Editing Perciformes

{{Short description|Order of ray-finned fishes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Perciformes
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|63|0|earliest=Maastrichtian|[[Early Paleocene]] to present}}
| image = Kirnja.jpg
| image_caption = 
| image2 = Gnathanacanthus goetzeei 3.jpg
| image2_caption = Top: [[Dusky grouper]] (''Epinephelus marginatus'') <br> Bottom: [[Red velvetfish]] (''Gnathanacanthus goetzeei'')
| taxon = Perciformes
| authority = [[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1863
| subdivision_ranks = Suborders
| subdivision = * [[Percoidei]]
* [[Notothenioidei]]
* [[Scorpaenoidei]]
* [[Cottoidei]]
* [[Gasterosteoidei]]
* [[Zoarcoidei]]
| type_species = ''[[European perch|Perca fluviatilis]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
}}

'''Perciformes''' ({{IPAc-en|'|p|ɜːr|s|ᵻ|ˌ|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}}), also called the '''Acanthopteri''', is an [[order (biology)|order]] or superorder of [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] in the clade [[Percomorpha]]. ''Perciformes'' means "[[perch]]-like". Among the well-known members of this group are perches and darters ([[Percidae]]), and also sea basses and groupers ([[Serranidae]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perciform - Form and function |url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/perciform |access-date=2019-02-14 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> This order contains many familiar freshwater temperate and tropical marine fish groups, but also [[Extremophile|extremophiles]] that have successfully colonized both the North and South Poles, as well as the deepest depths of the ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thacker |first=Christine E. |last2=Near |first2=Thomas J. |date=2025-03-13 |title=Phylogeny, biology, and evolution of acanthopterygian fish clades |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-025-09935-w |journal=Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries |language=en |doi=10.1007/s11160-025-09935-w |issn=1573-5184|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
Formerly, this group was thought to be even more diverse than it is thought to be now, containing about 41% of all [[bony fish]] (about 10,000 species) and about 160 families, which is the most of any order within the vertebrates.<ref name="nelson">{{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=J. S. |title=[[Fishes of the World]] |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-471-25031-9 |edition=4 |location=Hoboken, NJ}}</ref> However, many of these other families have since been reclassified within their own orders within the clade Percomorpha, significantly reducing the size of the group. In contrast to this splitting, other groups formerly considered distinct, such as the [[Scorpaeniformes]], are now classified in the Perciformes.<ref name="Nelson52">{{cite book |author1=J. S. Nelson |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |title=Fishes of the World |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |publisher=Wiley |year=2016 |ISBN=978-1-118-34233-6 |edition=5th |pages=497-502 |access-date=2020-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |archive-date=2019-04-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Evolution ===
The earliest fossil perciform is the extinct [[stem group]]-perciform<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Near |first=Thomas J. |last2=Thacker |first2=Christine E. |date=2024-04-18 |title=Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-peabody-museum-of-natural-history/volume-65/issue-1/014.065.0101/Phylogenetic-Classification-of-Living-and-Fossil-Ray-Finned-Fishes-Actinopterygii/10.3374/014.065.0101.full |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=65 |issue=1 |doi=10.3374/014.065.0101 |issn=0079-032X}}</ref> ''[[Paleoserranus]]'' (originally considered an early [[Serranidae|serranid]]) from the [[Danian|Early Paleocene]] of [[Mexico]], but potential records of "percoids" are known from the [[Maastrichtian]], including ''[[Eoserranus]]'' and ''[[Prolates]]'', although their exact taxonomic identity remains uncertain.