Editing Pazin

{{for|the village in Iran|Pazin, Iran}}{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2025}}{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Pazin
| official_name      = {{lang|hr|Grad Pazin}}<br />{{lang|it|Città di Pisino}}<br/>Town of Pazin
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = 
| other_name         = Pisino
| settlement_type    = [[List of cities and towns in Croatia|Town]]
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|photo1a =
|photo2a =HR-IS-Pazin68.jpg
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|photo3c =Pisino EdificioVeneziano.JPG
|photo4a =Pazin railway station.JPG
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|size = 270
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| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = Zastava Pazina.svg
| image_shield       = Coat of Arms of Pazina.svg
| shield_size        = 
| pushpin_map        = Croatia
| pushpin_mapsize    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Pazin within Croatia
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
| coordinates        = {{coord|45|14|25|N|13|56|12|E|region:HR|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{CRO}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Counties of Croatia|County]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[File:Zastava Istarske županije.svg|border|23px]] [[Istria County|Istria]]
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name2  = 
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type    = 
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = Suzana Jašić ([[We can! (Croatia)|M!]])
| leader_title1      = Town Council
| leader_name1       = {{Collapsible list
 |title   = 13 members
 |frame_style= border: none; padding: 0;
 |list_style=text-align:left;display:none;
| {{Color box|{{party color|We can! (Croatia)}}|border=darkgray}} [[We can! (Croatia)|M!]] (7)
| {{Color box|{{party color|Istrian Democratic Assembly}}|border=darkgray}} [[Istrian Democratic Assembly|IDS]]-[[Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats|HNS]]-[[Croatian Party of Pensioners|HSU]] (4)
| {{Color box|{{party color|Croatian Democratic Union}}|border=darkgray}} [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]] (1)
| {{Color box|{{party color|Independent}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (1)
}}
| unit_pref          = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
| area_footnotes     = <ref>{{Cite Q|Q119585703|mode=cs1}}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 139.1
| area_land_km2      = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->
| area_urban_km2     = 15.8
| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags-->
| elevation_m        = 277
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2021">{{Croatian Census 2021|S}}</ref>
| population_as_of   = 2021
| population_total   = 8279
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 3981
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_note    = 
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| utc_offset_DST     = +2
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 52 000
| area_code          = 052
| registration_plate = PU
| website            = {{URL|pazin.hr}}
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Pazin''' ({{langx|it|'''Pisino'''}}, {{langx|de|Mitterburg}}) is a [[List of cities and towns in Croatia|town]] in western [[Croatia]], the administrative seat of [[Istria County]]. It is known for the medieval [[Pazin Castle]], the former residence of the [[March of Istria|Istrian margraves]].

==Geography==
The town had a population of 8,638 in 2011, of which 4,386 lived in the urban settlement. In 1991 it was made the capital of the [[Istria County|county]] for its location in the geographical centre of the [[Istria]]n peninsula and in order to boost the development of its interior territories.

