Editing Perceforest

{{Short description|Anonymous prose romance}}
{{italic title}}
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{{Infobox medieval text
| name                  = Perceforest
| image                 = 
| caption               = 
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| full title            = ''Le Roman de Perceforest''
| author(s)             = Anonymous
| ascribed to           = 
| compiled by           = 
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| audience              = 
| language              = [[Old French]] (verse), [[Middle French]] (prose)
| date                  = Around 1340
| date of issue         = 
| provenance            = 
| manuscript(s)         = 
| first printed edition = ''La Tres Elegante Delicieux Melliflue et Tres Plaisante Hystoire du Tres Noble Roy Perceforest'' (1528)
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| verse form            = 
| length                = 
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| period covered        = 
| personages            = 
| personages (long list)= 
| sources               = ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'', [[Vulgate Cycle]], others
| below                 = 
}}
'''''Perceforest''''' or '''''Le Roman de Perceforest''''' is an anonymous prose [[chivalric romance]], written in French probably around 1340 with lyrical interludes of poetry, that describes a fictional origin of [[Great Britain]] and provides an original genesis of the [[King Arthur|Arthurian]] world. The lengthy (over one million words long) work in eight volumes takes its inspiration from the works of [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]], [[Wace]], [[Orosius]] and [[Bede]], the [[Lancelot-Grail]] cycle, the [[Alexander Romance]] genre, Roman historians, medieval travellers, and oral tradition.<ref>Nigel Bryant (translator), ''Perceforest: The Prehistory of King Arthur's Britain'', Cambridge and Rochester: D.S. Brewer (Arthurian studies, 77), 2011, xxiii.</ref> ''Perceforest'' forms a late addition to the collection of narratives with loose connections both to the [[Arthurian Romance]] and the feats of [[Alexander the Great]].

==Plot==
An extract from [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]]'s ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae|History of the Kings of Britain]]'' serves as a preface, in which refugees from [[Troy]] flee to the island of [[Great Britain|Britain]], and establish a new kingdom. Unlike in Geoffrey's narrative, however, that dynasty eventually produces a series of weak rulers who usher their kingdom into decline.

[[Alexander the Great|Alexander of Macedon]] and his Greek forces are on their way to the coronation of India's new king when they are blown off course in a storm. They arrive in Britain and discover the poor state of the country. Alexander takes charge and appoints the brothers Betis and Gadifer as kings of England and Scotland, respectively. He then leaves for [[Babylon]]. Betis renames himself "Perceforest," as one who dares to "pierce" and "purge" the evil forest to root out Darnant the Enchanter and bring freedom and justice to the land. Perceforest and Gadifer take on Darnant's descendants, a group of magic-wielding knights, and drive them out. However, the successful leadership of the two brothers is fated not to last, and native English and Scottish knights are forced to step into the breach to quell rebellion and fend off invasion.

Perceforest eventually regains his powers and, as king of Britain, creates a [[Chivalric order|chivalric]] society. Specifically, he founds the ''Franc Palais'' of free equals with the best knights, paralleling the [[Round Table (Camelot)|Round Table]]. ("Thus the romance would trace back the model of ideal civilization that it proposes, a model also for the orders of chivalry created from the 14th century onwards, to a legendary origin where the glory of Alexander is united with the fame of Arthur."<ref>Mihaela Voicu, ''Histoire de la littérature française du moyen âge'', xii.1, Bucharest, 2003 e-text (in French), 2014.</ref>) King Perceforest also abandons [[polytheism]] in favor of a [[monotheism|monotheistic]] god and, under the influence of the hermit Dardanon,  advances a new religion that will serve as a transition toward Arthurian Christianity. Meanwhile, Perceforest's knights, often with the help of a guardian spirit named Zephir, engage in heroic and romantic acts of derring-do in Britain as well as in the [[Low Countries]]. Tragedy comes to prevail as Perceforest's eldest son becomes infatuated with a Roman girl, whose treachery enables [[Julius Caesar]] to launch [[Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain|an invasion]] in which Perceforest and all his forces are annihilated and the kingdom is utterly destroyed.<ref>Nigel Bryant (translator), ''A Perceforest Reader: Selected Episodes from Perceforest: The Prehistory of Arthur's Britain'', Cambridge: D.S.Brewer, 2012, in the section "The Story."</ref>

