Editing Pend d'Oreilles

{{Redirect|Kalispel|the tribe commonly known as the Kalispel|Lower Kalispel|the city in Montana|Kalispell, Montana}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Kalispel<br/>Pend d'Oreille
|image=[[File:Kalispel girl by Edward S. Curtis, ca. 1910.jpg|200px]]
|caption=Touch Her Dress, a Kalispel girl, ca. 1910
|population=over 400
|popplace= United States<br/>([[Montana]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]])
|rels=traditional tribal religion
|langs=[[Kalispel-Pend d’Oreille language|Kalispel-Pend d’Oreille]], [[English language|English]]<ref name=ethno>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/fla "Kalispel-Pend d’Oreille."] ''Ethnologue.'' Retrieved August 5, 2013.</ref>
|related=[[Chewelah people|Chewelah]],<ref name=p258>Pritzker 258</ref> [[Spokane people|Spokane]]
}}

The '''Pend d'Oreille''' or '''Pend d'Oreilles''' ({{IPAc-en|,|p|Q|n|d|@|'|r|ei}} {{respell|PON|də|RAY}}), also known as the '''Kalispel''' ({{IPAc-en|'|k|ae|l|@|s|p|E|l}}),<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Kalispel |volume=15 |page=642}}</ref> are [[Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau]]. Today many of them live in [[Montana]] and eastern [[Washington (state)|Washington]] of the United States. The Kalispel peoples referred to their primary tribal range as ''Kaniksu''.

Their traditional territory comprised the drainage systems of the [[Flathead River]], Clark Fork, and Pend Oreille rivers. It extended from roughly present-day [[Plains, Montana]], westward along the [[Clark Fork River]], to [[Lake Pend Oreille]]<ref name=EB1911/> and [[Priest Lake]] in Idaho, and the [[Pend Oreille River]] (''Ntxwe'', meaning "river") in eastern Washington and into [[British Columbia]] ([[Canada]]).

They lived in many bands — originally, probably eleven — in their historic lands. They are generally divided geographically and culturally in two groupings:<ref>[http://www.thesalishinstitute.org/salish-pend-d-oreille-culture/salish-pend-d-oreille-history - The Salish Institute - Salish & Kalispel (Pend d'Oreille) History]</ref>

* the "upstream people" or [[Upper Kalispel]] (or "Upper Pend d’Oreille") are commonly referred to as the '''Pend d'Oreille'''. They were also known as ''Kullyspelm'' or ''Ql̓ispé'' ("Camas People"). They are now enrolled in the [[Federally recognized tribe|federally recognized]] [[Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation]] in Montana.

and

* the "downstream people" or [[Lower Kalispel]] (or "Lower Pend d’Oreille") are commonly referred to as the '''Kalispel'''. They were also known as ''Silkatkmlschi'' or ''Sɫq̓etkʷmsčin̓t'' ("People Living along the Shore of the Broad Water"), because they lived by [[Flathead Lake]] (Čɫq̓étkʷ - "Broad Water"). Today many are enrolled in the [[Kalispel Indian Community of the Kalispel Reservation|Kalispel Tribe of Indians]] in Washington. Some families are members of the [[Coeur d'Alene people|Coeur d’Alene Tribe]] in Idaho.

In addition, some Kalispel are enrolled in the [[Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation]] in eastern Washington.<ref name=p258/>

Prior to colonization by European-Americans, Chewelah was home to a band of the Lower Kalispel people. The band was known as the ''Slet̓éw̓si'', meaning "valley people". The ''Chewelah Band of Indians'' is currently part of the [[Spokane people|Spokane Tribe of Indians]] of Washington.

==Name==
The name ''Pend d’Oreille'' ({{IPA|fr|pɑ̃ d‿ɔ.ʁɛj|lang}}), which means "hangs from ear", was attributed to them by French-speaking colonists and traders in reference to the large shell earrings worn by these people. The name ''Kalispel'' is an anglicization of their name in their own language '''{{lang|fla|Ql̓ispé}}''' ({{IPA|sal|qəˀlispe|lang}}), which means "[[Camassia|Camas]] people". Camas is a flower bulb that was a staple of their diet.<ref name=p257>Pritzker 257</ref>

==Language==
Their language, [[Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille|Kalispel-Pend d’Oreille]], is a [[Salishan languages|Southern Interior Salish language]]. It is also known as Flathead-Kalispel.<ref name=ethno/>

==Reservations==
The Pend d'Oreille people have two [[Indian reservation|reservations]]: the [[Flathead Indian Reservation]] in western Montana and the [[Kalispel Indian Reservation]] in Washington. Also, a small number of Kalispel people live on the [[Colville Indian Reservation]] in Washington.<ref name=p258/>

The main part of the Kalispel Reservation is northwest of [[Newport, Washington]], in central [[Pend Oreille County, Washington|Pend Oreille County]]. The main reservation is an {{convert|18.638|km2|sqmi}} strip of land along the Pend Oreille River, west of the Washington–[[Idaho]] border. There is also a small parcel of land in the western part of the [[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]] metropolitan area in the city of [[Airway Heights, Washington|Airway Heights]], with a land area of {{convert|0.202|km2|acre}}. This is the site of [http://www.northernquest.com/ Northern Quest Resort & Casino], which is operated by the tribe. The total land area of the [[Kalispel Indian Reservation]], located at {{coord|48|21|16|N|117|16|25|W|scale:100000}} in Pend Oreille County, is {{convert|18.840|km2|sqmi}}. The nearest outside community is [[Cusick, Washington|Cusick]], near the south end of the reservation.