==Climate==
Since records began in 1961, the highest temperature recorded at the local weather station at an elevation of {{convert|297|m|ft}} was {{convert|39.5|C|F}}, on 3 August 2017.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-07-19 |author=DHMZ |title=Najviše izmjerene temperature zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje mjerenja |url=https://meteo.hr/objave_najave_natjecaji.php?section=onn&param=objave&el=priopcenja&daj=najvise_temperature_zraka |website=Državni hidrometeorološki zavod}}</ref> The coldest temperature was {{convert|-18.7|C|F}}, on 8 January 1985.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-01-21 |author=DHMZ |title=Najniže izmjerene temperature zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje mjerenja |url=https://meteo.hr/objave_najave_natjecaji.php?section=onn&param=objave&el=priopcenja&daj=najnize_temperature_zraka |website=Državni hidrometeorološki zavod}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Pazin, castle museum, Roman grave stone.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Roman gravestone discovered in [[Moncalvo di Pisino]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Italia Epigrafica Digitale |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Italia%2Bepigrafica%2Bdigitale%2BMainardis%2B4.pdf |publisher=[[Sapienza University of Rome]] |page=3460 |date=2017}}</ref>]]
[[File:Roman Bull Pinguente 02.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ancient Rome|Ancient Roman]] tombstone depicting a bull, from the area of [[Pinguente]] (Buzet), 1st century AD]]
[[File:Rocko Polje.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Roman sepulchral stele of Petronio Voltimesi and Ditica Hostila, from Paglie di Rozzo (Ročko Polje)]]
[[File:Pisino 1883 5kr Kü6.jpg|thumb|150px|Austrian KK issue 1883, cancelled ''PISINO'']]{{Npov|date=February 2025}}
Pazin was built in an area rich in history and inhabited since ancient times. The burg surrounding the castle was inhabited since [[prehistory]].<ref name="crs">{{cite book |last1=Visintin |first1=Denis |title=La Contea di Pisino. Cenni di storia economica, sociale e religiosa |date=2016 |publisher=CRS |pages=63–64 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/350949}}</ref> Some of the surrounding rural settlements, such as Glavizza, Beram, which features a [[necropolis]] dating from the 7th to 5th century BC, and the ''[[Castellieri culture|castellieri]]'' of Bertossi, likewise inhabited since prehistoric times, developed into urban centers, while others became burgs around newly built castles, and others still remained rural villages.<ref name="crs" /> Just to its southeast lie [[Gračišče]], ''castrum Callinianum'' in Roman times, and [[Pićan]], which was settled by the [[Histri]], and then became a strategically important Roman military settlement under the name ''Petina''. Some historians also link it to ''Pucinium'', an unidentified fortification in central Istria, whose [[wine]] was famous even at the Roman court,<ref name="Central">{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Town of Legends |url=https://www.central-istria.com/en/pican |website=www.central-istria.com}}</ref> with [[Livia]], wife of [[Augustus|Emperor Augustus]], believing that her longevity was due to it.<ref name="Central" /> Just to the north of Pazin lies [[Draguć]], formerly part of the County of Pazin as well as the Pazin county, which was a Roman fortification, and where numerous Roman archaeological finds were uncovered. The areas of Pazin, Draguć, [[Buzet]] and [[Roč]] ( an important Roman ''castrum'' since the 2nd century BC) are rich in Roman finds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rebecchi |first1=F. |last2=Ciurletti |first2=G. |last3=Scarfì |first3=B. M. |last4=Verzár Bass |first4=M. |last5=Matijašić |first5=R. |title=VENETIA et HISTRIA |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/venetia-et-histria_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27-Arte-Antica%29/ |publisher=[[Treccani]] |access-date=24 April 2023 |date=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pinguente - Rozzo - Sovignacco |url=https://www.associazionedellecomunitaistriane.it/le-comunita/pinguenter-rozzo-sovignacco/ |website=www.associazionedellecomunitaistriane.it}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jurkic-Girardi |first1=Vesna |title=Monumenti romani sul territorio di Pinguente e Rozzo |pages=1–38 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/353546}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Buzet Istria |url=http://histrica.com/istria/green/buzet/#:~:text=Buzet%20has%20been%20inhabited%20since,new%20settlements%20of%20population%20began. |website=www.histrica.com |publisher=Histrica}}</ref>

The current settlement of Pazin originated with the houses built around a castle erected by Germanic rulers. These were the houses of the family relatives and feudal settlers, to which were later added those of the foreign [[artisans]], who offered their services to the lords of the castle as well as their employees and subjects.<ref name="ALG" /> Thus a little burg was born, which was greatly developed when Pazin was enfeoffed to the bishops of [[Poreč]] and the town became the capital and center of the County of Pazin. Thus the small burg increased its population, both with commoners and nobles, who embellished it with new buildings, such as the [[hospice]] founded by Giovanni Mosconi, then the captain of Pazin.<ref name="ALG" />

Pazin was first mentioned as ''Castrum Pisinum'' in a 983 deed regarding a donation by Emperor [[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto II]] to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Poreč-Pula|Diocese of Poreč]].<ref name ="Naprijed">Naklada Naprijed, ''The Croatian Adriatic Tourist Guide'', pg. 27, Zagreb (1999), {{ISBN|953-178-097-8}}</ref> It then belonged to the Imperial [[March of Istria]], which had originally been under the suzerainty of the newly established [[Duchy of Carinthia]] in 976, but separated together with the [[March of Carniola]] in 1040.

In the 12th century, Mitterburg Castle was in possession of the [[Lower Carniola]]n count Meinhard of Schwarzenburg, who held the office of a [[vogt]] of the Poreč bishops (in Latin documents he is known as ''Cernogradus''), and established the Pazin County (earldom). Upon his death, Pazin was inherited by his son-in-law Count Engelbert III of [[County of Görz|Gorizia]] (Görz) in 1186.

While most of Istria had gradually been annexed by [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], Engelbert's descendant Count Albert III of Gorizia in 1374 bequested his Mitterburg estates to the Austrian [[House of Habsburg]], who attached them to their [[Duchy of Carniola]] and gave it out in fief to various families, the last of which was the comital House of [[Raimondo Montecuccoli|Montecuccoli]]<ref name ="Naprijed"/> from 1766.

