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Pergola
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{{Short description|Outdoor garden feature forming a shaded walkway}} {{Other uses|Arbor (disambiguation){{!}}Arbor|Pergola (disambiguation)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}} {{Use American English|date=November 2020}} [[File:Rose Pergola at Kew Gardens.jpg|300px|thumb|Rose Pergola at [[Kew Gardens]], London|alt=A open-topped passageway of brick pillars and wooden beams with roses growing around in a garden setting under a blue sky with fluffy clouds]] [[File:Wisteria Covered Pergola in Alabama.jpg|thumb|150px|A pergola covered by wisteria at a private home in Alabama]] [[File:Pergola.JPG|thumb|150px|Pergola type arbor]] A '''pergola''' is most commonly used as an outdoor [[garden feature]] forming a shaded walkway, passageway, or sitting area of vertical posts or pillars that usually support crossbeams and a sturdy open [[Latticework|lattice]], often upon which [[Woody plant|woody]] [[vine]]s are [[vine training|trained]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Which Pergola Is Right for You?|url=http://www.foxnews.com/real-estate/2016/03/17/which-pergola-is-right-for.html|work=Fox News|date=March 17, 2016|access-date=2018-09-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911002400/http://www.foxnews.com/real-estate/2016/03/17/which-pergola-is-right-for.html|archive-date=September 11, 2018}}</ref> The origin of the word is the [[Late Latin]] ''pergula'', referring to a projecting eave. It also may be an extension of a building or serve as protection for an open [[Terrace (building)|terrace]] or a link between [[pavilion]]s. They are different from [[green tunnel]]s, with a green tunnel being a type of road under a canopy of trees. Depending on the context, the terms "pergola", "'''bower'''", and "'''arbor'''" are often used interchangeably. An "arbor" is also regarded as being a wooden bench seat with a roof, usually enclosed by lattice panels forming a framework for climbing plants; in [[evangelical Christianity]], [[brush arbor revival]]s occur under such structures.<ref name="Marberry2019">{{cite web |last1=Marberry |first1=Mark |title=Brush arbor revivals are still around |url=https://dailyjournalonline.com/community/farmington-press/brush-arbor-revivals-are-still-around/article_290dfb01-3df4-59e7-aa3e-e7d404b0af78.html |publisher=Daily Journal Online |language=English |date=2 May 2019}}</ref> A pergola, on the other hand, is a much larger and more open structure. Normally, a pergola does not include integral seating. Modern pergola structures can also include architectural or engineering structures having a pergola design, which are not used in gardens. [[California High-Speed Rail]], for instance, uses large concrete pergolas to support high-speed rail [[guideway]]s which cut over roadways or other rail tracks at shallow angles (unlike bridges or overcrossings which are usually nearly at right angles). (See the high-speed rail pergola structure picture elsewhere in the article for an illustration.) ==Description== [[File:Pergola canaria.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Pergola covered in [[bougainvillea]]]] [[File:Vitis_vinifera_ornamental.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|Pergola covered in [[Vitis vinifera 'Ganzin Glory'|ornamental grapevine]]]] [[File:Koilani1.jpg|thumb|150px|Alley with grapevine-covered pergola, [[Koilani]], Cyprus]] ===Features and types=== Pergolas may link pavilions or extend from a building's door to an open garden feature such as an isolated terrace or pool. Freestanding pergolas, those not attached to a home or other structure, provide a sitting area that allows for breeze and light sun, but offer protection from the harsh glare of direct sunlight. Pergolas also give climbing plants a structure on which to grow.<ref> [http://www.ronhazelton.com/article/outdoors/patios/UDExOQ/How_to_Build_a_Pergola "How To Build A Pergola"] on ''Ron Hazelton's HouseCalls''</ref> In 1498, [[Leonardo da Vinci]] decorated the [[Sala delle Asse]] of the [[Castello Sforzesco]] in Milan to give the illusion of the great square and vaulted reception hall being within a pergola that was made up of the intertwined branches of sixteen huge mulberry trees.