Editing Periodical cicadas

{{Short description|Genus of North American cicadas}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Periodical cicada
| image = Magicicada septendecim TPopp.jpg
| image_caption = Specimen of ''[[Magicicada septendecim]]'' in the [[Bavarian State Collection of Zoology]], [[Munich]] (2015)
| image2 = A Magicicada chorus containing M. septendecim, M. cassini, and M. septendecula - pone.0000892.s004.oga
| image2_caption = A ''Magicicada'' chorus with ''[[Magicicada septendecim|M. septendecim]]'', ''[[Magicicada cassinii|M. cassini]]'', and ''[[Magicicada septendecula|M. septendecula]]''
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Magicicada
| authority = [[William T. Davis|W. T. Davis]], 1925
| type_species = ''[[Magicicada septendecim]]''<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Maxine Shoemaker Heath |year=1978 |title=Genera of American cicadas north of Mexico |publisher=[[University of Florida]] |degree=[[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.42291|url=https://www.archive.org/download/generaofamerican00heat/generaofamerican00heat.pdf }}</ref>
| type_species_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
}}

The term '''periodical cicada''' is commonly used to refer to any of the seven species of the genus '''''Magicicada''''' of eastern [[North America]], the 13- and 17-year cicadas. They are called '''periodical''' because nearly all individuals in a local population are developmentally synchronized and emerge in the same year. Although they are sometimes called "[[locust]]s", this is a misnomer, as [[cicada]]s belong to the taxonomic order [[Hemiptera]] (true bugs), suborder [[Auchenorrhyncha]], while locusts are grasshoppers belonging to the order [[Orthoptera]].<ref name=magiiii>{{cite web|url=https://cicadas.uconn.edu/general_information/ |title=General Periodical Cicada Information|work=Cicadas|date=February 16, 2017|location=Storrs, Connecticut|publisher=University of Connecticut|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511022412/https://cicadas.uconn.edu/|archive-date=11 May 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Magicicada'' belongs to the cicada tribe [[Lamotialnini]], a group of [[genera]] with representatives in Australia, Africa, and Asia, as well as the Americas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=DC |last2=Moulds |first2=M |last3=Hill |first3=KBR |last4=Price |first4=BW |last5=Wade |first5=EJ |last6=Owen |first6=CO |last7=Goemans |first7=G |last8=Marathe |first8=K |last9=Sarkar |first9=V |last10=Cooley |first10=JR |last11=Sanborn |first11=AF |last12=Kunte |first12=K |last13=Villet |first13=MH |last14=Simon |first14=C|author14-link=Chris Simon (biologist) |year=2018 |title=A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4424 |issue=1 |pages=1–64 |url=http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/zootaxa.4424.1.1 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1 |pmid=30313477|s2cid=52976455 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823121204/http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/zootaxa.4424.1.1 |archive-date=23 August 2018 |url-status=live |doi-access= }}</ref>

''Magicicada'' species spend around 99.5% of their long lives underground in an immature state called a [[Nymph (biology)|nymph]]. While underground, the nymphs feed on [[xylem]] fluids from the roots of broadleaf forest trees in the eastern United States.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lloyd, M. |author2=H.S. Dybas |name-list-style=amp |year=1966 |title=The periodical cicada problem. I. Population ecology |journal=[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=133–149 |jstor=2406568 |doi=10.2307/2406568|pmid=28563627 }}</ref> In the spring of their 13th or 17th''&nbsp;''year, mature cicada nymphs emerge between late April and early June (depending on latitude), synchronously and in tremendous numbers.<ref name="Mania">{{cite web |title=Magicicada |url=https://www.cicadamania.com/cicadas/category/genera/magicicada/ |publisher=Cicada Mania }}</ref><ref name="Field">{{cite web |title=CICADAS IN ILLINOIS 2024 |url=https://www.fieldmuseum.org/cicadas-in-illinois |publisher=Field Museum }}</ref> The adults are active for only about four to six weeks after the unusually prolonged developmental phase.<ref name="Williams">{{cite journal |author1=Williams, K.S. |author2=C. Simon|author2-link=Chris Simon (biologist) |name-list-style=amp |year=1995 |title=The ecology, behavior, and evolution of periodical cicadas |journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]] |volume=40 |pages=269–295 |doi=10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.001413 |url=http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/resources/reprints/Williams%26Simon_1995.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729063931/http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/resources/reprints/Williams%26Simon_1995.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The males aggregate in chorus centers and call there to attract mates. Mated females lay eggs in the stems of woody plants. Within two months of the original emergence, the life cycle is complete and the adult cicadas die. Later in that same summer, the eggs hatch and the new nymphs burrow underground to develop for the next 13 or 17''&nbsp;''years.

Periodical emergences are also reported for the "World Cup cicada" ''[[Chremistica ribhoi]]'' (every 4''&nbsp;''years)<ref name="Hajong and Yaakop ref">{{cite journal |last1=Hajong |first1=Sudhanya Ray |last2=Yaakop |first2=Salmah |title=Chremistica ribhoi sp. n. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from North-East India and its mass emergence |journal=Zootaxa |date=29 August 2013 |volume=3702 |issue=5 |pages=493–500 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3702.5.8|pmid=26146742 |doi-access=free }}</ref> in northeast India and for a cicada species from Fiji, ''[[Raiateana knowlesi]]'' (every 8''&nbsp;''years).<ref name="Simon et al. 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Simon |first1=Chris |last2=Cooley |first2=John R. |last3=Karban |first3=Richard |last4=Sota |first4=Teiji |date=7 January 2022 |title=Advances in the Evolution and Ecology of 13- and 17-Year Periodical Cicadas |url=https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10386221 |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=457–482 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-072121-061108 |pmid=34623904 |s2cid=238529885 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Many cicadas 2004 hi.ogv|thumb|Many Brood X periodical cicadas (''Magicicada'') (video with sound)]]
The winged [[imago]] (adult) periodical cicada has two red compound eyes, three [[Simple eye in invertebrates|small ocelli]], and a black dorsal thorax. The wings are translucent with orange veins. The underside of the abdomen may be black, orange, or striped with orange and black, depending on the species.<ref name=species>{{cite web |last=Alexander |first=Richard D. |title=The Evolutionary Relationships of 17-Year and 13-Year Cicadas, and Three New Species (Homoptera, Cicadidae, ''Magicicada'') |author2=Moore, Thomas E. |url=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/walker/buzz/c700lam62.pdf |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |year=1962|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801043043/http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/walker/buzz/c700lam62.pdf |archive-date=1 August 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Adults are typically {{convert|2.4|to|3.3|cm|in|1|abbr=on}}, depending on species, generally about 75% the size of most of the annual cicada species found in the same region. Mature females are slightly larger than males.<ref name="encycent">{{cite book |last=Capinera |first=John L. |title=Encyclopedia of Entomology |year=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1 |pages=2785–2794 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624051424/https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Magicicada'' males typically form large aggregations that sing in chorus to attract receptive females. Different species have different characteristic calling songs. The call of [[decim periodical cicadas]] is said to resemble someone calling "weeeee-whoa" or "Pharaoh".<ref name=nature>{{cite web |last=Stranahan |first=Nancy |title=Nature Notes from the Eastern Forest |url=http://www.highlandssanctuary.org/nature.notes.1.cicada/nature.notes.htm |publisher=[[Arc of Appalachia]] |access-date=10 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005233752/http://www.highlandssanctuary.org/nature.notes.1.cicada/nature.notes.htm |archive-date=5 October 2011}}</ref> The [[cassini periodical cicadas|cassini]] and decula periodical cicadas (including ''M.&nbsp;tredecula'') have songs that intersperse buzzing and ticking sounds.<ref name=encycent/>

Cicadas cannot sting and do not normally bite. Like other [[Auchenorrhyncha]] (true) bugs, they have mouthparts used to pierce plants and suck their sap. These mouthparts are used during the nymph stage to tap underground roots for water, minerals and carbohydrates and in the adult stage to acquire nutrients and water from plant stems. An adult cicada's [[proboscis]] can pierce human skin when it is handled, which is painful but in no other way harmful. Cicadas are neither [[venom]]ous nor [[poisonous]] and there is no evidence that they or their bites can transmit diseases.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|author=Dan|date=28 June 2008|url=https://www.cicadamania.com/cicadas/do-cicadas-bite-or-sting/|title=Do cicadas bite or sting?|work=Cicada Mania|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507172113/https://www.cicadamania.com/cicadas/do-cicadas-bite-or-sting/|archive-date=7 May 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|first=Korin|last=Miller|date=24 March 2021|url=https://www.prevention.com/life/a32670585/what-is-cicada/|title=How to Prepare for a Swarm of Cicadas This Year—and Why You Should Never Kill Them|work=Prevention|publisher=Hearst Magazine Media, Inc.|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506213739/https://www.prevention.com/life/a32670585/what-is-cicada/|archive-date=6 May 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|author=West Virginia University|author-link=West Virginia University|date=27 July 2020|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/07/200727145424.htm|title=Return of the zombie cicadas: Manipulative qualities of fungal-infected flyers|work=Science Daily|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505124237/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/07/200727145424.htm|archive-date=5 May 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