[[File:Sueleymanname akinci2.png|thumb|The [[Ottoman Turks|Turks]] invaded Pazin (Pisino) multiple times. In 1467 they struck the heartland of Pazin and Beram (Vermo), with the people of Beram later claiming to have killed a whole band of ''[[Akinji|akindjis]]'' (pictured). In 1501 the Turks encamped near a village in the Pazin heartland, and the place where they encamped became known as ''Monte dei Turchi''.<ref name="L'Istria"/> The last Ottoman incursion in Istria occurred in Pazin in 1511.<ref name="società"/> On this occasion they destroyed the city's castle.<ref name="AlberiLINT"/>]]
Pazin and the surrounding areas were invaded multiple times by the [[Ottoman Turks|Turks]]. These attacks intensified in the 1460s and 1470s.<ref name="Croatian Studies"/> In 1463, Ivan Frankopan devastated Cerovlje and Zarečje before heading to the castle of Pazin. Eventually, however, he did not attack it, heading instead to the less protected Kašćerga and Sovinjak.<ref name="istra.hr">{{cite web |title=Towns and surroundings |url=https://www.istra.hr/en/destinations/pazin |website=istra.hr}}</ref>

In 1476 the Turks struck the heartland of the towns of Pazin and Beram, with the people of Vermo later claiming to have captured and killed all the members of a band of Turkish raiders (''[[Akinji|akindjis]]'').<ref name="Croatian Studies">{{cite book |title=Journal of Croatian Studies v. 31 |date=1990 |publisher=Croatian Academy of America |page=75}}</ref> Both the Turks and the Venetians attacked the town of Draguccio (Draguć), in the ''Pisinese'', and part of the County of Pazin since 1350,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alberi |first1=Dario |title=Istria storia, arte, cultura |date=1997 |publisher=LINT |isbn=9788881900152 |page=779 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dDiAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Draguccio: una strada, due piazze e infinite sorpese |url=https://www.istrianet.org/istria/towns/draguc/05_0115lavoce.htm |website=www.istrianet.org}}</ref> and destroyed the settlement around its castle during Austrian times. After the little town passed to Venice, the [[Uskoks]] and Austrians gave it the same treatment.<ref name="istra.hr"/>

In 1501, the Turks encamped in the vicinity of Lindar.<ref name="istra.hr"/> In the 19th century, the place where they encamped was still known as the ''Monte dei Turchi'' ("Mount of the Turks").<ref name="L'Istria">{{cite book |title=L'Istria v. 7 |date=1852 |page=227 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Tc_AAAAcAAJ}}</ref> The last Ottoman incursion in Istria occurred in Pazin in 1511.<ref name="società">{{cite book |title=Atti e memorie della Società istriana di archeologia e storia patria v.5-6 |date=1889 |publisher=Società istriana di archeologia e storia patria |page=419}}</ref> On this occasion, they destroyed the castle.<ref name="AlberiLINT">{{cite book |last1=Alberi |first1=Dario |title=Istria storia, arte, cultura |date=1997 |publisher=LINT |isbn=9788881900152 |page=965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dDiAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

[[File:Sic trasit gloria mundi.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Lion of Saint Mark]] inside [[Pazin Castle]]]]
In 1508, during the [[War of the League of Cambrai]], the city was conquered by Venetian forces under [[Bartolomeo d'Alviano]], and annexed by the [[Republic of Venice]].<ref name="LINT">{{cite book |last1=Alberi |first1=Dario |title=Istria - Storia, arte, cultura |date=1997 |publisher=LINT |isbn=9788881900152 |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dDiAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marzo Magno |first1=Alessandro |title=La splendida Venezia 1499-1509 |date=2019 |publisher=Editori Laterza |isbn=9788858146255 |page=10 (X)}}</ref> It remained under Venetian rule until 1509.<ref name="Dobrila">{{cite book |last1=Bertoša |first1=Slaven |title=Gli orizzonti mediterranei della famiglia Loredan |publisher=Jurja Dobrila University |location=Pola (Pula) |pages=537–569 |url=https://crsrv.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Slaven-Bertosa-Gli-orizzonti-mediterranei-della-famiglia-veneziana-Loredan.pdf}}</ref> During its time under the ''Serenissima'', Francesco Loredan was the [[castellan]] of the fortress, while Secondo de Cà Pesaro served in the position of captain of Pazin, as ''[[provveditore]]'' of the Republic of Venice.<ref name="Dobrila"/><ref>{{cite book |title=L' Istria, Volume 1 |date=1846 |page=223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IlM_AAAAcAAJ}}</ref>

Slavs inhabited the countryside around Pazin since the 9th century; they worked for the German landowners, who lived in the small fortresses and rocks, built on the edges of the cliffs. The Italians of Pisino trace their origins to the pre-existing Roman community living in the area of the County of Pazin, having resisted the expansion and assimilation of the newcomers. The Italian ethnicity in the County of Pazin was also kept alive and powered by the continuous contact and relationships with the nearby and strictly Italian communities of the Pola and Parenzo (Poreč) areas.<ref name="ALG"/>