The third generation comes to restore the land. Ourseau, a grandson of Gadifer, secures the [[assassination of Julius Caesar]]. Another grandson, Gallafur, marries Alexander's granddaughter, the "Maiden of Dragons", to give Britain a new royal house. Gallafur also embeds the sword in the stone that [[King Arthur|one of his descendants]] will draw out to become king. And it is Gallafur who casts out many of the enchantments that still plague Britain. Nonetheless, tragedy triumphs a final time in this work, as Britain is invaded by the Sicambrians, a group of [[Troy|Trojans]]. They destroy Alexander's Greek dynasty, leaving a void that only the coming of Arthur will fill. An elaborate [[frame story]] tells how the "Greek" manuscript was discovered by count [[William I, Count of Hainaut|William of Hainault]] in a cabinet at “Burtimer” Abbey; in the same cabinet was deposited a crown, which the count sent to king [[Edward III of England]].

==Composition==
''Perceforest'' appears to have originally been composed in French in the Low Countries in the early 14th century. According to Gilles Roussineau (agreeing with Jane Taylor, Jeanne Lods and L.F. Flutre), the original version has been written between 1337 and 1344, however all surviving manuscripts are of a rewrite dated between 1459 and 1477.<ref>{{cite journal |id={{Project MUSE|372272}} |last1=Ferlampin-Acher |first1=Christine |title=Perceforest, première partie. Edition critique (review) |journal=Arthuriana |date=2010 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=109 |doi=10.1353/art.0.0099 |s2cid=161780528 }}</ref> The most complete version of the four extant texts, Manuscript C, written by [[David Aubert]] around 1459–1460, is generally accepted as a revision made for [[Philip the Good]], [[Duke of Burgundy]]. However, a 2013 analysis by Christine Ferlampin-Acher proposes an alternative hypothesis that Manuscript C is, in fact, the original.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=L. J. |title='Perceforest' et 'Zephir': propositions autour d'un recit arthurien bourguignon |journal=French Studies |date=1 January 2013 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=86–87 |doi=10.1093/fs/kns241 }}</ref>

==Printing history and translations==
{{Expand section|date=January 2024}}

''Perceforest'' was first printed in Paris in 1528, as '''''La Tres Elegante Delicieux Melliflue et Tres Plaisante Hystoire du Tres Noble Roy Perceforest''''' in four volumes. In 1531, it was printed in Italian. A Spanish translation is also known. An 800-page partial abridged English translation/precis was published in 2011 as '''''Perceforest: The Prehistory of King Arthur's Britain'''''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Nigel |last=Bryant |title=Perceforest: The Prehistory of King Arthur's Britain |publisher=D.S. Brewer |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84384-262-0 }}{{pn|date=January 2024}}</ref>

==Reception at various points in history==
According to the ''Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales'', "it was read in France, and in northern Germany was performed as a pre-Lenten [[Shrove Tuesday]] drama in the mid-1400s." [[Charles IX of France]] was especially fond of this romance: four volumes of ''Perceforest'' were added to the Royal library at [[Blois]] sometime between 1518 and 1544, and were shelved with the Arthurian romances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salda |first=Michael N. |title=8ch3 |url=http://www.luc.edu/publications/medieval/vol8/8ch3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001026044045/http://www.luc.edu/publications/medieval/vol8/8ch3.html |archive-date=October 26, 2000 |access-date=2005-01-31}}</ref> The romance was known and referred to in 14th-century England.

''Perceforest'', like other late chivalric romances, was vaguely remembered but largely unread until the late 20th century. This was due not only to its time period but to its length. Each of its six books runs as many pages as a long novel, and the whole work is divided into about 530 chapters, totalling over a million words.<ref>Nigel Bryant (translator), ''Perceforest: The Prehistory of King Arthur's Britain'', Cambridge and Rochester: D.S. Brewer (Arthurian studies, 77), 2011, xxiii.</ref> If completely translated into English the work would run about 7,000 pages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lacy |first=Norris |date=November 2004 |title=Arthurian Legends |url=http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/arthurian_legends/Editorial-Introduction.aspx |access-date=2019-06-18 |website=www.ampltd.co.uk}}</ref> Therefore, it was earlier and [[High Middle Ages|High Medieval]] literature that took centre stage in modern medieval studies.