Oviposition by female periodical cicadas damages pencil-sized twigs of woody vegetation. Mature trees rarely suffer lasting damage, although peripheral twig die-off or "flagging" may result.<ref name=cook>{{cite journal |last=Cook |first=William M. |author2=Robert D. Holt |title=Periodical cicada (''Magicicada cassini'') oviposition damage: visually impressive yet dynamically irrelevant |journal=American Midland Naturalist |year=2002 |volume=147 |issue=2 |pages=214–224 |url=http://people.biology.ufl.edu/rdholt/holtpublications/119.pdf |doi=10.1674/0003-0031(2002)147[0214:PCMCOD]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=45098071 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807172257/http://people.biology.ufl.edu/rdholt/holtpublications/119.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> Planting young trees or shrubs is best postponed until after an expected emergence of the periodical cicadas. Existing young trees or shrubs can be covered with [[cheesecloth]] or other mesh netting with holes that are {{convert|3/8|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} in diameter or smaller to prevent damage during the oviposition period,<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|first1=Lauren|last1=Cox|first2=Daisy|last2=Hernandez|date=14 June 2020|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/lawn-garden/how-to/a8979/8-tips-to-survive-cicada-season-15502820/|title=How to Deal With the Cacophony of Brood X Cicadas This Spring|work=[[Popular Mechanics]]|publisher=Hearst Magazine Media, Inc.|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406165802/https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/lawn-garden/how-to/a8979/8-tips-to-survive-cicada-season-15502820/|archive-date=6 April 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Raupp|first=Michael J.|date=15 May 2013|url=https://bugoftheweek.squarespace.com/blog/2013/6/4/brood-ii-up-in-maryland-imagicicadai-spp|title=Brood II Up In Maryland, Magicicada spp..|work=Bug Of The Week|publisher=University of Maryland Extension|access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref> which begins about a week after the first adults emerge and lasts until all females have died.

==Life cycle==
[[File:Snodgrass periodical cicada transformation.png|upright|thumb|Transformation from mature [[Nymph (biology)|nymph]] to adult]]
[[File:Cicada Final Molt and Darkening timelapse 14 2021-05-27.webm|thumb|Time-lapse of final molt and darkening, over 4.5 hours]]
[[File:17Year cicada chaos.webm|thumb|right|thumbtime=ghnew123|Emergence! Nearly all at once. Many do not survive, but with mass emergence, many will reach maturity to start the next generation.]]
[[File:17year cicada adults.webm|thumb|right|thumbtime=124|Adult cicada female creating a slit in twig and inserting eggs. The sound is of thousands of cicadas.]]
Nearly all cicadas spend years underground as juveniles, before emerging above ground for a short adult stage of several weeks to a few months. The seven periodical cicada species are so named because, in any one location, all members of the population are developmentally synchronized—they emerge as adults all at once in the same year. This periodicity is especially remarkable because their life cycles are so long—13 or 17&nbsp;years. 

In contrast, for nonperiodical species, some adults mature each summer and emerge while the rest of the population continues to develop underground. Many people refer to these nonperiodical species as [[annual cicada]]s because some are seen every summer. This may lead some to conclude that the non-periodic cicadas have life cycles of 1''&nbsp;''year. This is incorrect. The few known life cycles of "annual" species range from two to 10''&nbsp;''years, although some could be longer.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

The nymphs of the periodical cicadas live underground, usually within {{convert|2|ft|cm|0|abbr=on}} of the surface, feeding on the juices of plant roots.<ref>{{cite book |last=Marlatt|first=C. L.|author-link=Charles Lester Marlatt|title=The Periodical Cicada|location=Washington, D.C.|edition=71|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Bureau of Entomology]]: [[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]|year=1907|access-date=July 26, 2021|oclc=902809085|lccn=agr07001971|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada71marl/page/123/mode/1up|chapter=The Habits of the Larva and Pupa.: The Food of the Larva and Pupa.|pages=123–125|url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada71marl/page/n2/mode/1up|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The nymphs of the periodical cicada undergo five [[instar]] stages in their development underground. The difference in the 13- and 17-year life cycle is said to be the time needed for the second instar to mature. When underground the nymphs move deeper below ground, detecting and then feeding on larger roots as they mature.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=J |last2=Lloyd |first2=M. |year=1979 |title=Seventeen year cicadas emerging after eighteen years-a new brood? |journal=Evolution |volume=33 |issue=4|pages=1193–1199 |doi=10.2307/2407477|pmid=28563914 |jstor=2407477 }}</ref> 

The nymphs seem to track the number of years by detecting the changes in the [[xylem]] caused by [[abscission]] of the tree. This was supported experimentally by inducing a grove of trees to go through two cycles of losing and re-growing leaves in one calendar year. Cicadas feeding on those trees emerged after 16 years instead of 17.<ref name="Simon et al. 2022"/>

In late April to early June of the emergence year, mature fifth-instar nymphs construct tunnels to the surface and wait for the soil temperature to reach a critical value.<ref name=Williams/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heath |first1=J.E. |title=Synchronization of Emergence in Periodical "17-year" Cicadas (Homoptera, Cicadidae, Magicicada) |journal=American Midland Naturalist |date=1968 |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=440–448|doi=10.2307/2423537 |jstor=2423537 }}</ref> In some situations, nymphs extend mud turrets up to several inches above the soil surface.<ref>{{cite book|last=Marlatt|first=C.L|author-link=Charles Lester Marlatt|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada71marl/page/91/mode/1up|chapter=Transformation to the Adult Stage.: Cicada Huts, or Cones.|pages=91–98|url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada71marl/page/n6/mode/1up|title=The Periodical Cicada|location=Washington, D.C.|edition=71|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Bureau of Entomology]]: [[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]|year=1907|oclc=902809085|access-date=July 26, 2021|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The function of these turrets is not known, but the phenomenon has been observed in some nonperiodical cicadas, as well as other tunneling insects.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Betard |first1=F.|title=Insects as zoogeomorphic agents: an extended review |journal=Earth Surface Processes and Landforms |date=2020|volume=46 |pages=89–109 |doi=10.1002/esp.4944 |s2cid=225534427|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02911647/file/Accepted_manuscript_Betard_2021.pdf }}</ref>

The nymphs first emerge on a spring evening when the soil temperature at around {{convert|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} of depth is above {{convert|17.9|°C|°F|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}. The [[Crepuscular animal|crepuscular]] emergence is thought to be related to the fact that maximum soil temperatures lag behind maximum [[Solar irradiance|insolation]] by several hours, conveniently providing some protection for the flightless nymphs against [[Diurnality|diurnal]] sight predators such as birds. For the rest of their lives the mature periodical cicadas will be strongly diurnal, with song often nearly ceasing at night.

During most years in the United States this emergence cue translates to late April or early May in the far south, and late May to early June in the far north. Emerging nymphs may [[Ecdysis|molt]] in the grass or climb from a few centimeters to more than 100 feet (30 m) to find a suitable vertical surface to complete their transformation into adults. After securing themselves to tree trunks, the walls of buildings, telephone poles, fenceposts, hanging foliage, and even stationary automobile tires, the nymphs undergo a final molt and then spend about six days in the trees to await the complete hardening of their wings and [[exoskeleton]]s. Just after emerging from this final molt the [[Ecdysis|teneral]] adults are off-white, but darken within an hour.