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Cantalice |first=Kleyton M. |last2=Alvarado-Ortega |first2=Jesús |last3=Alaniz-Galvan |first3=Abril |date=2018-04-01 |title=Paleoserranus lakamhae gen. et sp. nov., a Paleocene seabass (Perciformes: Serranidae) from Palenque, Chiapas, southeastern Mexico |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089598111730487X |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=83 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2018.01.010 |issn=0895-9811|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kriwet |first=Jürgen |last2=Arratia |first2=Gloria |last3=López-Arbarello |first3=Adriana |last4=Parmar |first4=Varun |last5=Prasad |first5=Guntupalli |date=2004-01-01 |title=Late Cretaceous-Paleocene percomorphs (Teleostei) from India - early radiation of perciformes |url=https://www.academia.edu/978479/Late_Cretaceous_Paleocene_percomorphs_Teleostei_from_India_early_radiation_of_perciformes |journal=Recent advances in …}}</ref> The earliest crown-group perciform fossils are known from the [[Ypresian|Early Eocene]], including the [[Scorpaenoidei|scorpaenoid]] ''[[Eosynanceja]]'' and [[Platycephalidae|platycephalid]] [[Otolith|otoliths]] from New Zealand.<ref name=":0" />

=== Classification ===
Classification of this group has long been controversial, with various families being placed in and out of Perciformes depending on the study. Only in recent decades, with the advent of [[molecular phylogenetics]], has the classification of the family been largely resolved. Based on these studies, many suborders formerly placed within the Perciformes are better placed elsewhere in the Percomorpha, but former members of the [[Scorpaeniformes]], [[Gasterosteoidei|Gasterosteiformes]], and some members of the [[Trachiniformes]] (including the type genus) are now considered true perciforms.<ref name="Betancur-Rodriguez-4" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Fricke |first=R. |last2=Eschmeyer |first2=W. N. |last3=Van der Laan |first3=R. |date=2025 |title=ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION |url=https://www.calacademy.org/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes-classification |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=California Academy of Sciences |language=en}}</ref>

==== Present classification ====
The following classification is based on ''[[Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes]]'':<ref name=":13" />

* Order '''Perciformes'''
** Genus †''[[Paleoserranus]]'' <small>Cantalice, Alvarado-Ortega & Alaniz-Galvan, 2018</small><ref name=":1" />
** Suborder [[Percoidei]]
*** Family [[Serranidae]] <small>[[William Swainson|Swainson]], 1839</small> (sea basses)
*** Family [[Anthiadidae]] <small>[[Felipe Poey y Aloy|Poey]], 1861</small> (fairy basslets or streamer basses)
*** Family [[Epinephelidae]] <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1874</small> (groupers)
*** Family [[Liopropomatidae]] <small>Poey, 1867</small> (painted basslets)
*** Family [[Grammistidae]] <small>Bleeker, 1857</small> (soapfishes)
*** Family [[Percidae]] <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815</small> ([[Perch|perches]] and [[Etheostomatinae|darters]])
*** Family [[Niphonidae]] <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]], 1923</small> (Ara groupers)
*** Family [[Trachinidae]] <small>Rafinesque, 1815</small> (weeverfishes)
*** Family [[Bembropidae]] <small>[[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1913</small> (flatheads or duckbill flatheads)
** Suborder [[Notothenioidei]]
*** Family [[Percophidae]] <small>Swainson, 1839</small> (Brazilian flatheads)
*** Family [[Bovichtidae]] <small>[[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1862</small> (thornfishes)
*** Family [[Congoli|Pseudaphritidae]] <small>[[Allan Riverstone McCulloch|McCulloch]], 1929</small> (congollis)
*** Family [[Patagonian blennie|Eleginopidae]] <small>Gill, 1893</small> (Patagonian blennies)
*** Family [[Nototheniidae]] <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1861</small> (cod icefishes)
*** Family [[Harpagiferidae]] <small>Gill, 1861</small> (plunderfishes)
*** Family [[Bathydraconidae]] <small>Regan, 1913</small> (Antarctic dragonfishes)
*** Family [[Channichthyidae]] <small>Gill, 1861</small> (crocodile icefishes)
** Suborder [[Scorpaenoidei]]