In the area surrounding Pazin, there is a very old presence of [[Croatisation|Croatized]] [[Romanians]] ([[Vlachs]]). They are recorded as early as 1102 in [[Moncalvo di Pisino]].<ref name="AlberiLINT"/> In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Austrians brought to the County of Pazin many families of [[Morlachs]], especially after the [[Treaty of Madrid (1617)|Treaty of Madrid]], which ended the [[Uskok War]].<ref name="Kobler">{{cite book |last1=Kobler |first1=Giovanni |title=Memorie per la storia della Liburnica città di Fiume, scritte dal Fiumano Giovanni Kobler. Pubblicate per cura del municipio Volumes 1-3 |date=1896 |publisher=Stabilimento Tipo-litografico Fiumano di E. Mohovich |page=178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2t7KAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

As with the other Istrian counties, the notary and diplomatic language of Pazin remained [[Latin]], in preference to the [[German language]]. The [[Istrian Demarcation]] (''Razvod istarski'') was written in 1325 in Croatian and in the [[Glagolitic]] script.<ref>Treasures of Yugoslavia, An encyclopedic touring guide, Beograd, 1982.</ref> Beside this debated document, there is only one document written in [[Croatian language|Croatian]], a borders act between [[Kožljak]] and [[Mošćenička Draga]], which, however, was written in Croatian to please to chieftains of the Mošćenička Draga area, subjects of the lords of [[Kastav]], who didn't understand Latin. The only official language of the public and private documents of the County of Pazin was Latin, which in the 17th century was replaced by the [[Italian language]]. Even the acts and the registers from the captain administration were written in Latin, and then in Italian; German, which was still marginally used up to the 16th century, was used ever less, and finally disappeared in the 17th century.<ref name="ALG">{{cite book |author=Associazione istriana di studi di storia patria |title=Pagine istriane periodico scientifico letterario-artistico |date=1904 |publisher=ALG |pages=109–115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MrB4A4UhPoC}}</ref><ref name="Treccani"/>

By 1500, the city of Pazin, with a population of around 1500 people, {{Dubious span|text=was a small center of Italian life.|date=February 2025}} The head of the comune, and elected representative, did not bear the title of ''zupano'' (''župan''), but that of ''[[gastaldo]]''. He was elected by the twelve counselors of the so-called ''Banca'', and to operate needed the confirmation, or captain investment. His ''coadiutori'' (literally, coadjutors, collaborators) were usually called the ''giudici rettori''. A public notary with Imperial authority acted as chancellor of the comune, stipulating its acts and contracts.<ref name="ALG"/>

[[File:Castello di Montecuccoli di Pisino.JPG|thumb|[[Pazin Castle]] ({{langx|it|Castle Montecuccoli}})]]
In 1890, through an artificial formation of the comune, the Austrian government was able to make the ''[[municipio]]'' fall to the Slavs, but the Italians "passionately defended the city on this and other occasions".<ref name="Treccani"/> The Italians kept in Pazin the headquarters of the ''[[Società politica istriana]]'' ("Istrian Political Society").<ref name="Treccani">{{cite web |last1=Merlo |first1=Claudia |title=Pisino |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pisino_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/ |publisher=Treccani}}</ref>{{Neutrality is disputed|date=February 2025}}

Until 1918, the town (under the name Pisino) was part of the [[Austrian monarchy]] (Austrian side after the [[compromise of 1867]]), seat of the district of the same name, one of the 11 ''Bezirkshauptmannschaften'' in the [[Austrian Littoral]] province.<ref>Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm Klein, 1967</ref>

In the same year, Pazin and all the [[Istria|Peninsula of Istria]] were transferred to the [[Kingdom of Italy]]. [[Benito Mussolini]], then, introduced a fascist regime in Italy which, under the "Duce", began to Italianize the region. Most of Istria became part of [[Yugoslavia]] after [[World War II]] with the Treaty of Paris in 1947, and subsequently became part of modern-day Croatia after it declared independence in 1991.

==Education==
Public education was neglected until the 16th century, when some priests started to teach the basics of Latin to the children of the local nobles and the [[bourgeoisie]]. Thereafter, the Pazin comune started to hire an Italian tutor (''precettore italiano''), who had also to serve as the organist of the Church of San Nicolò. The young Pazin students who wanted to pursue their studies in the humanities or philosophy would then move to [[Trieste]] or Rijeka, where they would study in the local Jesuit colleges. Those who then wanted to continue with higher studies would often go to [[Padua]].<ref name="ALG"/><ref name="Treccani"/>

Between 1646 and 1766, 73 youngsters from the County of Pazin attended the Jesuit college in Trieste, 41 of whom were from Pazin proper. The rector of the Jesuit college of Trieste, [[Giacomo Rampelli]], was himself from Pazin.<ref name="ALG"/>