Adult periodical cicadas live for only a few weeks; by mid-July, all have died. Their ephemeral adult forms are adapted for one purpose: reproduction. Like other cicadas the males produce a very loud species-specific mating song using their [[tymbal]]s. Singing males of the same ''Magicicada'' species tend to form aggregations called ''choruses'' whose collective songs are attractive to females. Males in these choruses alternate bouts of singing with short flights from tree to tree in search of receptive females.<ref name=magiiii/> Most matings occur in so-called chorus trees.<ref name=species/>

Receptive females respond to the calls of conspecific males with timed wing-flicks (visual signaling is apparently a necessity in the midst of the males' song) which attract the males for mating.<ref name=wingflick>{{cite web|title=Sexual Signals in Periodical Cicadas|url=http://www.magicicada.org/cooley/reprints/Cooley_Marshall_2001.pdf|publisher=Behaviour|access-date=17 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616091322/http://www.magicicada.org/cooley/reprints/Cooley_Marshall_2001.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The sound of a chorus can be literally deafening and depending on the number of males composing it, may reach 100&nbsp;[[Decibel|dB]] in the immediate vicinity. In addition to their "calling" or "congregating" songs, males produce a distinctive courtship song when approaching an individual female.<ref name=species />

Both males and females can mate multiple times, although most females seem to mate only once {{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}. After mating, the female cuts V-shaped slits in the bark of young twigs and lays about 20 eggs in each, for a total clutch of 600 or more. After about 6–10&nbsp;weeks, the eggs hatch and the nymphs drop to the ground, where they burrow and begin another 13- or 17-year cycle.
<gallery mode="traditional" heights="100px">
File:Magicicada emergence holes.jpg|''Magicicada'' nymph emergence holes
File:Brood X emergence turrets.jpg|Mud turrets that emergent [[Brood X]] ''Magicicada'' nymphs created in [[Potomac, Maryland]] near Washington, D.C. (June 30, 2021)
File:Premolt Brood XIII.JPG|Brood XIII ''Magicicada'' nymph prior to final molt in suburban Chicago (May 24, 2007)
File:MoltingMagicicadaCrop.jpg|''Magicicada'' molting
File:White cicada.jpg|[[Ecdysis|Teneral]] [[imago|adult]] Brood XIII ''Magicicada'' and [[exuviae]] after [[Ecdysis|molting]] in [[Highland Park, Illinois]] near Chicago. (May 2007)   
File:Newly molted Brood XIII.JPG|Teneral adult Brood XIII ''Magicicada'' in suburban Chicago (May 24, 2007)
File:Magicicada young.jpg|Mass of ''Magicicada'' Teneral adults and exuviae on vegetation
File:SD-1071.jpg|An adult Brood X ''Magicicada septendecim'' in [[Princeton, New Jersey]] (June 6, 2004)
File:Cicada Sex Brood X 2021-05-31 092614 1 crop.jpg|Two Brood X ''Magicicada''s mating in [[Bethesda, Maryland]] near Washington, D.C. (May 31, 2021)
File:Magicicada ovipositing.jpg|A Brood X ''Magicicada'' ovipositing eggs in a tree branch near [[Baltimore]], Maryland (May 26, 2021)
File:17 Year Cicada - Brood X laying eggs in a tree branch 2021-06-01 13 59 48.webm|A Brood X ''Magicicada'' laying eggs in a tree branch (video) (June 1, 2021)
File:cicada egg slits 20040606 200213 1.jpg|''Magicicada'' egg slits (circled in red)
</gallery>

==Predator satiation survival strategy==
{{Further|Antipredator adaptation}}

The nymphs emerge in very large numbers at nearly the same time, sometimes more than 1.5 million individuals per [[acre]] (>370/m<sup>2</sup>).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dybas |first1=H. S. |last2=Davis |first2=D. D. |year=1962 |title=A populations census of seventeen-year periodical cicadas (''Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada'') |journal=[[Ecology (journal)|Ecology]] |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=432–444|doi=10.2307/1933372 |jstor=1933372|bibcode=1962Ecol...43..432D }}</ref> Their mass emergence is, among other things, a survival trait called [[predator satiation]]. The details of this strategy are simple: for the first week after emergence the periodical cicadas are easy prey for [[reptile]]s, [[bird]]s, [[squirrel]]s, [[cat]]s, [[dog]]s and other small and large [[mammal]]s.<ref name="Williams"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=K. S. |last2=Smith |first2=K. G. |last3=Stephen |first3=F. M. |year=1993 |title=Emergence of 13-year periodical cicadas (''Cicadidae, Magicicada''): phenology, mortality, and predator satiation |journal=Ecology |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=1143–1152|doi=10.2307/1940484 |jstor=1940484|bibcode=1993Ecol...74.1143W }}</ref> In their present range the periodical cicadas have no effective predators, and all other animals feeding on them after emergence quickly become irrelevant with respect to their impact on total cicada populations.

Early entomologists maintained that the cicadas' overall survival mechanism was simply to overwhelm predators by their sheer numbers, ensuring the survival of most of the individuals. Later, the fact that the developmental periods were each a [[prime numbers|prime number]] of years (13 and 17) was hypothesized to be a predator avoidance strategy, one adopted to eliminate the possibility of potential predators receiving periodic population boosts by synchronizing their own generations to [[divisor]]s of the cicada emergence period.

On this prime number hypothesis, a predator with a three-year reproductive cycle, which happened to coincide with a brood emergence in a given year, will have gone through either four cycles plus one year (12''&nbsp;''+''&nbsp;''1) or five cycles plus two years (15''&nbsp;''+''&nbsp;''2) by the next time that brood emerges. In this way prime-numbered broods exhibit a strategy to ensure that they nearly always emerge when some portion of the predators they will confront are sexually immature and therefore incapable of taking maximum advantage of the momentarily limitless food supply.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goles |first1=E. |last2=Schulz |first2=O. |last3=Markus |first3=M. |year=2001 |title=Prime number selection of cycles in a predator-prey model |journal=Complexity |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=33–38 |doi=10.1002/cplx.1040|bibcode=2001Cmplx...6d..33G }}</ref>

Another viewpoint turns this hypothesis back onto the cicada broods themselves. It posits that the prime-numbered developmental times represent an adaptation to prevent hybridization ''between'' broods. It is hypothesized that this unusual method of sequestering different populations in time arose when conditions were extremely harsh. Under those conditions the mutation producing extremely long development times became so valuable that cicadas which possessed it found it beneficial to protect themselves from mating with cicadas that lacked the long-development trait.

In this way, the long-developing cicadas retained a trait allowing them to survive the period of heavy selection pressure (i.e., harsh conditions) brought on by isolated and lowered populations during the period immediately following the retreat of glaciers (in the case of periodical cicadas, the North American [[Interglacial|Pleistocene glacial stadia]]). When seen in this light, their mass emergence and the predator satiation strategy that follows from this serves only to maintain the much ''longer-term'' survival strategy of protecting their long-development trait from hybridizations that might dilute it.<ref name="Cox, R. T., and C. E. Carlton 1988 183–193">{{cite journal |author1=Cox, R. T. |author2=C. E. Carlton |s2cid=4213280 |name-list-style=amp |year=1988 |title=Paleoclimatic influences in the evolution of periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: ''Magicicada'' spp.) |journal=[[American Midland Naturalist]] |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=183–193 |jstor=2425898 |doi=10.2307/2425898}}</ref>

This hybridization hypothesis was subsequently supported through a series of mathematical models and remains the most widely-accepted explanation for the unusually lengthy and mathematically sophisticated survival strategy of these insects.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tanaka |first1=Y |first2=J. |last2=Yoshimura |author3-link=Chris Simon (biologist) |first3=C. |last3=Simon |first4=J. |last4=Cooley|first5=K. |last5=Tainaka |year=2009 |title=Allee effect in the selection for prime-numbered cycles in periodical cicadas |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=106 |issue=22 |pages=8975–8979 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.8975T |pmid=19451640 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0900215106 |pmc=2690011 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The length of the cycle was hypothesized to be controlled by a single gene locus, with the 13-year cycle dominant to the 17-year one,<ref name="Cox, R. T., and C. E. Carlton 1991 63–74">{{cite journal |author1=Cox, R. T. |author2=C. E. Carlton |name-list-style=amp |year=1991 |title=Evidence of genetic dominance of the 13-year life cycle in periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: ''Magicicada'' spp.) |journal=[[American Midland Naturalist]] |volume=125 |issue=1 |pages=63–74 |jstor=2426370 |doi=10.2307/2426370}}</ref> but this interpretation remains controversial and unsubstantiated at the level of [[DNA]].

