Editing Peace process

{{Short description|Diplomatic end to war}}
{{other uses}}
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{{redirect|Peace plan|the Saddleback Church initiative|P.E.A.C.E. Plan}}
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A '''peace process''' is the set of [[political sociology|sociopolitical]] negotiations, agreements and actions that aim to solve a specific armed conflict.<ref name="Wakugawa_defn_peace_process" />

==Definitions==
Prior to an armed conflict occurring, peace processes can include the prevention of an intrastate or inter-state dispute from escalating into military conflict. The [[United Nations Department of Peace Operations]] (UNDPO) terms the prevention of disputes from escalating into armed conflicts as ''conflict prevention''.<ref name="UN_peace_process_definitions" /> In 2007, the United Nations Secretary-General's Policy Committee classed both initial prevention of an armed conflict and prevention of the repeat of a solved conflict as [[peacebuilding]].<ref name="UNSecGenPolicyCommittee_2007" />

For peace processes to resolve an armed conflict, [[Izumi Wakugawa]], advisor to the Japan-based [[International Peace Cooperation Program]], suggests a definition of a peace process as "a mixture of politics, diplomacy, changing relationships, negotiation, mediation, and dialogue in both official and unofficial arenas", which he attributes to [[Harold H. Saunders]] of the [[United States Institute of Peace]] (USIP). Wakugawa categorises these processes into two stages: the ceasing of armed conflict and the processes of sociological reorganisation.<ref name="Wakugawa_defn_peace_process" />

===Ceasing of armed conflict===
Non-military processes for stopping an armed conflict stage are generally classed as [[peacemaking]]. Military methods by globally organised military forces of stopping a local armed conflict are typically classed as [[peace enforcement]].<ref name="UN_peace_process_definitions" />

===Reorganisation===
The prevention of the repeat of a solved conflict (as well as the preventing of an armed conflict from occurring at all) is usually classed as [[peacebuilding]].<ref name="UNSecGenPolicyCommittee_2007" /> UNDPO defines peacebuilding to include "measures [that] address core issues that effect the functioning of society and the State".<ref name="UN_peace_process_definitions" /> The use of neutral military forces to sustain ceasefires during this phase, typically by [[List of United Nations peacekeeping missions|United Nations peacekeeping forces]], can be referred to as [[peacekeeping]].<ref name="UN_peacekeeping" />

===Overlapping definitions===
The terms ''peacemaking'', ''peacekeeping'' and ''peacebuilding'' tend to be used broadly, with their meanings defined in terms of the phases of various peace process mechanisms blurring and overlapping in practice.<ref name="Wakugawa_defn_peace_process" /><ref name="UN_peace_process_definitions" />

==Institutions==
{{main|Peace}}
The construction of international institutions, especially during the twentieth century, has to a large degree been motivated by the desire to provide a broad global context of peacebuilding. That includes the [[League of Nations]] and the [[United Nations]] and regional institutions such as the [[European Union]]. Institutions involved in encouraging or overseeing some of the steps in specific peace processes include the [[United Nations Department of Peace Operations]].

==Elements: terminology==
The Peace Accords Matrix of the [[Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies]] at the [[University of Notre Dame]], [[United States]], uses the term "provisions" to describe specific elements of peace processes in intrastate conflicts. This includes a list of 51 different elements, including [[amnesty|amnesties]]; [[ceasefire]]s; [[arms embargo]]es; releases of [[political prisoner]]s; [[truth and reconciliation commission]]s; and reforms of the constitution, or of military, police, judicial or educational institutions or of the media.<ref name="PAMatrix_provisions_web" /><ref name="PAMatrix_provisions_codebook">{{cite Q|Q127473074|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other specific elements of peace processes include [[prisoner exchange|exchange]]s, [[confidence-building measures]], [[humanitarian corridor]]s, [[peace treaty|peace treaties]] and [[transitional justice]].

==Criticism==
[[Edward Luttwak]] argues that [[conventional war]]s should not be interrupted before they could burn themselves out and the preconditions for a long-lasting peace are established. Stable peace settlement is possible only with the exhaustion of belligerents or the decisive victory of one side. "Hopes for military success must fade for accommodation to become more attractive than further combat," but premature ceasefires prevent belligerents from exhaustion and let them rearm their forces. That in turn prolongs war and leads to further killings and destruction.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Luttwak |first1=Edward N. |title=Give War a Chance |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/55210/edward-n-luttwak/give-war-a-chance}}</ref>

==Women's participation==
{{main|Women in peacekeeping}}
According to Neville Melvin Gertze of [[Namibia]], speaking at an October 2019 meeting of the [[United Nations Security Council]], peace agreements that are the result of negotiations including women are 35 percent more likely to last at least 15 years than those which are the result of men-only negotiations. At the same meeting, United Nations Secretary-General [[António Guterres]] stated that women were excluded from peace processes, attacks against women human rights defenders had increased, and only a "tiny percentage" of funding for peacebuilding was given to [[women's rights|women's organisations]].<ref name="UNSC_SC13998" />

==See also==
* [[Arab–Israeli normalization]]
* [[De-escalation]]
* [[List of peace processes]]
* [[Peace]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="Wakugawa_defn_peace_process">{{cite web | last1 =Wakugawa | first1 =Izumi | title= Peace Process: The First Step towards Realisation of Peace : @PKO No!w |trans-title = <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | website= [[Cabinet Office (Japan)]] |date =2012-08-10 | url = http://www.pko.go.jp/pko_e/organization/researcher/atpkonow/article015.html | access-date = 2019-11-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191108194025/http://www.pko.go.jp/pko_e/organization/researcher/atpkonow/article015.html |archive-date= 2019-11-08 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>

<ref name="UN_peace_process_definitions">{{cite web | title= Terminology |trans-title = <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | website= [[United Nations peacekeeping]] | url = https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/terminology | access-date = 2019-11-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191108201416/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/terminology |archive-date= 2019-11-08 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>

<ref name="UNSecGenPolicyCommittee_2007">{{cite web | title= Peacebuilding & The United Nations |trans-title = <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | website= [[United Nations]] |year = 2011 | url = http://www.un.org/en/peacebuilding/pbso/pbun.shtml | access-date = 2019-11-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111127031344/http://www.un.org/en/peacebuilding/pbso/pbun.shtml |archive-date= 2011-11-27 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>

<ref name="PAMatrix_provisions_web">{{cite web | title= PAM collects implementation data on 51 different types of provisions. Click to see accords that contain a particular provision or scroll down for a list of definitions.  |trans-title = <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | website= Peace Accords Matrix |year = 2019 | url = https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/provisions | access-date = 2019-11-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191108213406/https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/provisions |archive-date= 2019-11-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="UN_peacekeeping">{{cite web | title= What peacekeeping does |trans-title = <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | website= [[United Nations]] |year= 2019 | url = https://peacekeeping.un.org/en | access-date = 2019-11-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191108200515/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en |archive-date= 2019-11-08 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>

<ref name="UNSC_SC13998">{{cite web | title= Security Council Urges Recommitment to Women, Peace, Security Agenda, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2492 (2019) |trans-title = <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | website= [[United Nations]] |date =2019-10-29 | url = https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/sc13998.doc.htm | id = SC/13998 | access-date = 2019-11-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191104225101/https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/sc13998.doc.htm |archive-date= 2019-11-04 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>

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[[Category:Peace processes| ]]