In 1836, the first middle school in Pazin was opened. It operated until 1890 when it was moved to Pola (Pula). Teaching in the gymnasium of Pazin was only in the German language. In 1872, the Pazin deputy [[Francesco Costantini]] obtained, after long insistence, that also a lower gymnasium with the Italian language would be opened. Slavic parliamentarians of the [[Diet of Istria]] bought time until they received assurance that a Croatian gymnasium would also be opened.<ref name="Feresini">{{cite book |last1=Feresini |first1=Nerina |title=Scontro di colture |publisher=Il Territorio |pages=52–57 |url=https://www.ccm.it/ProxyVFS.axd/article,/r17922/1989_26_12_Scontro-di-culture-pdf?v=12492&ext=.pdf}}</ref> In 1899, by order of the Austrian government, the first Croatian gymnasium of Pazin was to be set up, which caused a "manifestation of Italianness" throughout the [[Julian March]].<ref name="Treccani"/> There were manifestations throughout Istria and Trieste, which caused the diet to decree that also the Italian school would be opened in 1899.<ref name="Feresini"/>

The Italian Gymnasium of Pazin prospered, and its initial premises became too small. The ''consiglio comunale'' spotted a suitable area for the new building, but the then Austrian appointed podestà, a Croatian, opposed the purchase. The ''giunta provinciale'' intervened, voiding the decision of the podestà. The new school was opened in 1902, and before it was completed it was visited by [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]], who was surprised by the Italian population, writing to his friend [[Francesco Salata]]:<ref name="Feresini"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Spadolini |first1=Giovanni |title=Nuova Antologia - Rivista di lettere, scienze ed arti |date=1939 |publisher=Nuova Antologia - Sapienza University of Rome |page=21}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|In Pisino - remember? - on that savage slope, so thick with vigorous and impregnable roots, we see the highest and most effective form of modern intellectual heroism, the struggle for culture, expand throughout a whole people. We feel with a proud and unanimous heartbeat the right of the great, manifold, transfiguring Latin civilization against the barbaric abuse<ref name="Feresini"/>}}

The Italian gymnasium suffered during [[World War I]], being requisitioned from August 1914 to October of that year. Three of its professors were called to arms, one of whom died on the battlefield. The school was evicted in 1915 and had to resettle in a private house. There were then the first political persecutions, with the arrest of one student and his family and the internment in concentration camp of a professor. It was eventually closed down by the Austrian authorities in 1916. Thirty-tree students of the gymnasium voluntarily participated in the war, four of whom died on the battlefield, and one in prison. In 1918, after the [[Bersaglieri]] entered the city, works to reopen the school, now dilapidated, were started.<ref name="Feresini"/>

[[File:HR-IS-Pazin41.jpg|thumb|The [[Rapicio Castle]] was bombed together with the Italian gymnasium during World War II<ref name="Alberi">{{cite book |last1=Alberi |first1=Dario |title=Istria storia, arte, cultura |date=1997 |publisher=LINT |isbn=9788881900152 |pages=855, 867, 955 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dDiAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>]]
It was named after [[Gian Rinaldo Carli]] since 1919.<ref name="Feresini"/><ref name="Voce"/> The building was further enlarged in 1926 and ten years later the boarding school ''Fabio Filzi'' was completed.<ref name="Feresini"/> The school was attended by students from all over Istria, notably [[Luigi Dallapiccola]], [[Biagio Marin]], [[Pierantonio Quarantotti Gambini]], [[Mario Visintini|Mario]] and [[Licio Visintini]], and Dario Leaone, the youngest victim of the [[foibe massacres]].<ref name="Feresini"/><ref name="Voce"/> It produced many students who fought for Italy in various wars. It was bombed during World War II, on 4 October 1943, and finally dismantled in 1946, with the demolition of the structure.<ref name="Voce">{{cite web |title=A Pisino riaffiorano i resti dell'ex Ginnasio |date=6 July 2021 |url=https://lavoce.hr/cronaca/cronaca-istriana/a-pisino-riaffiorano-i-resti-dellex-ginnasio |publisher=La Voce del Popolo}}</ref> Its rector Eros Luginbuhl was killed in [[Split, Croatia|Split]] by the partisans, while professor Teresita Bonicelli tragically disappeared. Teacher [[Norma Cossetto]] was tortured and [[Foibe massacres|infoibed]] in the [[foiba]] of Villa Surani; the principal of the school and rector of the boarding school, Vitale Berardinelli, and professor Antonio Natoli were killed by Yugoslav fleeing forces.<ref name="Feresini"/>

After the Germans reoccupied the city, lessons restarted in the boarding school, which was shared with the German soldiers. The latter eventually evicted the school, which was again relocated to a private house. After the Yugoslav partisans entered the city in May 1945, one of their first actions was evicting the school from that private house. It was then relocated to another house. Pazin was then in ruin, but it was decided to restart the school in the boarding school, which was now inhabited by the Croatian clerics, who opposed this. Thanks to the mediation of Italian bishop [[Antonio Santin|Santin]], the school was successfully restarted there.<ref name="Feresini"/>