===Impact on other populations===
Cycles in cicada populations are significant enough to affect other animal and plant populations. For example, tree growth has been observed to decline the year before the emergence of a brood because of the increased feeding on roots by the growing nymphs.<ref name="Yang" /> [[Mole (animal)|Moles]], which feed on nymphs, have been observed to do well during the year before an emergence, but suffer population declines the following year because of the reduced food source.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/05/070530-cicadas-food.html |title=National Geographic: Cicada Outbreaks Linked to Other Animals' Booms, Busts. |access-date=23 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722221700/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/05/070530-cicadas-food.html |archive-date=22 July 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Wild turkey]] populations respond favorably to increased nutrition in their food supply from gorging on cicada adults on the ground at the end of their life cycles. Uneaten carcasses of periodical cicadas decompose on the ground, providing a resource pulse of nutrients to the forest community.<ref name="Yang">{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1103114 |pmid=15567865 |bibcode=2004Sci...306.1565Y |title=Periodical Cicadas as Resource Pulses in North American Forests |journal=Science |volume=306 |issue=5701 |pages=1565–1567 |last1=Yang |first1=Louie H. |s2cid=27088981 |year=2004 }}</ref>

Cicada broods may also have a negative impact. [[Eastern gray squirrel]] populations have been negatively affected, because the egg-laying activity of female cicadas damaged upcoming [[mast (botany)|mast]] crops.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

==Broods==
Periodical cicadas are grouped into geographic [[wikt:brood|broods]] based on the calendar year when they emerge. For example, in 2014, the 13-year Brood XXII emerged in Louisiana and the 17-year Brood III emerged in western Illinois and eastern Iowa.

In 1907, [[Entomology|entomologist]] [[Charles Lester Marlatt]] assigned Roman numerals to 30 different broods of periodical cicadas: 17 distinct broods with a 17-year life cycle, to which he assigned brood numbers I through XVII (with emerging years 1893 through 1909); plus 13 broods with a 13-year cycle, to which he assigned brood numbers XVIII through XXX (1893 through 1905).<ref>{{cite book |last=Marlatt|first=C. L.|author-link=Charles Lester Marlatt|title=The Periodical Cicada|location=Washington, D.C.|edition=71|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Bureau of Entomology]]: [[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]|year=1907|oclc=902809085|access-date=July 26, 2021|lccn=agr07001971|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada71marl/page/28/mode/1up|chapter=The Classification of the Broods|pages=28–30|url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada71marl/page/n2/mode/1up|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Marlatt noted that the 17-year broods are generally more northerly than are the 13-year broods.<ref name=Marlatt3>{{cite book|last=Marlatt|first=C.L|author-link=Charles Lester Marlatt|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada71marl/page/14/mode/1up|chapter=The Races, Broods, and Varieties of the Cicada: A Seventeen–Year Race and a Thirteen–Year Race|pages=14–18|url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada71marl/page/n6/mode/1up|title=The Periodical Cicada|location=Washington, D.C.|edition=71|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Bureau of Entomology]]: [[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]|year=1907|oclc=902809085|access-date=July 26, 2021|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

Many of these hypothetical 30 broods have not been observed. Marlatt noted that some cicada populations (especially Brood XI in the valley of the [[Connecticut River]] in [[Massachusetts]] and [[Connecticut]]) were disappearing, a fact that he attributed to the reduction in forests and the introduction and proliferation of insect-eating "English sparrows" [[House sparrow|(House sparrows, ''Passer domesticus'')]] that had followed the European settlement of North America.<ref>{{cite book|last=Marlatt|first=C.L|author-link=Charles Lester Marlatt|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada71marl/page/13/mode/1up|chapter=Summary of the Habits and Characteristics of the Cicada.|pages=13–14|url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada71marl/page/n6/mode/1up|title=The Periodical Cicada|location=Washington, D.C.|edition=71|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Bureau of Entomology]]: [[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]|year=1907|oclc=902809085|access-date=July 26, 2021|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Two of the broods that Marlatt named (Broods XI and XXI) have become extinct. His numbering scheme has been retained for convenience (and because it clearly separates 13- and 17-year life cycles), although only 15 broods are known to survive.<ref name=post>{{cite web |last=Post |first=Susan L. |title=A Trill of a Lifetime |url=http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/highlights/periodicalCicada.html |year=2004 |publisher=The Illinois Steward|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510060933/http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/highlights/periodicalCicada.html |archive-date=10 May 2007}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
! style="mifn-width: 68px;" |Name || style="mifn-width: 181px;" |Nickname || style="mifn-width: 60px;" |Cycle (yrs) || style="mifn-width: 101px;" |Last emergence || style="mifn-width: 101px;" |Next emergence || style="text-align:left;" class="unsortable" |Extent
|-
|{{sort|01|[[Brood I]]}} || Blue Ridge brood || 17 || 2012 || 2029 || style="text-align:left;" |Western Virginia, West Virginia
|-
|{{sort|02|[[Brood II]]}} || East Coast brood || 17 || 2013 || 2030 || style="text-align:left;" |Connecticut, Maryland, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, District of Columbia
|-
|{{sort|03|[[Brood III]]}} || Iowan brood || 17 || 2014 || 2031 || style="text-align:left;" |Iowa
|-
|{{sort|04|[[Brood IV]]}} || Kansan brood || 17 || 2015 || 2032 || style="text-align:left;" |Eastern Nebraska, southwestern Iowa, eastern Kansas, western Missouri, Oklahoma, north Texas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cicadas.uconn.edu/brood_04/|title=Brood IV|work=Cicadas|date=February 21, 2017|location=Storrs, Connecticut|publisher=University of Connecticut|access-date=July 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421190926/https://cicadas.uconn.edu/brood_04/|archive-date=April 21, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|05|[[Brood V]]}} || || 17 || 2016 || 2033 || style="text-align:left;" |Eastern Ohio, Western Maryland, Southwestern Pennsylvania, Northwestern Virginia, West Virginia, New York (Suffolk County)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_al/cicada/cicada.htm|title=Periodical Cicada - Brood V|date=April 15, 2016|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]: [[United States Forest Service]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407070945/http://na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_al/cicada/cicada.htm|archive-date=April 7, 2016}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|06|[[Brood VI]]}} || || 17 || 2017 || 2034 || style="text-align:left;" |Northern Georgia, western North Carolina, northwestern South Carolina
|-
|{{sort|07|[[Brood VII]]}} || Onondaga brood || 17 || 2018 || 2035 || style="text-align:left;" |Central New York (Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Ontario, Yates counties){{#tag:ref|Consists only of ''M.&nbsp;septendecim''|group=Note}}
|-
|{{sort|08|[[Brood VIII]]}} || || 17 || 2019 || 2036 || style="text-align:left;" |Eastern Ohio, western Pennsylvania, northern West Virginia
|-
|{{sort|09|[[Brood IX]]}} || || 17 || 2020 || 2037 || style="text-align:left;" |southwestern Virginia, southern West Virginia, western North Carolina
|-i
|{{sort|10|[[Brood X]]}} || Great eastern brood || 17 || 2021 || 2038 || style="text-align:left;" |New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/fauna/Michigan_Cicadas/Periodical/BroodX.html|title=Brood X (17-year)| location=[[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]|publisher=Division of Insects: Museum of Zoology: [[College of Literature, Science, and the Arts|University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927224643/http://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/fauna/Michigan_Cicadas/Periodical/BroodX.html|access-date=March 13, 2024|archive-date=September 27, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|A premature emergence occurred in 2017.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sheikh|first1=Knvul|date=May 27, 2017|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/brood-awakening-17-year-cicadas-emerge-4-years-early/ |title=Brood Awakening: 17-Year Cicadas Emerge 4 Years Early|journal=[[Scientific American]]|access-date=March 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125171822/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/brood-awakening-17-year-cicadas-emerge-4-years-early/|archive-date=January 25, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=Note}}
|-
|{{sort|11|[[Brood XI]]}} || || 17 || 1954 || {{N/a|Extinct}} || style="text-align:left;" |Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island. Last seen in 1954 in [[Ashford, Connecticut|Ashford]], Connecticut along the Fenton River
|-
|{{sort|13|[[Brood XIII]]}} || Northern Illinois brood || 17 || 2024 || 2041 || style="text-align:left;" |Northern Illinois and in parts of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Indiana{{#tag:ref|Reputedly has the largest emergence of cicadas by size known anywhere. A premature emergence occurred in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schuster|first1=James|last2=Nixon|first2=Philip|url=https://extension.illinois.edu/insects/cicadas|title=Timed to perfection: Cicada's biological clock determines emergence|work=Insects: Cicadas|location=[[Urbana, Illinois]]|publisher=[[University of Illinois College of Agriculture, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences|University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences]]: Illinois Extension|access-date=March 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310005548/https://extension.illinois.edu/insects/cicadas|archive-date=March 10, 2024|url-status=live|quote=The northern Illinois brood, which will emerge in late May 2024, has a reputation for the largest emergence of cicadas known anywhere. This is due to the size of the emergence and the research and subsequent reporting over the years by entomologists Monte Lloyd and Henry Dybas at the [[Field Museum of Natural History|Field Museum]] in Chicago. During the 1956 emergence, they counted an average of 311 nymphal emergence holes per square yard of ground in a forested floodplain near Chicago. This translates to 1½ million cicadas per acre. In upland sites, they recorded 27 emergence holes per square yard, translating to about 133,000 per acre. This number is more typical of emergence numbers but is still a tremendous number of insects. .... 2020 {{!}} Northern Illinois Sub-Brood (part of Marlatt's XIII)}}</ref>|group=Note}}
|-
|{{sort|14|[[Brood XIV]]}} || || 17 || 2008 || 2025 || style="text-align:left;" |Southern Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, northern Georgia, Southwestern Virginia and West Virginia, and parts of New York and New Jersey
|-
|{{sort|19|[[Brood XIX]]}} || Great Southern Brood || 13 || 2024 || 2037 || style="text-align:left;" |Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia{{#tag:ref|Arguably the largest (by geographic extent) of all periodical cicada broods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cicadas.uconn.edu/brood_19/|title=Brood XIX: The Great Southern Brood|work=Biodiversity Research Collections: Periodical Cicada Information Pages|date=February 21, 2017 |location=Storrs, Connecticut|publisher=University of Connecticut|access-date=March 13, 2024|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224013749/https://cicadas.uconn.edu/brood_19/|archive-date=February 24, 2024|url-status=live|quote=Brood XIX is arguably the largest (by geographic extent) of all periodical cicada broods, with records along the east coast from Maryland to Georgia and in the Midwest from Iowa to Oklahoma.}}</ref>|group=Note}}
|-
|{{sort|21|Brood XXI}} || Floridian Brood || 13 || 1870 || {{N/a|Extinct}} || style="text-align:left;" |Last recorded in 1870, historical range included the Florida panhandle<ref>{{cite book |last=Marlatt |first=C.L. |title=The Periodical Cicada|url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada71marl/page/n6/mode/1up|location=Washington, D.C.|edition=71|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Bureau of Entomology]]: [[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]|year=1907|oclc=902809085|access-date=July 26, 2021|via=[[Internet Archive]] |author-link=Charles Lester Marlatt}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort|22|[[Brood XXII]]}} || Baton Rouge Brood<ref name=broodXXII>{{cite web|title=Brood XXII (13-year) The Baton Rouge Brood|url=http://www.magicicada.org/about/brood_pages/broodXXII.php|publisher=National Geographic Society|access-date=28 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903070654/http://www.magicicada.org/about/brood_pages/broodXXII.php|archive-date=3 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> || 13 || 2014 || 2027 || style="text-align:left;" |Louisiana, Mississippi{{#tag:ref|This 13-year brood does not include ''M.&nbsp;neotredecim''.|group=Note}}
|-
|{{sort|23|[[Brood XXIII]]}} || Mississippi Valley Brood<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cicadas.uconn.edu/brood_23/|access-date=24 Feb 2022|date=Feb 2021|title=Brood XXIII}}</ref> || 13 || 2015 || 2028 || style="text-align:left;" |Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, Tennessee
|- class="sortbottom"
|colspan="6" style="text-align:left;"|
{{Reflist|group=Note}}
|}

