-Cottam|first1=Daniel|title=Edwardian fashion|date=2014|publisher=Shire Books|isbn=9780747814047|page=55}}</ref>

Poiret's house expanded to encompass interior decoration and fragrance.<ref name="vogue" /> In 1911, he introduced "Parfums de Rosine," named after his daughter, becoming the first French couturier to launch a signature fragrance, although again the London designer Lucile had preceded him with a range of in-house perfumes as early as 1907.<ref>Mazzeo, Tilar J., ''The Secret of Chanel No. 5'', (2010), p. 26; Bigham, Randy Bryan, ''Lucile – Her Life by Design'' (2012), pp. 46–47.</ref> In 1911 Poiret unveiled "Parfums de Rosine" with a flamboyant soiree held at his palatial home, attended by the cream of Parisian society and the artistic world. Poiret fancifully christened the event "la mille et deuxième nuit" (The Thousand and Second Night), inspired by the fantasy of a sultan's harem.<ref>Mazzeo, Tilar J., ''The Secret of Chanel No. 5'' (2010), p. 25</ref> His gardens were illuminated by lanterns, set with tents, and live, tropical birds. Madame Poiret herself luxuriated in a golden cage. Poiret was the reigning sultan, gifting each guest with a bottle of his new fragrance creation, appropriately named to befit the occasion, "Nuit Persane."  His marketing strategy, played out as entertainment, became the talk of Paris. A second scent debuted in 1912 – "Le Minaret," again emphasizing the harem theme.

In 1911, publisher Lucien Vogel dared photographer [[Edward Steichen]] to promote fashion as a fine art in his work.<ref name=niven>Niven, Penelope (1997). ''Steichen: A Biography''. New York: Clarkson Potter. {{ISBN|0-517-59373-4}}, p. 352</ref> Steichen responded by snapping photos of gowns designed by Poiret, hauntingly backlit and shot at inventive angles.<ref name=niven/> These were published in the April 1911 issue of the magazine ''Art et Décoration''.<ref name=niven/><ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5408692r/f118.item Art et décoration : revue mensuelle d'art moderne, Paris, CMI Publishing (Levallois-Perret), January - June 1911], Gallica, Bibliothèque nationale de France</ref> According to historian Jesse Alexander, the occasion is "now considered to be the first ever modern [[fashion photography]] shoot," in which garments were imaged as much for their artistic quality as their formal appearance.<ref name = "Alexander 2008">Alexander, Jesse, "Edward Steichen: Lives in Photography," ''HotShoe'' magazine, no.151, December/January 2008, pp.66 – 67</ref> A year later, Vogel began his renowned fashion journal [[La Gazette du Bon Ton]], which showcased Poiret's designs, drawn by top illustrators, along with six other leading Paris designers – [[Louise Chéruit]], [[Georges Doeuillet]], [[Jacques Doucet (fashion designer)|Jacques Doucet]], [[Jeanne Paquin]], [[Redfern (couture)|Redfern]], and the House of [[Charles Worth|Worth]]. However, notable couture names were missing from this brilliant assemblage, including such major tastemakers as Lucile, [[Jeanne Lanvin]] and the [[Callot Soeurs]].

In 1911, Poiret launched the Les Parfums de Rosine, a home perfume division, named for his first daughter. [[Henri Alméras]] was employed as a perfumer by Paul Poiret as of 1923,<ref name=chavance>René Chavance. “Alméras ou le parfumeur.” Industrie de la parfumerie. 4.8 Aug. 1949: 299–301. Print.</ref> though certain sources suggest he had worked there since 1914.<ref>Jean Kerléo. “Henri Alméras.” Osmothèque. Institut supérieur international du parfum, de la cosmétique et de l'aromatique alimentaire, Versailles. 4 Feb. 2012. Lecture</ref>

Also in 1911, Poiret launched the Les École Martine, a home decor division of his design house, named for his second daughter. The establishment provided artistically inclined, working-class girls with trade skills and income.