A sanitary commission then visited the school, evicting it again, and themselves leaving the building in deplorable condition when they departed. The Italians cleaned the school and lessons were restarted, but an exhibition of the Croatian civilization was organized there and the school had to be closed again. It was then moved to the infirmary in the back of the boarding school. The school was later allowed to move back to the previous room, where the students had to put up without heating in the winter. In February, the rector Stefani was arrested in his home, brought to [[Labin]] and then [[Opatija]], where he miraculously managed to escape. The school was definitively closed in the summer of 1946.<ref name="Feresini"/>

==Sights==
[[File:Pazin, view to the abbey St. Nicholas.jpg|thumb|left|Saint Nicholas' Abbey]]
The current town was mostly built beneath the medieval fortress. The present-day [[Pazin Castle]] was rebuilt in the 15th and 16th century and disassembled in the 18th and 19th. It has been a museum since the end of [[World War II]].

The Pazin [[ponor]] (''Pazinska jama/Foiba'') located under the castle was partially explored by [[Édouard-Alfred Martel]] in 1896 and is the best example of [[karst]] hydrography and morphology in Istria. Castle and a gorge inspired [[Jules Verne]] for the novel ''[[Mathias Sandorf]]'' of 1885.

Pazin was also home to the [[Rapicio Castle]], built in the 16th century. The Castle was bombed and badly damaged during [[World War II]] together with the Italian Gymnasium.<ref name="Alberi"/> Today, its ruins are still visible.<ref name="Alberi"/>

==Demographics==
According to the 2021 census, its population was 8,279, with 3,981 living in the town proper.<ref name="Census 2021" /> At the [[2011 Census of Croatia|2011 census]] it was 8,638 and 4,386 respectively.<ref>{{Croatian Census 2011|S|18|3212}}</ref>

===Settlements===
{{Historical populations
|title  = Historical populations<br/> of Pazin
|shading     = off
|source = Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857–2001, DZS, Zagreb, 2005
|1880 |8342
|1890 |8330
|1900 |9200
|1910 |10317
|1921 |11211
|1931 |10518
|1948 |8685
|1953 |8537
|1961 |8389
|1971 |8158
|1981 |8889
|1991 |9369
|2001 |9227
|2011 |8638
}}

The town's administrative area consists of 18 [[Settlement (Croatia)|settlements]] with their respective populations:<ref>{{Cite web|title=1. POPULATION BY AGE AND SEX, BY SETTLEMENTS, 2011 CENSUS – Pazin|url=https://www.dzs.hr/eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/e01_01_01/e01_01_01_zup18_3212.html|access-date=September 9, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Beram]]/Vermo, 234
* [[Bertoši]]/Bertozzi, 325
* [[Brajkovići, Pazin|Brajkovići]]/Braicovici, 353
* [[Butoniga]]/Bottonega, 74
* [[Grdoselo]]/Castelverde di Pisino, 119
* [[Heki]]/Checchi, 469
* [[Ježenj]]/Ieseni, 141
* [[Kašćerga]]/Caschierga, 256
* [[Kršikla]]/Chersicla, 48
* [[Lindar, Istria County|Lindar]]/Lindaro, 402
* [[Lovrin, Istria County|Lovrin]]/Laurini, 364
* '''Pazin/Pisino''', 4,386
* [[Trviž]]/Terviso, 409
* [[Vela Traba]]/Traba Grande, 227
* [[Zabrežani]]/Presani, 426
* [[Zamask]]/Zamasco 58
* [[Zamaski Dol]]/Valle di Zumesco, 51
* [[Zarečje, Istria County|Zarečje]]/Sarezzo, 296

{{Croatian population data graph |popisi=HRV |upisano=2022-06-04 |područje=Town of Pazin |p1857=7966 |p1869=8167 |p1880=8342 |p1890=8330 |p1900=9200 |p1910=10317 |p1921=11211 |p1931=10518 |p1948=8685 |p1953=8537 |p1961=8389 |p1971=8158 |p1981=8889 |p1991=9369 |p2001=9227 |p2011=8638 |p2021=8279}}