Periodical cicadas that emerge outside the expected time frame are called stragglers. Although they can emerge at any time, they usually do so one or four years before or after most other members of their broods emerge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cicadas.uconn.edu/stragglers/|title=Stragglers|work=Biodiversity Research Collections: Periodical Cicada Information Pages|date=January 25, 2021 |location=Storrs, Connecticut|publisher=University of Connecticut|access-date=March 13, 2024|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226160405/https://cicadas.uconn.edu/stragglers/|archive-date=February 26, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Stragglers with a 17-year life cycle typically emerge four years early. Those with a 13-year cycle typically emerge four years late.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cicadamania.com/cicadas/what-are-stragglers/|title=What are stragglers?|work=Cicada Mania|date=June 27, 2015|access-date=March 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308044747/https://www.cicadamania.com/cicadas/what-are-stragglers/|archive-date=March 8, 2024|url-status=live|quote=Typically cicadas with a 17-year life cycle will emerge 4 years early, and cicadas with a 13-year cycle will emerge 4 years late.}}</ref> The emergence of stragglers may in theory be indicative of a brood shifting from a 17-year cycle to a 13-year one.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2024/05/28/hordes-of-cicadas-are-emerging-simultaneously-in-america |title=Hordes of cicadas are emerging simultaneously in America |newspaper=The Economist |date=May 28, 2024 |access-date=May 29, 2024}}</ref>

Brood XIII of the 17-year cicada, which reputably has the largest emergence of cicadas by size known anywhere, and Brood XIX of the 13-year cicada, arguably the largest (by geographic extent) of all periodical cicada broods, were expected to emerge together in 2024 for the first time since 1803. However, the two broods were not expected to overlap except potentially in a thin area in central and eastern Illinois ([[Macon County, Illinois|Macon]], [[Sangamon County, Illinois|Sangamon]], [[Livingston County, Illinois|Livingston]], and [[Logan County, Illinois|Logan]] counties).<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url=https://www.cicadamania.com/cicadas/2024-cicada-forecast/|title=2024 Cicada Forecast|date=February 10, 2024|work=Cicada Mania|access-date=March 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308050919/https://www.cicadamania.com/cicadas/2024-cicada-forecast/|archive-date=March 8, 2024|url-status=live|quote=Both Brood XIX and XIII exist in Macon, Sangamon, Livingston and Logan counties in Illinois. The easily accessible place they come closest to overlapping is Springfield, Illinois, which is in Sangamon County.}}
* {{cite web|last1=Schuster|first1=James|last2=Nixon|first2=Philip|url=https://extension.illinois.edu/insects/cicadas|title=Timed to perfection: Cicada's biological clock determines emergence|work=Insects: Cicadas|location=[[Urbana, Illinois]]|publisher=[[University of Illinois College of Agriculture, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences|University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences]]: Illinois Extension|access-date=March 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310005548/https://extension.illinois.edu/insects/cicadas|archive-date=March 10, 2024|url-status=live|quote=The northern Illinois brood, which will emerge in late May 2024, has a reputation for the largest emergence of cicadas known anywhere. This is due to the size of the emergence and the research and subsequent reporting over the years by entomologists Monte Lloyd and Henry Dybas at the [[Field Museum of Natural History|Field Museum]] in Chicago. During the 1956 emergence, they counted an average of 311 nymphal emergence holes per square yard of ground in a forested floodplain near Chicago. This translates to 1½ million cicadas per acre. In upland sites, they recorded 27 emergence holes per square yard, translating to about 133,000 per acre. This number is more typical of emergence numbers but is still a tremendous number of insects.}}
* {{cite web|url=https://cicadas.uconn.edu/|title=The 2024 Periodical Cicada Emergence|work=Biodiversity Research Collections: Periodical Cicada Information Pages|location=Storrs, Connecticut|publisher=University of Connecticut|access-date=March 13, 2024|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312062005/https://cicadas.uconn.edu/|archive-date=March 12, 2024|url-status=live|quote=In 2024, 13-year Brood XIX, which is the largest of all periodical cicada broods, will co-emerge with 17-year Brood XIII; these two broods are adjacent (but not significantly overlapping) in north-central Illinois.}}
* {{cite web|url=https://cicadas.uconn.edu/brood_19/|title=Brood XIX: The Great Southern Brood|work=Biodiversity Research Collections: Periodical Cicada Information Pages|date=February 21, 2017 |location=Storrs, Connecticut|publisher=University of Connecticut|access-date=March 13, 2024|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224013749/https://cicadas.uconn.edu/brood_19/|archive-date=February 24, 2024|url-status=live|quote=Brood XIX is arguably the largest (by geographic extent) of all periodical cicada broods, with records along the east coast from Maryland to Georgia and in the Midwest from Iowa to Oklahoma.}}</ref> The next such dual emergence of these two particular broods will occur in 2245, 221 years after 2024. Many other 13-year and 17-year broods emerge during the same years, but the broods are not geographically close.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web |first=Aimee|last=Ortiz|date=January 19, 2024|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/19/science/cicadas-emergence-broods.html |title=The World Hasn't Seen Cicadas Like This Since 1803 |work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309104954/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/19/science/cicadas-emergence-broods.html|archive-date=March 9, 2024|url-status=dead|quote=Brood XIX and Brood XIII will both emerge this spring. The last time these bugs showed up at the same time in the United States, Thomas Jefferson was president. After this spring, it’ll be another 221 years before the broods, which are geographically adjacent, appear together again.}}
* {{cite news|first=Carys|last=Matthews|date=May 29, 2024|url=https://www.livescience.com/animals/insects/cicada-double-brood-event-what-to-expect-when-trillions-of-bugs-emerge-in-eastern-us|title=Cicada double brood event: What to expect as trillions of bugs emerge in Eastern US|work=[[Live Science]]|access-date=September 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629230225/https://www.livescience.com/animals/insects/cicada-double-brood-event-what-to-expect-when-trillions-of-bugs-emerge-in-eastern-us|archive-date=June 29, 2024|url-status=live|quote="Billions, even trillions, of cicadas are going to emerge at the same time across 17 states,” Chris Simon, a professor at UConn’s Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and one of the scientists who runs the database told Life Science. ... Despite the huge volumes of insects set to emerge, the co-emergence of Brood XIII and XIX likely won't look much different from other periodical cicada emergences. That's because, for the most part, they won't emerge from the same locations. There's only a small woodland area in Springfield, Illinois, where the two broods may co-emerge. "The broods won't overlap significantly due to the latitudinal spread involved," John Cooley, founder of the Periodical Cicada Project and a professor in UConn's Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, told Live Science.  .... It is a rare occurrence for two specific periodical broods of different life cycles to emerge at the same time and overrlap in location. "The co-emergence of any two broods of different cycles is rare, because the cycles are both prime numbers,” Cooley said. "Any given 13- and 17-year broods will only co-emerge once every 13 x 17 = 221 years." Despite their geographic proximity, the two broods have not emerged at the same time for 221 years, although many other 13-year and 17-year broods have appeared in the same year. "2015 was the last time a 13-year brood emerged with a 17-year brood, when Brood XXIII emerged with Brood IV. However, the two broods weren't geographically close," Simon told Live Science. "Similarly, adjacent Brood IV and Brood XIX both appeared in 1998 but, again, weren't close."}}</ref>
 