==History==
[[File:Lake Pend Oreille.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Pend Oreille]], part of the traditional Kalispel homeland]]
The Pend d'Oreille people are believed to have migrated south from [[British Columbia]]. In 1809, the [[North West Company]] established a [[trading post]] in their territory, calling it [[Kullyspell House]].<ref name=p257/> Jesuits established a [[Roman Catholic]] mission there in 1846. In 1855, the tribe split into the upper and lower divisions, with the upper moving to the Flathead Reservation in Montana. One of the two lower bands joined them in 1887.<ref name=p258>Pritzker 258</ref>

These people made their weapons and tools from [[flint]], and many other things were shaped with rocks. For housing, the Pend d’Oreille lived in [[tipi]]s in the summer, as well as lodges in the winter time. These houses were all built out of large [[Typha|cattail]]s, which were in abundance where the people lived. These cattails were woven into mats called “tule mats”, which were attached to a tree branch frame to form a hut. Today a large community building on the Kalispel reservation bears the name “Tule Hut” in reference to this traditional housing.

The tribe traded [[bison]] hides for horses and other useful goods. They traditionally made clothing from rabbit pelts and deer hides.<ref name=p258/> They embellished hides with [[dye]]s, paints, beads, and porcupine [[quillwork|quills]].

The Upper Pend d’Oreille of the Flathead Reservation became engaged in a dispute over off-reservation hunting between the tribes and the state of Montana, resulting in the [[Swan Valley Massacre of 1908]].

Long after they were dispossessed of their hereditary lands around Lake Pend Oreille, the Pend d'Oreille band of Kalispel continued to gather for an annual pow wow on its traditional grounds just east of what is now Sandpoint City Beach. The three-day event<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sandpointonline.com/sandpointmag/sms97/kalispel.html|title=Land of the Kalispel|last=Fritz|first=Jane|date=Summer 1997|website=Sandpoint Magazine}}</ref> included ceremonies, dancing and traditional stick games. The pow wows in Sandpoint were discontinued in the early 1950s.

Since 1975, the Kalispel Tribe has held an annual pow wow at its [[Usk, Washington]], reservation in July or August. The events are open to the public and include a dance contest, traditional foods, stick games and others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kalispeltribe.com/our-tribe/land-culture|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502042229/http://kalispeltribe.com/our-tribe/land-culture|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 2, 2014|title=About Our Tribe|website=Kalispel Tribe of Indians}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kuilix]]
*[[Kullyspell House]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* Pritzker, Barry M. ''A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-19-513877-1}}.
*[https://www.census.gov Kalispel Reservation, Washington] United States Census Bureau

==Further reading==
* Beaverhead, Pete, and Dwight Billedeaux. ''Mary Quequesah's Love Story: A Pend D'Oreille Indian Tale''. Pablo, MT: Salish Kootenai College Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-917298-71-3}}.
*{{cite book|author=Boas, Franz|author-link=Franz Boaz|title=Folk-tales of Salishan and Sahaptin tribes|publisher=Published for the American Folk-Lore Society by G.E. Stechert & Co.|year=1917}} [http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/publications_detail.aspx?p=42 Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection]. Includes ''Pend d'Oreille tales'' by James A. Teit.
* Carriker, Robert C. ''The Kalispel People''. Phoenix, AZ: Indian Tribal Series, 1973. 
* Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation. Sk"sk"stulex"s Sqélix: ''Names Upon the Land, a Tribal Geography of the Salish and Pend D'Oreille People''. Pablo, MT: The Committee, 1996.
* Fahey, John. ''The Kalispel Indians''. Civilization of the American Indian series, v. 180. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986. {{ISBN|0-8061-2000-2}}
*{{cite book|author=Lacy, Thomas F.|title=Kaniksu, Stories of the Northwest|url=https://archive.org/details/kaniksustoriesof0000lacy|url-access=registration|publisher=Keokee Company Publishing|year=1994|isbn=9781879628069}}
*Fritz, Jane (1997). ''Land of the Kalispel''. [http://www.sandpointonline.com/sandpointmag/sms97/index.html Sandpoint Magazine]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kalispel}}
* [http://www.cskt.org/ Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes], official website
* [http://www.kalispeltribe.com/ Kalispel Tribe of Indians], official website

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pend d'Oreilles| ]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Montana]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Idaho]]