==Notable people==
*[[Leonard Bagni]] (1593–1650), priest, theologian, philosopher, physicist and missionary<ref>Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Prilozi za istraživanje hrvatske filozofske baštine v- 24, 1998, p.136</ref>
*Stojan Brajša (1888–1989), politician, lawyer and publicist<ref>{{cite web |title=Brajša, Stojan |url=https://www.slovenska-biografija.si/oseba/sbi1002920/ |publisher=Slovenska Biografija}}</ref>
*Dražen Bratulić (born 1971), actor<ref>{{cite web |title=Dražen Bratulić |url=https://www.teatar.hr/osobe/drazen-bratulic/ |publisher=TEATAR}}</ref>
*[[Renato Camus]] (1891–1971), architect<ref>{{cite web |title=Càmus, Renato |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/renato-camus |publisher=Treccani}}</ref>
*Antonio Chinappi (fl. 1710s), Doctor of Law<ref name="ALG"/>
*[[Francesco Costantini]] (1827–1899), lawyer, politician, mayor of Pazin (1880–1883)
*[[Attilio Craglietto]] (1884–1966), educator, politician
*[[Luigi Dallapiccola]] (1904–1975), composer
*[[Gino De Finetti]] (1877–1955), painter
*[[Carlo De Franceschi]] (1809–1893), historian and politician
*[[Juraj Dobrila]] (1812–1882), prelate, [[Bishop of Trieste]]
*[[Fabio Filzi]] (1884–1916), Italian patriot
*[[Pier Antonio Quarantotti Gambini]] (1910–1965), poet and writer
*[[Tullio Ghersetich]] (born 1930), football player, played for [[Empoli F.C.|Empoli]], [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]] and [[Cagliari Calcio|Cagliari]]<ref>Stefano Prizio, Leonardo Signoria, La Fiorentina dalla A alla Z, 2016</ref>
*[[Pasqualino Gobbi]] (17th century), Doctor of Law, [[Archdeacon]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pula|Pola]]
*[[Vinko Jelovac]] (born 1948), international basketball player
*[[Antun Kalac]] (1849–1919), poet, writer, priest
*[[Guglielmo Legler]] (1875–1951), painter, married in 1900 to Grete Schindler (sister of [[Alma Mahler]]){{efn|Please, do notice that the mentioned Legler was the '''son''' of Wilhelm Legler junior (1875–1951) and Margaretha Julie (Grete) Schindler (1880–1943). Wilhelm Karl Emil Legler was born 1902 in Stuttgart and died in Vienna 1960. He is named after the painters Karl Moll (1861–1945) and his grandfather Emil J. Schindler (1842–1892) and was by profession an architect.}}
*Ivan Matijašić (1916–2001), surgeon<ref>{{cite web |title=PREDSTAVLJANJE KNJIGE O IVANU MATIJAŠIĆU |date=19 April 2016 |url=https://www.kcspi-pazin.hr/predstavljanje-knjige-o-ivanu-matijasicu/ |publisher=Katedra Čakavskoga sabora za povijest Istre}}</ref>
*[[Ilda Mizzan]] (died 1922), wife of [[Francesco Salata]]<ref>Filippo Masci, La vita e le opere di Gabriele d'Annunzio, 1950, p. 160</ref>
*[[Igor Pamić]] (born 1969), footballer
*[[Cristoforo Rampelli]] (17th century), jurist, captain of Pazin 1674–1686
*[[Andrea Rapicio]] (1533–1573), jurist and prelate, [[Bishop of Trieste]]
*[[Paul Stupar]] (1866–1928), naval officer, [[rear admiral]]
*[[Radojka Šverko]] (born 1948), singer
*[[Janetto de Tassis]] (1450–1518), postmaster and courier
*[[Ettore Uicich]] (1870–1915), [[Italian irredentism|irredentist]], war volunteer
*[[Josip Ujčić]] (1880–1964), prelate, [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Belgrade|Archbishop of Belgrade]]
*[[Milan Zgrablić]] (born 1960), prelate

===Origin from Pazin===
*[[Margherita Granbassi]] (born 1979), fencer<ref>{{cite web |title=13lug/07.43 – Margherita Granbassi madrina al Triangolare del Ricordo |url=https://www.anvgd.it/13lug0743-margherita-granbassi-madrina-al-triangolare-del-ricordo/ |website=www.anvgd.it |date=13 July 2011 |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421213801/https://www.anvgd.it/13lug0743-margherita-granbassi-madrina-al-triangolare-del-ricordo/|archive-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>
*[[Ezio Mizzan]] (1905–1969), diplomat<ref name="arena">{{cite web|title=LACRIME D' ESILIO - foto|url=http://arenadipola.com/articoli/70235|publisher=[[L'Arena di Pola]]|access-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210413171127/http://arenadipola.com/articoli/70235|archive-date=13 April 2021}}</ref>