===Map of brood locations===
[[File:Periodical Cicada Broods of the United States.png|alt=County-by-county map showing the locations of cicada broods, published May 2013|none|thumb|800px|USDA Forest Service map of periodical cicada brood locations by county and timing of next emergence (as of 2024)]]

==Taxonomy==
=== Phylogeny ===
''Magicicada'' is a member of the cicada [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Lamotialnini]], which is distributed globally aside from [[South America]]. Despite ''Magicicada'' being only found in eastern [[North America]], its closest relatives are thought to be the genera ''[[Tryella]]'' and ''[[Aleeta]]'' from [[Australia]], with ''Magicicada'' being [[Sister group|sister]] to the [[clade]] containing ''Tryella'' and ''Aleeta''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marshall|first1=David C.|last2=Moulds|first2=Max|last3=Hill|first3=Kathy B. R.|last4=Price|first4=Benjamin W.|last5=Wade|first5=Elizabeth J.|last6=Owen|first6=Christopher L.|last7=Goemans|first7=Geert|last8=Marathe|first8=Kiran|last9=Sarkar|first9=Vivek|last10=Cooley|first10=John R.|last11=Sanborn|first11=Allen F.|date=2018-05-28|title=A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification|url=https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/zootaxa.4424.1.1|journal=Zootaxa|language=en|volume=4424|issue=1|pages=1–64|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1|pmid=30313477|s2cid=52976455|issn=1175-5334}}</ref> Within the [[Americas]], its closest relative is thought to be the genus ''[[Chrysolasia]]'' from [[Guatemala]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=says|first=Dave|date=2019-01-10|title=Chrysolasia guatemalena (Distant, 1883)|url=https://www.cicadamania.com/cicadas/chrysolasia-guatemalena-distant-1883/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=Cicada Mania|language=en}}</ref>

=== Species ===
Seven recognized species are placed within ''Magicicada''—three 17-year species and four 13-year species. These seven species are also sometimes grouped differently into three subgroups, the so-called [[Decim periodical cicadas|Decim species group]], [[Cassini periodical cicadas|Cassini species group]], and Decula species group, reflecting strong similarities of each 17-year species with one or more species with a 13-year cycle.<ref name=ngspecies>{{cite web|title=''Magicicada'' species|url=http://www.magicicada.org/about/species_pages/species.php|publisher=National Geographic Society|access-date=12 June 2011|archive-date=February 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226165547/http://www.magicicada.org/about/species_pages/species.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
! colspan="4"|17-year cycle
! rowspan="2"|Species<br/>group
! colspan="4"|13-year cycle
|-
! Image
! Scientific name
! Common Name
! Distribution
! Image
! Scientific name
! Common Name
! Distribution
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[File:2013 05-23 IMG 9586 (3).jpg|120px]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Magicicada septendecim|M.&nbsp;septendecim]]''<br/><small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small>
|rowspan="2"|17-year locust, <br/>Pharaoh cicada
|rowspan="2"|Canada,<br/>United States
!rowspan="2"|Decim
|[[File:Magicicada_tredecim.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Magicicada tredecim|M.&nbsp;tredecim]]''<br/><small>(Walsh & Riley, 1868)</small>
|
|Southeastern<br/>United States
|-
|
|''[[Magicicada neotredecim|M.&nbsp;neotredecim]]''<br/><small>Marshall & Cooley, 2000<!-- Do not add parentheses. --></small>
|
|United States
|-
|[[File:Magicicada cassini (17-year periodical cicada) (Flint Ridge, Ohio, USA) (27294270804).jpg|120px]]
|''[[Magicicada cassinii|M.&nbsp;cassini]]'' <ref name="Marshall 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=David C. |title=On the spelling of the name of Cassin's 17-Year Cicada, Magicicada cassini (Fisher, 1852) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) |journal=Zootaxa |date=8 April 2022 |volume=5125 |issue=2 |pages=241–245 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5125.2.8 |pmid=36101217 |s2cid=248041307 |doi-access=free }} [open access]</ref><br/><small>(Fisher, 1852)</small>
|17-year cicada, <br/>dwarf periodical cicada
|United States
!Cassini
|[[File:Magicicada tredecassini NC XIX male dorsal trim.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Magicicada tredecassini|M.&nbsp;tredecassini]]''<br/><small>Alexander & Moore, 1962</small>
|
|United States
|-
|[[File:Magicicada septendecula male (Brood IX) - journal.pone.0000892.g003C.png|120px]]
|''[[Magicicada septendecula|M.&nbsp;septendecula]]''<br/><small>Alexander & Moore, 1962<!-- Do not add parentheses. --></small>
|
| United States
!Decula
|[[File:Magicicada tredecula Brood XIX 11.US.IL.DAS.jpg|120px]]
|''[[Magicicada tredecula|M.&nbsp;tredecula]]''<br/><small>Alexander & Moore, 1962</small>
|
| United States
|-
|}

===Evolution and speciation===
{{See also|Allochronic speciation}}
Not only are the periodical cicada life cycles curious for their use of the prime numbers 13 or 17, but their evolution is also intricately tied to one- and four-year changes in their life cycles.<ref name="Cox, R. T., and C. E. Carlton 1988 183–193" /><ref name="Cox, R. T., and C. E. Carlton 1991 63–74" /> One-year changes are less common than four-year changes and are probably tied to variation in local climatic conditions. Four-year early and late emergences are common and involve a much larger proportion of the population than one-year changes. The different species are well-understood to have originated from a process of [[allochronic speciation]],<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite journal|author=Rebecca S. Taylor and Vicki L. Friesen|year=2017|title=The role of allochrony in speciation|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=26|issue=13|pages=3330–3342|doi=10.1111/mec.14126|pmid=28370658|bibcode=2017MolEc..26.3330T |doi-access=free|s2cid=46852358}}
* {{cite journal|first1=D. C.|last1=Marshall|first2=J. R.|last2=Cooley|year=2000|title=Reproductive character displacement and speciation in periodical cicadas, with description of new species, 13-year Magicicada neotredecem|journal=Evolution|volume=54|issue=4|pages=1313–1325|doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00564.x|pmid=11005298|doi-access=free|s2cid=28276015|hdl=2027.42/73691|hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|first1=C.|last1=Simon|author1-link=Chris Simon (biologist)|first2=J.|last2=Tang|first3=S.|last3=Dalwadi|first4=G.|last4=Staley|first5=J.|last5=Deniega|first6=T. R.|last6=Unnasch|year=2000|title=Genetic evidence for assortative mating between 13-year cicadas and sympatric '17-year cicadas with 13-year life cycles' provides support for allochronic speciation|url=|journal=Evolution|volume=54|issue=4|pages=1326–1336|doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00565.x|pmid=11005299|doi-access=free|s2cid=19105047}}</ref><ref name="Sota Yamamoto 2013">{{cite journal|first1=Teiji|last1=Sota|first2=Satoshi|last2=Yamamoto|first3=John R.|last3=Cooley|first4=Kathy B. R.|last4=Hill|first5=Chris |last5=Simon|author5-link=Chris Simon (biologist)|first6=Jin|last6=Yoshimura|date=23 April 2013|title=Independent divergence of 13- and 17-y life cycles among three periodical cicada lineages|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|volume=110|issue=17|pages=6919–6924|bibcode=2013PNAS..110.6919S|doi=10.1073/pnas.1220060110|pmc=3637745|pmid=23509294|doi-access=free}}</ref> in which species subpopulations that are isolated from one another in time eventually become [[reproductive isolation|reproductively isolated]] as well.