*** Family [[Platycephalidae]] <small>Swainson, 1839</small> (flatheads)
*** Family [[Hoplichthys|Hoplichthyidae]] <small>[[Johann Jakob Kaup|Kaup]], 1873</small> (spiny flatheads)
*** Family [[Triglidae]] <small>Rafinesque, 1815</small> (searobins)
*** Family [[Bembridae]] <small>Kaup, 1873</small> (deepwater flatheads)
*** Family [[Synanceiidae]] <small>Swainson, 1839</small> (stonefishes)
*** Family [[Neosebastidae]] <small>[[Kiyomatsu Matsubara|Matsubara]], 1943</small> (gurnard scorpionfishes)
*** Family [[Plectrogeniidae]] <small>Fowler, 1938</small> (stinger flatheads)
*** Family [[Scorpaenidae]] <small>[[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1827</small> (scorpionfishes)
*** Family [[Congiopodidae]] <small>Gill, 1889</small> (racehorses or pigfishes)
*** Family [[Zanclorhynchidae]] <small>Andriashev, 1993</small> (horsefishes)
*** Family [[Normanichthyidae]] <small>Clark, 1937</small> (barehead scorpionfishes )
** Suborder [[Cottoidei]]
*** Family [[Anoplopomatidae]] <small>Jordan & [[Charles Henry Gilbert|Gilbert]] ,1883</small> (sablefishes)
*** Family [[Zaniolepididae]] <small>Jordan & Gilbert, 1883</small> (combfishes)
*** Family [[Hexagrammidae]] <small>Jordan, 1888</small> (greenlings)
*** Family [[Rhamphocottidae]] <small>Jordan & Gilbert, 1883</small> (horsehead sculpins)
*** Family [[Jordaniidae]] <small>Jordan & Evermann, 1898</small> (longfin sculpins)
*** Family [[Cottidae]] <small>[[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1831</small> (sculpins)
*** Family [[Psychrolutidae]] <small>Günther, 1861</small> (marine sculpins)
*** Family [[Agonidae]] <small>Swainson, 1839</small> (poachers)
*** Family [[Trichodontidae]] <small>Bleeker, 1859</small> (sandfishes)
*** Family [[Cyclopteridae]] <small>Bonaparte, 1831</small> (lumpfishes)
*** Family [[Liparidae]] <small>Gill, 1861</small> (snailfishes)
** Suborder [[Gasterosteoidei]]
*** Family [[Korean sandlance|Hypoptychidae]] <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1880</small> (sand-eels)
*** Family [[Gasterosteidae]] <small>Bonaparte, 1831</small> (sticklebacks)
*** Family [[Aulorhynchidae]] <small>Gill, 1861</small> (tubesnouts)
** Suborder [[Zoarcoidei]]
*** Family [[Zoarcidae]] <small>Swainson, 1839</small> (eelpouts)
*** Family [[Anarhichadidae]] <small>Bonaparte, 1835</small> (wolffishes)
*** Family [[Neozoarcidae]] <small>Jordan & [[John Otterbein Snyder|Snyder]], 1902</small> (largemouth kissing eelpouts)
*** Family [[Eulophiidae]] <small>Smith, 1902</small> (spinous eelpouts)
*** Family [[Stichaeidae]] <small>Gill, 1864</small> (pricklebacks)
*** Family [[Lumpenidae]] <small>Jordan & Evermann, 1898</small> (eel pricklebacks)
*** Family [[Opisthocentridae]] <small>Jordan & Evermann, 1898</small> (rearspined fin pricklebacks)
*** Family [[Pholidae]] <small>Gill, 1893</small> (gunnels)
*** Family [[Ptilichthyidae]] <small>Jordan & Gilbert, 1883</small> (quillfishes)
*** Family [[Zaproridae]] <small>Jordan, 1896</small> (prowfishes)
*** Family [[Cryptacanthodidae]] <small>Gill, 1861</small> (wrymouths)
*** Family [[Cebidichthyidae]] <small>Gill, 1862</small> (monkeyface pricklebacks)
*** Family [[Scytalinidae]] <small>Jordan & [[Edwin Chapin Starks|Starks]], 1895</small> (graveldivers)
*** Family [[Bathymasteridae]] <small>Jordan & Gilbert, 1883</small> (ronquils)
==== Past classifications ====
As traditionally defined before the introduction of [[cladistics]], the Perciformes are almost certainly [[paraphyletic]]. Other orders that should possibly be included as suborders are the [[Scorpaeniformes]], [[Tetraodontiformes]], and [[Pleuronectiformes]].
Of the presently recognized suborders, several may be paraphyletic, as well. These are grouped by suborder/superfamily, generally following the text ''[[Fishes of the World]]''.<ref name="nelson" /><ref>{{FishBase order |order=Perciformes|month=August |year=2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ADW: Perciformes|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Perciformes/classification/|work=animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu|publisher=Animal Diversity Web}}</ref><ref name="Nelson5" />
[[File:Perciformes 01.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Perciformes display at the [[National Museum of Natural History]].]]
