Editing Pavel Tretyakov

{{Short description|Russian businessman, patron of art, collector, and philanthropist}}
{{family name hatnote|Mikhaylovich|Tretyakov|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2008}}
[[Image:Ivan Kramskoy - Портрет П.М.Третьякова - Google Art Project.jpg|right|thumb|Tretyakov's portrait by [[Ivan Kramskoi|Kramskoi]] (1876).]]
[[Image:Ilja Jefimowitsch Repin 011.jpg|right|thumb|Tretyakov's portrait by [[Ilya Repin|Repin]] (1883).]]

'''Pavel Mikhaylovich Tretyakov''' ({{langx|ru|Павел Михайлович Третьяков}}; 27 December 1832 – 16 December 1898) was a Russian businessman, patron of [[art]], collector, and [[philanthropist]] who gave his name to the [[Tretyakov Gallery]] and [[Tretyakov Drive]] in [[Moscow]]. His brother [[Sergei Tretyakov (arts patron)|Sergei Tretyakov]] was also a famous patron of art and a philanthropist.

==Career in business==

Together with other Moscow businessmen he acted as the founder of the [[Moscow Merchant Bank]] (becoming one of its heads), the Moscow commercial and industrial company, some other large firms. He amassed a considerable fortune (4.4 million [[Russian ruble|rubles]]), consisting of real estate (5 houses in [[Moscow]]), securities, money and bills.

==Collecting art==

Tretyakov started to collect art in 1854 at the age of 22; his first purchase was 10 canvases by Old [[Netherlands|Dutch]] masters. He laid down for himself the aim of creating a Russian National Gallery. In his collection Tretyakov included the most valuable and remarkable products, first of all the contemporaries, from 1870 - mainly members of the society of circulating art exhibitions (''Tovarishchestvo peredvizhnyh hudozhestvennyh vystavok'' or [[Peredvizhniki]], Передвижники in Russian). He bought paintings at exhibitions and directly from artists' studios, sometimes he bought the whole series: in 1874 he acquired [[V.V. Vereschagin]]'s "Turkestan series" (13 pictures, 133 figures and 81 studies), in 1880 - his "Indian series" (78 studies). In his collection there were over 80 studies by [[Alexander Ivanov (painter)|Alexander Ivanov]]. In 1885 Tretyakov bought 102 studies by [[V.D. Polenov]] painted by the artist during journeys across [[Turkey]], [[Egypt]], [[Syria]] and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. He also acquired [[Viktor Vasnetsov]]’s collection of the sketches made during his work on [[St Volodymyr's Cathedral]] in [[Kiev]]. Tretyakov had the fullest collection of such artists as: [[V.G. Perov]], [[I.N. Kramskoi]], [[Ilya Repin]], [[Vasily Surikov]], [[I.I. Levitan]], and [[Valentin Serov]]. Aspiring to show the beginnings and development of the domestic school of art, Tretyakov began to acquire pictures by masters of the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries and landmarks of Old Russian painting. He also conceived the creation of a "Russian [[pantheon (gods)|pantheon]]" - a portrait gallery of famous Russians. He commissioned especially for it portraits of figures of domestic culture from leading masters of this genre - [[Nikolai Ge|N.N. Ge]], Kramskoi, [[N.V. Nevrev]], Perov, Repin.<ref name=rbth>{{cite web
 |author      = Fedotova, Y.
 |url         = https://www.rbth.com/arts/331225-peredvizhniki-russian-art
 |title       = Who were the Peredvizhniki and why were they so important in Russian art?
 |language        = en
 |publisher   = Russia Beyond The Headlines
 |date        = 2019-10-04
 |access-date  = 2020-02-19
}}</ref>

In 1870-80 Tretyakov also began to collect illustrations (471 by 1893), and in 1890 he began to collect [[icon]]s. During his lifetime they were kept in his study and were not put on public display. He also had a small collection of [[sculpture]] (9 sculptures by 1893).

At first the gallery was located in Tretyakov's house in Lavrushenski pereulok. But as his collection expanded he decided to reconstruct his house to accommodate it. In 1870-1880 the house was reconstructed a number of times by the architect [[Alexander Kaminsky|Kaminski]].

Tretyakov wanted to transfer the gallery to the city as discreetly as possible, without any fuss; he didn't want to be in the centre of general attention and an object of gratitude. But this was not possible and he was very dissatisfied.