Research suggests that in extant periodical cicadas, the 13- and 17-year life cycles evolved at least eight different times in the last 4 million years and that different species with identical life cycles developed their overlapping geographic distribution by synchronizing their life cycles to the existing dominant populations.<ref name="Sota Yamamoto 2013"/> The same study estimates that the Decim species group split from the common ancestor of the Decula plus Cassini species groups around 4&nbsp;million years ago (Mya). At around 2.5&nbsp;Mya, the Cassini and Decula groups split from each other.

The Sota ''et al.'' (2013) paper also calculates that the first separation of extant 13-year cicadas from 17-year cicadas took place in the Decim group about 530,000 years ago when the southern ''M.&nbsp;tredecim'' split from the northern ''M.&nbsp;septendecim''. The second noteworthy event took place about 320,000''&nbsp;''years ago with the split of the western Cassini group from its conspecifics to the east. The Decim and the Decula clades experienced similar western splits, but these are estimated to have taken place 270,000 and 230,000''&nbsp;''years ago, respectively. The 13- and 17-year splits in Cassini and Decula took place after these events.

The 17-year cicadas largely occupy formerly glaciated territory, and as a result their phylogeographic relationships reflect the effects of repeated contraction into glacial refugia (small islands of suitable habitat) and subsequent re-expansion during multiple interglacial periods. In each species group, Decim, Cassini, and Decula, the signature of the glacial periods is manifested in three phylogeographic genetic subdivisions: one subgroup east of the Appalachians, one midwestern, and one on the far western edge of their range.

The Sota ''et al.'' data suggest that the founders of the southern 13-year cicada populations originated from the Decim group. These were later joined by Cassini originating from the western Cassini clade and Decula originating from eastern, middle, and western Decula clades. As Cassini and Decula invaded the south, they became synchronized with the resident ''M.&nbsp;tredecim''. These Cassini and Decula are known as ''M.&nbsp;tredecassini'' and ''M.&nbsp;tredecula''. More data is needed to lend support to this hypothesis and others hypotheses related to more recent 13- and 17-year splits involving ''M.&nbsp;neotredecim'' and ''M.&nbsp;tredecim''.

==Distribution==
The 17-year periodical cicadas are distributed from the Eastern states, across the [[Ohio Valley]], to the Great Plains states and north to the edges of the [[Upper Midwest]], while the 13-year cicadas occur in the Southern and [[Mississippi Valley]] states, with some slight overlap of the two groups. For example, broods IV (17-year cycle) and XIX (13-year cycle) overlap in western Missouri and eastern Oklahoma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cicadas.uconn.edu/broods/|title=Broods|work=Cicadas|date=February 27, 2017|publisher=[[University of Connecticut]]|access-date=April 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331202215/https://cicadas.uconn.edu/broods/|archive-date=March 31, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Simon2009">See Figure 1, p. 107 ''in'' {{cite journal|first1=John R.|last1=Cooley|first2=Gene|last2=Kritsky|first3=Marten J.|last3=Edwards|first4=John D.|last4=Zyla|first5=David C.|last5=Marshall|first6=Kathy B. R.|last6=Hill|first7=Rachel|last7=Krauss|first8=Chris|last8=Simon|author8-link=Chris Simon (biologist)|url=http://www.magicicada.org/cooley/reprints/Cooley_ea_2009.pdf|title=The distribution of periodical cicadas|journal=American Entomologist|volume=55|number=2|pages=106–112|doi=10.1093/ae/55.2.106|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726180033/http://www.magicicada.org/cooley/reprints/Cooley_ea_2009.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Their emergences should again coincide in 2219, 2440, 2661, etc., as they did in 1998<ref>{{cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Omara-Otunnu|date=April 26, 2004|url=http://advance.uconn.edu/2004/040426/04042611.htm|title=Life cycles Of Cicada Species Are Focus Of Biologist's Research|work=The UConn Advance|access-date=April 18, 2021|publisher=[[University of Connecticut]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622095724/http://www.advance.uconn.edu/2004/040426/04042611.htm |archive-date=June 22, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> (although distributions change slightly from generation to generation and older distribution maps can be unreliable<ref name="Simon2009"/>).

An effort sponsored by the [[National Geographic Society]] is underway as of April 2021 at the [[University of Connecticut]] to generate new distribution maps of all periodical cicada broods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cicadas.uconn.edu/making-modern-maps/|title=Making Modern Maps: A National Geographic Society sponsored project|work=Cicadas|date=February 18, 2017|publisher=[[University of Connecticut]]|access-date=April 18, 2021|quote=To date, we have surveyed and mapped over 10,000 localities within periodical cicada emergences, using detailed base maps and [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] technology, such as the custom GPS datalogger ... .|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327181656/https://cicadas.uconn.edu/making-modern-maps/|archive-date=March 27, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The effort uses [[Crowdsourcing|crowdsourced]] data and records that [[Entomology|entomologist]]s and volunteers collect.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url=https://cicadas.uconn.edu/crowdsourcing/|title=Crowdsourcing|work=Cicadas|date=January 25, 2021|publisher=[[University of Connecticut]]|access-date=April 18, 2021|quote=You can report periodical cicadas using the Cicada Safari App, available on the [[Google Play|Google Play Store]] or the [[Apple Store]].|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327181724/https://cicadas.uconn.edu/crowdsourcing/|archive-date=March 27, 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |url=https://cicadas.uconn.edu/mapping-techniques/|title=Mapping Techniques|work=Cicadas|date=May 19, 2020|publisher=[[University of Connecticut]]|access-date=April 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327181809/https://cicadas.uconn.edu/mapping-techniques/|archive-date=March 27, 2021|url-status=live }}</ref>