Moreover, readers of the [[Age of Enlightenment]] were not always delighted with ''Perceforest'' when they came upon it. The hero of [[Matthew Lewis (writer)|Matthew Lewis]]'s ''[[The Monk]]'' (1796),<ref>Matthew Lewis, ''The Monk'', Vol. II, Chapter 1.</ref> an early example of the [[Gothic novel]], confesses that
:"Donna Rodolpha's Library was principally composed of old Spanish Romances: these were her favourite studies, and once a day one of these unmerciful volumes was put regularly into my hands. I read the wearisome adventures of ''Perceforest'', ''[[Tirant lo Blanch|Tirante the White]]'', ''[[Francisco de Moraes|Palmerin of England]]'' and ''The Knight of the Sun'' till the Book was on the point of falling from my hands through Ennui."

[[Gérard de Nerval]], in a fictional letter published as part of his ''Angélique'' (1850), tells of an antiquary who fears for the safety of the valuable first printed edition of ''Perceforest'' at the hands of a rioting mob.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Myriam Yvonne Jehenson, [http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/cervante/csa/articf95/jehenson.htm "Quixotic Desires or Stark Reality?"], the "Sleeping Beauty" episode{{what|date=January 2024}} mentioned.
*[[Helen Nicholson (historian)|Dr Helen Nicholson]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20160418005713/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/nigel.nicholson/hn/HistoricalTexts/Women/wom1.htm "What was a Medieval woman?"], includes excerpts.
*Gilles Roussineau, ''Le Roman de Perceforest'', 2001, {{ISBN|2-600-00620-6}}. Roussineau identified the ''Perceforest'' origins of "[[Sleeping Beauty]]"{{what|date=January 2024}} in "Tradition Littéraire et Culture Populaire dans L'Histoire de Troilus et de Zellandine (Perceforest, Troisième partie): Version Ancienne du Conte de la Belle au Bois Dormant," in ''Arthuriana'' (Spring 1994): pp30 – 45.
*Mihaela Voicu, ''Histoire de la littérature française du moyen âge,'' xii.1, Bucharest, 2003 [https://web.archive.org/web/20050226031212/http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/lls/MihaelaVoicu-2003/12.htm e-text (in French)].
*''Les pièces lyriques du roman de Perceforest'', éd. Jeanne Lods, Genève, Droz (Publications romanes et françaises, 36), 1953.
*''Le roman de Perceforest, Première partie'', éd. Jane H. M. Taylor, Genève, Droz (Textes littéraires français, 279), 1979.
*''Perceforest, Quatrième partie'', tome I, éd. Gilles Roussineau, Genève, Droz (Textes littéraires français, 343), 1987.
*''Perceforest. Troisième partie'', tome I, éd. Gilles Roussineau, Genève, Droz (Textes littéraires français, 365), 1988.
*''Perceforest. Troisième partie'', tome II, éd. Gilles Roussineau, Genève, Droz (Textes littéraires français, 409), 1991.
*''Perceforest. Troisième partie'', tome III, éd. Gilles Roussineau, Genève, Droz (Textes littéraires français, 434), 1993.
*''Perceforest. Deuxième partie'', tome I, éd. Gilles Roussineau, Genève, Droz (Textes littéraires français, 506), 1999.
*''Perceforest. Deuxième partie'', tome II, éd. Gilles Roussineau, Genève, Droz (Textes littéraires français, 540), 2001.
*''Perceforest. Première partie'', éd. Gilles Roussineau, Genève, Droz (Textes Littéraires Français, 592), 2007, 2 tomes ({{ISBN|978-2-600-01133-4}})
*''Perceforest, Cinquième partie'', éd. Gilles Roussineau, Genève, Droz, 2012, 2 t., CLXXII-1328p.
*''Perceforest, Sixième partie'',éd. Gilles Roussineau, Genève, Droz, 2014, 2t., 1428 p.
*Ms C: Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal 3483-3494.

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Roussineau |first1=Gilles |title=Tradition Littéraire et Culture Populaire dans L'Histoire de Troïlus et de Zellandine (''Perceforest'', Troisième partie), Version Ancienne du Conte de la Belle au Bois Dormant |journal=Arthuriana |date=1994 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=30–45 |doi=10.1353/art.1994.0026 |jstor=27869044 |s2cid=162301309 }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1330s books]]
[[Category:1340s books]]
[[Category:Arthurian literature in French]]
[[Category:Medieval French romances]]
[[Category:Medieval literature]]