From 1881 his gallery became popular (by 1885 it was visited by about 30 thousand people). In 1892 Tretyakov inherited a collection of Western European painting from his brother and placed it in two halls of the western school. The collection in Tretyakov's gallery was equal in importance with the largest museums in Russia at that time, and became one of sights of [[Moscow]]. In August 1892 Tretyakov donated his collection and a private residence to Moscow. By then in the collection there were 1287 pictures and 518 graphics of the Russian school, 75 pictures and 8 figures of the West-European school, 15 sculptures and a collections of icons. [[Image:Tretyakovskaya gallery.JPG|thumb|left|300px|The [[Tretyakov Gallery]] with a statue of Tretyakov in front of it.]]

On 15 August 1893 the official opening of a museum under the name "Pavel and Sergey Tretyakov City art gallery" (nowadays [[Tretyakov Gallery]]) took place. By 1890 it was visited by up to 150 thousand people annually. Tretyakov continued to build up his collection, for example, in 1894 he donated a gallery of 30 pictures, 12 figures and a marble statue “The Christian martyrs“ works by [[Mark Antokolski]]. He was also involved in studying the collection, and from 1893 he produced its catalogue.

==Other work==

Apart from engaging in collecting, Tretyakov was active in [[Charitable organization|charity]]. Charity for him was as natural as the creation of a national gallery.

He was an honorary member of the Society of Collectors of the Applied Arts and of the Musical Society from the dates of their foundations. He granted large amounts of money to these organizations, supporting all their educational undertakings. He supported an initiative to help the families of soldiers who died during the [[Crimean]] and [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]]. He established grants in commercial schools in Moscow and Alexandrovskoe. He never refused monetary help to artists and others, and carefully looked after the affairs of painters who without fear entrusted their savings to him. He repeatedly lent money to his counsellor and adviser I.N. Kramskoi, and to V.G. Khudyakov, K.A. Trutovski, M.K. Klodt.

With his brother Sergey he supported the Moscow School for the Deaf, founded in 1860 by the artist Ivan Karlovich Arnold, and became its patron. In 1900 the school was renamed the Arnoldo-Tretyakov School.

== Death and legacy ==
Pavel Tretyakov died in December 1898, and his funeral was held at the [[Church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi]] where he was an active parishioner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pravoslavie.ru/2753.html|title=Храм Святого Николая Чудотворца В Толмачах|last=Lebedeva|first=Elena|date=18 December 2006|website=pravoslavie.ru|language=ru|trans-title=Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Tolmachi|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref> He was buried in [[Danilov Cemetery]], but in 1948 his remains were transferred to [[Novodevichy Cemetery]].{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

Tretyakov bequeathed half of his estate to charitable purposes. He provided for the financing of the gallery, and also for a shelter for the widows, juvenile children and unmarried daughters of artists who had died.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

In his will he also provided large sums for the school for the deaf. He bought a big stone house with a garden for the school. 150 boys and girls lived in this house. Here they were looked after till they reached the age of 16. Tretyakov selected the best teachers, and became acquainted with the methods of study.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

A [[minor planet]] [[3925 Tretʹyakov]], discovered by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] astronomer [[Lyudmila Zhuravlyova]] in 1977 is named after Pavel Tretyakov and his brother Sergei Mikhailovich Tretyakov (1824–1892).<ref>{{cite book | last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D. | title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names | edition = 5th  | year = 2003 | publisher = Springer Verlag | location = New York | url = https://books.google.com/books?q=3925+Tret%27yakov+1977 | isbn = 3-540-00238-3 | page = 334}}</ref>

His daughter Vera married the pianist and composer [[Alexander Siloti]]. His other daughter, Lyubov, married the [[maritime art]]ist, [[Nikolay Gritsenko]].

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Botkina |first=Aleksandra P. |title=Павел Михайлович Третьяков в жизни и искусстве |date=1995 |publisher=Iskusstvo |isbn=5-210-01313-8 |location=Moscow |language=ru |oclc=35310641}}
* {{Cite book |last=Siloti |first=Vera P. |url=https://archive.org/details/1998_20230804/ |title=В доме Третьякова |date=1998 |publisher=Iskusstvo |isbn=5-210-01321-9 |location=Moscow |language=ru |oclc=28635198 |url-access=registration}}

==References==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tretyakov, Pavel}}
[[Category:Culture of Russia]]
[[Category:1832 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery]]
[[Category:19th century in Moscow]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Art collectors from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century businesspeople from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Tretyakov Gallery|*]]
[[Category:Russian art patrons]]