==Climate==
Climate in this area has high diurnal variations, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The [[Köppen Climate Classification]] subtype for this climate is "[[Köppen climate classification#Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates|Cfb]]". (Marine West Coast Climate).<ref>[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=50131&cityname=Pazin%2C+Croatia&units= Climate Summary]</ref>
{{Weather box
| location = Pazin (1971–2000, extremes 1961–2021)
| single line = Yes
| metric first = Yes
| Jan record high C = 21.4
| Feb record high C = 23.6
| Mar record high C = 26.5
| Apr record high C = 28.8
| May record high C = 33.7
| Jun record high C = 35.6
| Jul record high C = 38.6
| Aug record high C = 39.5
| Sep record high C = 34.8
| Oct record high C = 28.8
| Nov record high C = 25.2
| Dec record high C = 21.6
| year record high C = 38.7
| Jan high C = 8.7
| Feb high C = 10.0
| Mar high C = 13.0
| Apr high C = 16.2
| May high C = 21.6
| Jun high C = 25.1
| Jul high C = 28.4
| Aug high C = 28.5
| Sep high C = 23.9
| Oct high C = 18.7
| Nov high C = 12.9
| Dec high C = 9.5
| year high C = 18.0
| Jan mean C = 3.0
| Feb mean C = 3.5
| Mar mean C = 6.4
| Apr mean C = 9.9
| May mean C = 14.8
| Jun mean C = 18.3
| Jul mean C = 20.8
| Aug mean C = 20.2
| Sep mean C = 16.0
| Oct mean C = 11.7
| Nov mean C = 6.9
| Dec mean C = 3.9
| year mean C = 11.3
| Jan low C = -1.9
| Feb low C = -2.1
| Mar low C = 0.5
| Apr low C = 3.9
| May low C = 8.1
| Jun low C = 11.4
| Jul low C = 13.3
| Aug low C = 12.9
| Sep low C = 9.6
| Oct low C = 6.1
| Nov low C = 1.9
| Dec low C = -0.9
| year low C = 5.2
| Jan record low C = -18.7
| Feb record low C = -15.9
| Mar record low C = -14.0
| Apr record low C = -7.8
| May record low C = -2.5
| Jun record low C = 1.7
| Jul record low C = 5.2
| Aug record low C = 3.5
| Sep record low C = -2.0
| Oct record low C = -5.6
| Nov record low C = -10.5
| Dec record low C = -15.5
| year record low C = -18.7
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 74.7
| Feb precipitation mm = 66.9
| Mar precipitation mm = 78.8
| Apr precipitation mm = 91.7
| May precipitation mm = 79.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 92.7
| Jul precipitation mm = 65.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 94.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 102.8
| Oct precipitation mm = 123.5
| Nov precipitation mm = 123.7
| Dec precipitation mm = 92.6
| year precipitation mm = 1066.4
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 10.0
| Feb precipitation days = 8.1
| Mar precipitation days = 9.4
| Apr precipitation days = 13.1
| May precipitation days = 11.9
| Jun precipitation days = 12.1
| Jul precipitation days = 8.5
| Aug precipitation days = 9.1
| Sep precipitation days = 9.6
| Oct precipitation days = 10.9
| Nov precipitation days = 11.2
| Dec precipitation days = 10.4
| year precipitation days = 124.2
| unit snow days = 1.0 cm
| Jan snow days = 1.5
| Feb snow days = 0.9
| Mar snow days = 0.5
| Apr snow days = 0.0
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.0
| Nov snow days = 0.1
| Dec snow days = 0.5
| year snow days = 3.6
| Jan humidity = 78.6
| Feb humidity = 73.0
| Mar humidity = 70.8
| Apr humidity = 71.4
| May humidity = 72.1
| Jun humidity = 71.9
| Jul humidity = 68.4
| Aug humidity = 70.6
| Sep humidity = 76.6
| Oct humidity = 78.6
| Nov humidity = 79.4
| Dec humidity = 79.3
| year humidity = 74.2
| Jan sun = 86.8
| Feb sun = 118.7
| Mar sun = 142.6
| Apr sun = 165.0
| May sun = 210.8
| Jun sun = 222.0
| Jul sun = 275.9
| Aug sun = 266.6
| Sep sun = 207.0
| Oct sun = 151.9
| Nov sun = 90.0
| Dec sun = 74.4
| year sun = 2011.7
| source 1 = [[Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service]]<ref name= normals >{{cite web
| url = http://klima.hr/k1/k1_2/pazin.pdf
| title = Pazin Climate Normals 
| access-date = 2 December 2015
| publisher = Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service}}</ref><ref name=monthlyvalues>{{cite web
| url = http://klima.hr/klima.php?id=k1&param=srednjak&Grad=pazin
| title = Mjesečne vrijednosti za Pazin u razdoblju 1961−2014
| language = hr
| access-date = 3 December 2015
| publisher = Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service}}</ref><ref name=monthlynormalsandextremes>{{cite web
| url = https://meteo.hr/klima.php?section=klima_podaci&param=k1&Grad=pazin
| title = Srednje mjesečne vrijednosti i ekstremi
| language = hr
| access-date = 22 September 2022
| publisher = Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service}}</ref>
| date = August 2014
| source = 
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Croatia}}
{{commons category|Pazin}}
*[http://www.pazin.hr/ Pazin]
*[http://www.ipazin.net/ Pazin portal]
*[http://www.tzpazin.hr/ Pazin tourist board]

{{Pazin municipality}}
{{County seats of Croatia}}
{{Subdivisions of Istria County}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pazin| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Croatia]]
[[Category:Populated places in Istria County]]
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[[Category:10th-century establishments in Croatia]]
[[Category:983 establishments]]