[[File:Pomacanthus semicirculatus 1.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Pomacanthus semicirculatus]]'']]

{|
|-
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="1" |Nelson 2016<ref name="Nelson5">{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=430–467 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! colspan="1" |Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2017<ref name="Betancur-Rodriguez-4">{{cite journal |last1=Betancur-R |first1=Ricardo |last2=Wiley |first2=Edward O. |last3=Arratia |first3=Gloria |last4=Acero |first4=Arturo |last5=Bailly |first5=Nicolas |last6=Miya |first6=Masaki |last7=Lecointre |first7=Guillaume |last8=Ortí |first8=Guillermo |title=Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=6 July 2017 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=162 |doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 |pmid=28683774 |issn=1471-2148|doi-access=free |pmc=5501477 }}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="width:50%;" |
* Suborder [[Percoidei]]
** Superfamily [[Percoidea]]                 
*** [[Centropomidae]] (Snooks)
*** [[Latidae]] (Lates)
*** [[Gerreidae]] (Mojarras)
*** [[Centrogenyidae]] (False scorpionfishes)
*** [[Perciliidae]] (Southern basses)
*** [[Howellidae]] (Oceanic basslets)
*** [[Acropomatidae]] (Lanternbellies)
*** [[Epigonidae]] (Deepwater cardinalfishes)
*** [[Polyprionidae]] (Wreckfishes)
*** [[Lateolabracidae]] (Asian sea-basses)
*** [[Mullidae]] (Goatfishes)
*** [[Glaucosomatidae]] (Pearl perches)
*** [[Pempheridae]] (Sweepers)
*** [[Oplegnathidae]] (Knifejaws)
*** [[Kuhliidae]] (Flagtails)
*** [[Bathyclupeidae]] (Bathyclupeids)
*** [[Toxotidae]] (Archerfishes)
*** [[Arripidae]] (Australasian salmon (kahawai))
*** [[Dichistiidae]] (Galjoen fishes)
*** [[Kyphosidae]] (Sea chubs)
*** [[Terapontidae]] (grunters or tigerperches)
*** [[Percichthyidae]] (temperate perches)
*** [[Sinipercidae]] (Chinese perches)
*** [[Enoplosidae]] (Oldwives)
*** [[Pentacerotidae]] (Armourheads)
*** [[Dinopercidae]] (Cavebasses)
*** [[Banjos (fish)|Banjosiidae]] (Banjofishes)
*** [[Centrarchidae]] (Sunfishes)
*** [[Serranidae]] (Sea basses and Groupers)
*** [[Percidae]] (Perches)
*** [[Lactariidae]] (False trevallies)
*** [[Dinolestidae]] (Long-finned pikes)
*** [[Scombropidae]] (Gnomefishes)
*** [[Pomatomidae]] (Bluefishes)
*** [[Bramidae]] (Pomfrets)
*** [[Caristiidae]] (Manefishes)
**Possibly related to [[Acanthuriformes]]  
*** [[Monodactylidae]] (Moonfishes)
*** [[Priacanthidae]] (Bigeyes (catalufas))
**Families which may have a relationship to Acanthuroidei, Monodactylidae, and Priacanthidae
*** [[Leiognathidae]] (Ponyfishes, slimys, or slipmouths)
*** [[Chaetodontidae]] (Butterflyfishes)
*** [[Pomacanthidae]] (Angelfishes)
*** [[Malacanthidae]] (Tilefishes)
*** [[Haemulidae]] (Grunts)
*** [[Hapalogenyidae]] (Barbeled grunters)
*** [[Lutjanidae]] (Snappers)
*** [[Caesionidae]] (Fusiliers)
** Superfamily [[Cirrhitoidea]]
*** [[Cirrhitidae]] (Hawkfishes)
*** [[Chironemidae]] (Kelpfishes)
*** [[Aplodactylidae]] (Marblefishes)
*** [[Cheilodactylidae]] (Morwongs)
*** [[Latridae]] (Trumpeters)
**Superfamily [[Cepoloidea]]
*** [[Cepolidae]] (Bandfishes)
**Superfamily [[Siganoidea]]
*** [[Scatophagidae]] (Scats)
*** [[Siganidae]] (Rabbitfishes)
* Suborder [[Notothenioidei]]