In 1911 Poiret leased part of the property at 109 Rue du Faubourg Saint Honoré to his friend Henri Barbazanges, who opened the [[Galerie Barbazanges]] to exhibit contemporary art.<ref name=Kubisme>{{citation|ref={{harvid|Galerie Barbazanges ... kubisme.info}} |language=nl|url=http://www.kubisme.info/kt271.html |title=Gallery Barbazanges|work=kubisme.info|access-date=2016-01-22}}</ref> The building was beside Poiret's 18th century mansion at 26 Avenue d'Antin.<ref name=KluverCocteau>{{citation |last1=Klüver|first1=Billy|last2=Cocteau|first2=Jean|title=A Day with Picasso |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfhxxjUrXKAC&pg=PA91|pages=63–65|date=1999|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-61147-3}}</ref> Poiret reserved the right to hold two exhibitions each year. One of these was ''L'Art Moderne en France'' from 16 to 31 July 1916, organized by [[André Salmon]].<ref name=Kubisme/> Salmon called the exhibition the "Salon d'Antin". Artists included [[Pablo Picasso]], who showed ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]'' for the first time, [[Amedeo Modigliani]], [[Moïse Kisling]], [[Manuel Ortiz de Zárate]] and [[Marie Vassilieff]].<ref name=KluverCocteau/> Poiret also arranged concerts of new music at the gallery, often in combination with exhibitions of new art. The 1916 Salon d'Antin included readings of poetry by [[Max Jacob]] and [[Guillaume Apollinaire]], and performances of work by [[Erik Satie]], [[Darius Milhaud]], [[Igor Stravinsky]] and [[Georges Auric]].<ref>{{citation |last=Davis|first=Mary E.|page=104|title=Erik Satie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYvxAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA104|access-date=2016-01-23 |date=2007-06-15|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-602-5}}</ref>

==Collapse of the Poiret fashion house==
Early in [[World War I]], Poiret left his fashion house to serve the military.<ref name=vogue/> When he returned in 1919, the business was on the brink of bankruptcy.<ref name=vogue/> New designers like Chanel were producing simple, sleek clothes that relied on excellent workmanship.<ref name=vogue/> In comparison, Poiret's elaborate designs seemed dowdy and poorly manufactured.<ref name=vogue/> (Though Poiret's designs were groundbreaking, his construction was not – he aimed only for his dresses to "read beautifully from afar.")<ref name=vogue/> In 1922, he was invited to New York to design costumes and dresses for Broadway stars. He took his top designer (France Martano) and an entourage with him, enjoying the elegant life at sea (see photos). New York City, however, was not home and he soon returned to Paris leaving his top designer there in his stead. Back in Paris, Poiret was increasingly unpopular, in debt, and lacking support from his business partners. He soon left the fashion empire he had established.<ref name=vogue/> In 1929, the house was closed, with its leftover stock sold by the kilogram as rags.<ref name=vogue/> When Poiret died in 1944, his genius had been forgotten.<ref name=vogue/> His road to poverty led him to odd jobs, including work as a street painter, selling drawings to customers of Paris cafes. At one time, the Chambre syndicale de la Haute Couture discussed providing a monthly allowance to aid Poiret, an idea rejected by Worth, at that time president of the group.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Only his friend and one of his right-hand designers from his pre-WWI era, France Martano (married name: Benureau), helped him in his era of poverty, when most of Parisian society had forgotten him. At the end of his life, he dined regularly in her family's Paris apartment and she ensured he was not wanting for food. (He'd previously erased her from his memoirs as, after designating her as his long-term replacement to design for Broadway in 1922, he was infuriated that she became an independent couturier upon her return to Paris.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}) His friend [[Elsa Schiaparelli]] prevented his name from encountering complete oblivion, and it was Schiaparelli who paid for his burial.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

==Perfumery==
* ''Parfums de Rosine'' (1911)
* ''Nuit Persane'' (1911) 
* ''Le Minaret'' (1912)
* ''Aladin''
* ''Arlequinade''
* ''Borgia''
* ''Fruit Défendu'' 
* ''Nuit de Chine''

==Aesthetic and legacy==
Poiret's major contribution to fashion was his technique of [[Drapery|draping]] fabric, an alternative to the more popular [[tailoring]] and use of patterns.<ref name="met">[http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2007/poiret The Metropolitan Museum of Art – Special Exhibitions: Poiret: King of Fashion]</ref> Poiret was influenced by both antique and regional dress, and favoured clothing cut along [[Warp and weft|straight lines]] and decorated with rectangular motifs.<ref name="met" /> The structural simplicity of his clothing represented a "pivotal moment in the emergence of modernism" generally, and "effectively established the paradigm of modern fashion, irrevocably changing the direction of costume history.<ref name=met/>