<ref>Ruggiero, Rocky, ''[https://rockyruggiero.com/episode-142-leonardo-da-vincis-sala-delle-asse/ Episode 142 – Leonardo da Vinci’s Sala delle Asse]'', Making Art and History Come to Life, Rebuilding the Renaissance, October 6, 2021</ref> The novel project was commissioned by the Duke of Milan, [[Ludovico Sforza]]. ===Green tunnels=== [[File:1949 - Salzburg - Mirabellgarten.JPG|thumb|150px|A green tunnel trained on modern materials, Mirabellgarten, [[Salzburg]]]] Pergolas are more permanent architectural features than the [[green tunnel]]s of [[Late Middle Ages|late medieval]] and early [[Renaissance]] gardens that often were formed of springy [[Withy|withies]]—easily replaced [[Shoot (botany)|shoot]]s of [[willow]] or [[hazel]]—bound together at the heads to form a series of [[arch]]es, then loosely woven with long slats on which climbers were grown, to make a passage that was both cool, shaded, and moderately dry in a shower. At the [[Medici villas|Medici villa]], [[Villa La Petraia|La Petraia]], inner and outer curving segments of such green walks, the forerunners of pergolas, give structure to the pattern that can be viewed from the long terrace above it. ==History== [[File:Charmille de Pitet.jpg|thumb|right|La [[:fr:Charmille]] de [[:fr:Pitet]] à [[:fr:Fallais]] : The [[Hornbeam|hornbeams]] of the 180-meter-long Pitet bower from the nineteenth century are included in the [[:fr:Liste du patrimoine immobilier classé de Braives|fr:Braives classified property list]], province of Liège, Belgium (1942)]] ===Origin=== The origin of the word is the [[Late Latin]] ''pergula'', referring to a projecting [[eave]].<ref>''[[OED]]'', [[sub verbo]] "pergola"; [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pergola Dictionary.com] "pergola"</ref> The [[English language|English]] term was borrowed from [[Italian language|Italian]]. The term was mentioned in an Italian context in 1645 by [[John Evelyn]] at the [[cloister]] of [[Trinità dei Monti]] in [[Rome]]<ref>''[[Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn, F.R.S.]]'', 22 February 1645.</ref> He used the term in an English context in 1654 when, in the company of the [[Philip Herbert, 5th Earl of Pembroke|fifth Earl of Pembroke]], Evelyn watched the [[hare coursing|coursing of hares]] from a "pergola" built on the [[Downland|downs]] near [[Salisbury]] for that purpose.<ref>''Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn, F.R.S'', 20 July 1654.</ref> ===Historical gardens=== The clearly artificial nature of the pergola made it fall from favor in the naturalistic gardening styles of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Yet handsome pergolas on brick and stone pillars with powerful cross-beams were a feature of the gardens designed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by Sir [[Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Gertrude Jekyll]] and epitomize their trademark of firm structure luxuriantly planted. A particularly extensive pergola is featured at the gardens of The Hill in [[Hampstead]] (London), designed by [[Thomas Mawson]] for his client [[W. H. Lever]]. [[Wrocław exhibition ground|Pergola in Wrocław]] was designed in 1911 and became a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centennial Hall in Wrocław|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1165/|access-date=2021-04-22|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> [[File:PVC Pergola beams structure with creepers.jpg|thumb]] ===Modern pergolas=== [[File:Steel framed pergola.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Typical Australian steel-framed pergola]] [[File:Pérgola modelo habana en Plaza de les Corts, Benicassim.JPG|thumb|150px|right|Contemporary pergola in a square in [[Benicassim]], Spain]] [[File:CAHSR Dji 0879.jpg|thumb|150px|right|California High-Speed Rail crews are tying rebar to form the deck on the northern and southern portions of the pergola at the Wasco Viaduct – June 2022. (The railway angles across the top of the pergola.)]] Modern pergola design materials including wood, vinyl, fiberglass, aluminum, and [[chlorinated polyvinyl chloride]] (CPVC) rather than brick or stone pillars, are more affordable and are increasing in popularity. Wooden pergolas are made either from a weather-resistant wood, such as western red cedar (''[[Thuja plicata]]'') or, formerly, of coast redwood (''[[Sequoia sempervirens]]''). They are painted, [[Wood stain|stained]], or use wood treated with preservatives for outdoor use. For a low maintenance alternative to wood, the contemporary materials of vinyl, fiberglass, aluminum, and CPVC can be used. These materials do not require yearly paint or stain like a wooden pergola would, and their manufacture can make them even stronger and longer-lasting than a wooden pergola. These contemporary material pergolas can also be motorized to open and close. ==See also== * [[Breezeway]] * [[Brise soleil]] * [[Latticework]] * [[Patio]] * [[Trellis (architecture)]] * [[Vine training systems]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * {{commons category-inline|Pergolas}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|pergola}} {{Garden features}} {{Huts}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Garden features]] [[Category:Gardening aids]] [[Category:Architectural elements]] [[Category:Outdoor recreation]]
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