** [[Bovichtidae]] (Temperate icefishes)
** [[Pseudaphritidae]] (Catadromous icefishes)
** [[Eleginopsidae]] (Patagonian blennies)
** [[Nototheniidae]] (Cod icefishes)
** [[Harpagiferidae]] (Spiny plunderfishes)
** [[Artedidraconidae]] (Barbeled plunderfishes)
** [[Bathydraconidae]] (Antarctic dragonfishes)
** [[Channichthyidae]] (Crocodile icefishes)
| style="width:50%;" |
* Order '''Perciformes''' (incl. [[Gasterosteiformes]]; [[Scorpaeniformes]])
** Suborder Serranoidei
*** [[Serranidae]]
** Suborder Percoidei
*** [[Trachinidae]]
*** [[Niphonidae]]
*** [[Percidae]]
** Suborder Normanichthyoidei
*** [[Normanichthyidae]]
** Suborder Notothenioidei
***[[Artedidraconidae]]
***[[Bathydraconidae]]
*** [[Bovichtidae]]
***[[Channichthyidae]]
*** [[Eleginopsidae]]
***[[Harpagiferidae]]
*** [[Nototheniidae]]
*** [[Percophidae]]
*** [[Pseudaphritidae]]
** Suborder Platycephaloidei
*** [[Hoplichthyidae]]
*** [[Bembridae]]
*** [[Parabembridae]]
*** [[Platycephalidae]]
*** [[Plectrogenidae|Plectrogeniidae]]
** Suborder Bembropoidei
*** [[Bembropidae]]
** Suborder Triglioidei
*** [[Peristediidae]]
*** [[Triglidae]]
** Suborder Scorpaenoidei
*** [[Apistidae]]
*** [[Aploactinidae]]
*** [[Congiopodidae]]
*** [[Eschmeyeridae]]
*** [[Gnathanacanthidae]]
*** [[Neosebastidae]]
*** [[Pataecidae]]
*** [[Perryenidae]]
*** [[Synanceiidae]]
*** [[Tetrarogidae]]
*** [[Scorpaenidae]] (incl. [[Caracanthidae]])
*** [[Sebastidae]]
*** [[Setarchidae]]
*** [[Zanclorhynchidae]]
** Suborder Cottoidei
*** Infraorder Anoplopomatales
**** [[Anoplopomatidae]]
*** Infraorder Zoarcales
**** [[Anarhichadidae]]
**** [[Bathymasteridae]]
**** [[Cryptacanthodidae]]
**** [[Eulophiidae]]
**** [[Zoarcidae]]
**** [[Pholidae]]
**** [[Ptilichthyidae]]
**** [[Zaproridae]]
**** [[Stichaeidae]]
**** [[Scytalinidae]]
*** Infraorder Gasterosteales
**** [[Hypoptychidae]]
**** [[Aulorhynchidae]]
**** [[Gasterosteidae]]
*** Infraorder Zaniolepidales
**** [[Zaniolepididae]]
*** Infraorder Hexagrammales
**** [[Hexagrammidae]]
*** Infraorder Cottales
**** [[Normanichthyidae]]
**** [[Trichodontidae]]
**** [[Cyclopteridae]]
**** [[Liparidae]]
**** [[Jordaniidae]]
**** [[Rhamphocottidae]] ([[Ereuniidae]])
**** [[Scorpaenichthyidae]]
**** [[Agonidae]] (incl. [[Hemitripteridae]])
**** [[Cottidae]] (incl. [[Abyssocottidae]], [[Comephoridae]]; [[Cottocomephoridae]])
**** [[Psychrolutidae]] (incl. [[Bathylutichthyidae]])
|}
|}

==Characteristics==
<!-- belongs where? Primitive perch ''[[Palaeoperca|Palaeoperca proxima]]''
-->
The [[Fish anatomy#Fins|dorsal]] and [[Fish anatomy#Fins|anal fins]] are divided into [[anterior]] [[Ichthyology terms#S|spiny]] and [[Posterior (anatomy)|posterior]] [[Ichthyology terms#S|soft-rayed]] portions, which may be partially or completely separated. The [[Fish anatomy#Fins|pelvic fins]] usually have one spine and up to five soft rays, positioned unusually far forward under the chin or under the belly. Scales are usually [[Ctenoid scale|ctenoid]] (rough to the touch), although sometimes they are [[Cycloid scale|cycloid]] (smooth to the touch) or otherwise modified.<!-- Various technical characteristics further define the group.{{clarify|date=November 2012}}-->

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Actinopterygii}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q127595}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Perciformes| ]]
[[Category:Ray-finned fish orders]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker]]
[[Category:Extant Danian first appearances]]