Poiret is associated with the decline of corsetry in women's fashion and the invention of the [[hobble skirt]], and once boasted "yes, I freed the bust, but I shackled the legs."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Milford-Cottam|first=Daniel|title=Edwardian Fashion|publisher=Shire Publications|year=2014|isbn=978-0-74781-404-7|location=Great Britain|pages=55}}</ref> Poiret was not the only one responsible for the change in women's supportive garments, however, and the diminished role of corsetry was a result of various factors. Poiret is often described as an [[Orientalism|Orientalist]], and his creations often drew inspiration from various Eastern styles which were at odds with other fashionable Edwardian modes.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Koda|first1=Richard|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33357725|title=Haute couture|last2=Martin|first2=Harold|date=1995|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|others=Koda, Harold., Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.)|isbn=0-87099-762-9|location=New York|pages=20|oclc=33357725}}</ref> In 1911, he held an extravagant fancy-dress ball, The 1002nd Night, inspired by the tales of the ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'', to which he dressed as a [[sultan]] bearing a whip and encouraged guests to dress in Orientalist styles, including [[harem pants]] and "lampshade" tunics similar to the one worn by his wife.<ref>{{cite book|title=Art Bulletin of Victoria, Issues 34–36|date=1994|publisher=Council of the National Gallery of Victoria|location=Victoria|page=35|quote=Mulvagh, p. 19, suggests that the jupe-culotte was introduced by Poiret, Bourniche and Margaine-Lacroix, while books on Poiret credit it to him alone.}}</ref>

[[File:Paul Poiret and his wife Denise at a party on june 24.jpg|thumb|Paul Poiret and his wife at 'The 1002nd Night' fancy-dress ball, in which guests were expected to dress in Orientalist fashion]]<ref name=":1" />

{{Gallery
|align=center
|File:Fancy dress costume MET DT7446.jpg|Eastern style fancy-dress costume with harem pants (1911)
|File:Paul Poiret dress 8 (Kremlin 2011) 02.jpg|Summer dress (early 1910s).
|File:Coat MET DT444.jpg|Coat in black wool with fur and leather applique (1919)
|File:Coat MET CI61.40.4 d2.jpg|Detail of the leather appliqué on the coat (1919)
}}

Poiret's fashion designs feature prominently in the collections of fashion museums worldwide, and have been displayed in many exhibitions over the years. One such exhibition was "Paul Poiret and Nicole Groult, The Masters of Art Deco Fashion" (''Paul Poiret et Nicole Groult, Maîtres de mode Art Déco'') at [[Palais Galliera]] in Paris in 1986.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.liberation.fr/cahier-ete-2015/2015/07/20/poiret-soeurs-et-sans-reproche_1350923|title=Poiret, sœurs et sans reproche|work=Libération.fr|access-date=2017-11-28|language=fr}}</ref>

In May 2005, the fashion designer [[Azzedine Alaïa]] exhibited Denise Poiret's wardrobe in a show called "Free Creativity" (''La Création en Liberté'') in his showroom before it was auctioned.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/26/style/liberty-belle-poirets-modernist-vision.html|title=Liberty belle: Poiret's modernist vision|last=Menkes|first=Suzy|date=2005-04-26|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-11-28|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Denise Poiret's personal sartorial collection broke sales records: in particular, an auto coat that Paul Poiret had designed for her in 1914 went under the hammer for 110,000 Euros.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.piasa.auction.fr/_fr/vente/la-creation-en-liberte-univers-de-denise-et-paul-poiret-1905-1928-7550#.WgxiH1tSxaQ|title=Catalogue de la vente La Création en Liberté : Univers de Denise et Paul Poiret (1905 -1928) à Piasa – Fin de la vente le 11 Mai 2005|website=www.piasa.auction.fr|access-date=2017-11-15}}</ref>

The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York purchased many pieces at this auction sale, which was the core of the first American retrospective on the dressmaker from May to August 2007, entitled ''Paul Poiret: King of Fashion''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2007/poiret|title=Poiret|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=2017-11-15}}</ref>

In 2011, this show traveled to the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] in Russia to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of Paul Poiret's visit to [[Moscow]] and [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/poiret-the-forgotten-fashion-designer-10100|title=Poiret, the Forgotten Fashion Designer|last=Tchekourda|first=Jekaterina|date=11 October 2011|access-date=2017-11-28|language=en}}</ref>

Additionally, Poiret's perfumes, the Parfums de Rosine, are preserved in several cultural institutions, including the [[Osmothèque]] in [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osmotheque.fr/en|title=Bergamot : from yesterday until today|website=Osmotheque}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/name/poiret-paul/4496/|title=Your Search Results &#124; Search the Collections |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum}}</ref>

In 2013, the Musée International de la Parfumerie in [[Grasse]] showcased the pioneering perfume branch of Poiret in an exhibition entitled ''Paul Poiret: Couturier Perfumer''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://culturebox.francetvinfo.fr/mode/paul-poiret-premier-couturier-parfumeur-celebre-a-grasse-138277|title=Paul Poiret, premier couturier parfumeur, célébré à Grasse|work=Culturebox|access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1905, Poiret married Denise Boulet, a provincial girl; they would later have five children together.<ref name=vogue/> Denise, a slender and youthful woman, was Poiret's muse and the prototype of [[Flapper|la garçonne]].<ref name=met/> In 1913, Poiret told Vogue, "My wife is the inspiration for all my creations; she is the expression of all my ideals."<ref name=met/> The two later were divorced, in 1928 after twenty-three years of marriage, in a proceeding that was far from amicable due to Poiret's many affairs.<ref name=vogue/>

== Brand revival ==
Commercially inactive since 1933, the Poiret global trademark rights were acquired by the [[Luxembourg City|Luxembourg-based]] company [[Luvanis]] in the early 2010s<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wwd.com/business-news/mergers-acquisitions/paul-poiret-poised-for-brand-revival-8006346/|title=Paul Poiret Poised for Brand Revival|last=Socha|first=Miles|date=27 October 2014|work=WWD|access-date=4 March 2024|language=en-US}}</ref>  The right to use the brand name was then sold to the South-Korean fashion and luxury conglomerate [[Shinsegae|Shinsegae International]]in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/the-name-of-the-french-fashion-designer-paul-poiret-is-for-sale/|title=Fashionistas and Investors Start Salivating: Paul Poiret Is For Sale|last=Friedman|first=Vanessa|work=On the Runway Blog|date=28 October 2014 |access-date=4 March 2024|language=en}}</ref>

In 2018 Shinsegae officially confirmed the relaunch of Poiret from Paris with Belgian businesswoman Anne Chapelle at its helm, and Paris-based Chinese [[Haute couture|couturiere]] [[Yiqing Yin]] as its artistic director.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/people/anne-chapelles-next-move-rebooting-poiret|url-access=subscription |title=Anne Chapelle's Next Move: Rebooting Poiret|last=Ahmed|first=Osman|date=30 January 2018|work=The Business of Fashion|access-date=4 March 2024|language=en-GB}}</ref> However after only two seasons Shinsegae announced the departure of Yiqing Yin and pivoted the brand into primarily cosmetics and skincare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foreman |first=Katya |date=11 December 2018 |title='Sleeping Beauty' Syndrome: Recently Revived Poiret Splits with Designer |url=https://wwd.com/feature/poiret-parts-ways-with-yiqing-yin-1202931338/ |website=WWD |language=en-US |access-date=4 March 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[1900s in fashion]]
* [[1910s in fashion]]
* [[History of fashion design]]
* [[List of Orientalist artists]]
* [[Orientalism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.poiret.com/ Official website of Paul Poiret]
* [http://www.style.com/trends/stylenotes/043007 Paul Poiret at ''Vogue'']
* [http://www.fascineshion.com/en/expo/paul-poiret/165/ Paul Poiret, King of Fashion exhibition – The Metropolitan Museum of Art – New York City]
* [https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16028coll1/id/36167Paul Poiret garment photographs, 1925–1927] from The Irene Lewisohn Costume Reference Library at the Costume Institute, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

{{Grands couturiers}}
{{Authority control (arts)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poiret, Paul}}
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:1900s fashion]]
[[Category:1910s fashion]]
[[Category:1920s fashion]]
[[Category:Belle Époque]]
[[Category:French fashion designers]]
[[Category:French military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:French Orientalist painters]]