==Parasites, pests and pathogens==
Although it usually feeds on oak leaf gall midge (''[[Polystepha pilulae]]'') larvae and other insects, the oak leaf gall mite ("itch mite") (''[[Pyemotes herfsi]]'') becomes an [[Parasitism|ectoparasite]] of periodical cicada eggs when these are available. After cicadas deposit their eggs in the branches of trees, feeding mites reproduce and their numbers increase.<ref name=mite>Multiple sources:
* {{cite journal|author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|author-link=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|date=September 2005|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5438a3.htm|title=Outbreak of pruritic rashes associated with mites – Kansas, 2004|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMDR Weekly)|volume=54 |issue=38 |pages=952–955 |location=[[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]|pmid=16195693|access-date=March 11, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129101520/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5438a3.htm|archive-date=November 29, 2023|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last1=Keith|first1=David|last2=Karstens|first2=Sandi Alswager|date=May 2, 2005|url=http://ianrnews.unl.edu/static/0505021.shtml|title=Itch Mites Are Back, Entomologist Warns|work=IANR News Story|location=[[Lincoln, Nebraska]]|publisher=[[University of Nebraska–Lincoln#Colleges|University of Nebraska - Lincoln: Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816073516/http://ianrnews.unl.edu/static/0505021.shtml|archive-date=August 16, 2007|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news|last1=Keith|first1=David|last2=Moser|first2=Dan|date=July 15, 2005|url=http://ianrnews.unl.edu/static/0507150.shtml|title=Itch Mite Population About to Increase, Entomologist Warns|work=IANR News Story|location=[[Lincoln, Nebraska]]|publisher=[[University of Nebraska–Lincoln#Colleges|University of Nebraska - Lincoln: Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509131236/http://ianrnews.unl.edu/static/0507150.shtml|archive-date=May 9, 2006|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal|date=May 2006|last1=Broce|first1=Alberto B.|last2=Zurek|first2=Ludek|last3=Kalisch|first3=James A.|last4=Brown|first4=Robert|display-authors=3|url=https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_moser050.pdf|title=Pyemotes herfsi (Acari: Pyemotidae), a Mite New to North America as the Cause of Bite Outbreaks|journal=[[Journal of Medical Entomology]]|volume=43|number=3|pages=610–613|doi=10.1093/jmedent/43.3.610 |doi-access=free |pmid=16739423|access-date=March 11, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127224629/https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_moser050.pdf|archive-date=January 27, 2024|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/09/30/mite-invasion-tied-to-cicada-cycle/|title=Mite invasion tied to cicada cycle|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=September 30, 2007|access-date=March 11, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311094141/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/09/30/mite-invasion-tied-to-cicada-cycle/|archive-date=March 11, 2024|url-status=dead}} '''First report of ''Pyemotes herfsi'' parasitism on periodical cicada eggs.'''
* {{cite web|last1=Broce|first1=Alberto B.|last2=Kalisch|first2=James|date=October 2007|url=http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/entml2/mf2806.pdf|title=Oak leaf itch mite|work=Pests That Affect Human Health|id=MF-2806|publisher=[[Kansas State University]] Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716115233/http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/entml2/mf2806.pdf|archive-date=July 16, 2011|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal|last=Zaborski|first=Edmond R.|date=May 20, 2008|url=https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/18258|title=2007 Outbreak of Human Pruritic Dermatitis in Chicago, Illinois Caused by an Itch Mite, Pyemotes herfsi (Oudemans, 1936) (Acarina: Heterostigmata: Pyemotidae|journal=Illinois Natural History Survey Technical Report|id=NHS Technical Report 2008 (17)|location=[[Champaign, Illinois]]|publisher=[[Illinois Natural History Survey]]|access-date=January 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128154210/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/18258|archive-date=January 28, 2024|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|date=May 20, 2008|last=Zaborski|first=Edmond R.|url=http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/pcitchmites_update5-23-08.htm|title=Itch Mite Update: Conclusions from "2007 Outbreak of Human Pruritic Dermatitis in Chicago, Illinois Caused by an Itch Mite, Pyemotes herfsi": Illinois Natural History Survey Technical Report 2008 (17)|location=[[Springfield, Illinois]]|publisher=[[Illinois Department of Public Health]]|access-date=January 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713193034/http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/pcitchmites_update5-23-08.htm|archive-date=July 13, 2022|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|last=Cloyd|date=November 3, 2016|first=Raymond|url=https://blogs.k-state.edu/kansasbugs/2016/11/03/oak-leaf-itch-mite/|title=Oak Leaf Itch Mite|work=Extension Entomology|location=[[Manhattan, Kansas]]|publisher=[[Kansas State University]] Department of Entomology|access-date=January 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814061543/https://blogs.k-state.edu/kansasbugs/2016/11/03/oak-leaf-itch-mite/|archive-date=August 14, 2020|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Wilder|first=Drew|date=July 30, 2021|url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/northern-virginia/mysterious-nasty-bug-bites-stump-arlington-health-officials/2751051/|title=Mysterious, Nasty Bug Bites Stump Arlington Health Officials|work=[[WRC-TV|NBC4 Washington]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=March 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209041755/https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/northern-virginia/mysterious-nasty-bug-bites-stump-arlington-health-officials/2751051/|archive-date=December 9, 2023|url-status=live}} '''Contains 1:38 minute video showing images and descriptions of ''Pyemotes herfsi'' bites.'''
* {{cite news|date=July 30, 2021|last=Silverman|first=Ellie|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/07/30/oak-mites-bite-cicadas-dc/|title=Oak-mite bites: Cicadas may have left D.C. region an itchy gift|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=January 27, 2024}}
* {{cite web|date=August 13, 2021|last=Shrewsbury|first=Paula|url=https://extension.umd.edu/resource/oak-leaf-itch-mites-and-periodical-cicada-eggs/|title=Oak Leaf Itch Mites and Periodical Cicada Eggs|work=[[University of Maryland College of Agriculture and Natural Resources#University of Maryland Extension|University of Maryland Extension]]|publisher=[[University of Maryland College of Agriculture and Natural Resources]]|access-date=January 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604234309/https://extension.umd.edu/resource/oak-leaf-itch-mites-and-periodical-cicada-eggs/|archive-date=June 4, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Cicada with extensive abdomen fungus 2021-05-31 093621 1 crop.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|A Brood X ''Magicicada'' with abdominal ''[[Massospora cicadina]]'' infection in Bethesda, Maryland (May 31, 2021)]]
After cicada emergences have ended, many people have therefore developed rashes, [[Skin condition#Primary lesions|pustules]], intense itching and other mite bite sequelae on their upper [[torso]], head, neck and arms. Rashes and itching peaked after several days, but lasted as long as two weeks. Anti-itch treatments, including [[Calamine|calamine lotion]] and [[Topical steroid|topical steroid creams]], did not relieve the itching.<ref name=mite/>

''[[Massospora cicadina]]'' is a [[pathogenic fungus]] that infects only 13 and 17 year periodical cicadas. Infection results in a "plug" of spores that replaces the end of the cicada's abdomen while it is still alive, leading to infertility, disease transmission, and eventual death of the cicada.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cooley|first1=John R.|last2=Marshall|first2=David C.|last3=Hill|first3=Kathy B. R.|date=2018-01-23|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-19813-0.pdf|title=A specialized fungal parasite (Massospora cicadina) hijacks the sexual signals of periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada)|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]|language=En|volume=8|number=1432|page=1432|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-19813-0|pmid=29362478|pmc=5780379|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.1432C|issn=2045-2322|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|access-date=August 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830021718/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-19813-0.pdf?error=cookies_not_supported&code=8583153f-e936-4bd8-8799-7537bd673cdd|archive-date=August 30, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Symbiosis==
''Magicicada'' are unable to obtain all of the essential amino acids from the dilute xylem fluid that they feed upon, and instead rely upon [[endosymbiont|endosymbiotic]] bacteria that provide essential vitamins and nutrients for growth.<ref>Hilary Christensen & Marilyn L. Fogel (2011) Feeding ecology and evidence for amino acid synthesis in the periodical cicada (''Magicicada''). Journal of Insect Physiology 57: 211–219</ref> Bacteria in the genus ''Hodgkinia'' live inside periodical cicadas, and grow and divide for years before punctuated cicada reproduction events impose [[natural selection]] on these bacteria to maintain a mutually beneficial relationship. As a result, the genome of ''Hodgkinia'' has fractionated into three independent bacterial species each containing only a subset of genes essential for this symbiosis. The host requires all three subgroups of symbionts, as only the complete complement of all three subgroups provides the host with all its essential nutrients.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.008|pmid=29129532|title=Idiosyncratic Genome Degradation in a Bacterial Endosymbiont of Periodical Cicadas|journal=Current Biology|volume=27|issue=22|pages=3568–3575.e3|year=2017|last1=Campbell|first1=Matthew A.|last2=Łukasik|first2=Piotr|last3=Simon|first3=Chris|author3-link=Chris Simon (biologist)|last4=McCutcheon|first4=John P.|pmc=8879801|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017CBio...27E3568C }}</ref> The ''Hodgkinia''–''Magicicada'' symbiosis is a powerful example of how bacterial endosymbionts drive the evolution of their hosts.

==History==
The first known account of a large emergence of cicadas appeared in a 1633 report by [[William Bradford (governor)|William Bradford]], the governor of the [[Plymouth Colony]], which had been established in 1620 within the future state of [[Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bradford|first=William|author-link=William Bradford (governor)|editor-last=Davis|editor-first=William T. |date=1908 |chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015046445931&view=1up&seq=127|chapter=The 10. Chap.: Showing how they sought out a place of habitation, and what befell them thereaboute.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015046445931&view=1up&seq=13|title=Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation: 1606-1646|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015046445931&view=1up&seq=135 105]|series=Original Narratives of Early American History|lccn=08007375|oclc=954260374|location=New York|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]|access-date=10 September 2020|via=[[HathiTrust]] Digital Library}}</ref><ref name=13year>{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RmM9AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA195|title=Seventeen and thirteen year locusts|journal=[[Scientific American]]|date=March 27, 1869|volume=20|number=13|series=New series|location=New York|publisher=Munn & Company|pages=195–196|language=en|access-date=July 24, 2021|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> After describing a "pestilent fever" that had swept through the colony and neighboring Indians, the report stated:
<blockquote>It is to be observed that, the spring before this sickness, there was a numerous company of ''Flies'' which were like for bigness unto wasps or ''Bumble-Bees''; they came out of little holes in the ground, and did eat up the green things, and made such a constant yelling noise as made the woods ring of them, and ready to deafen the hearers; they were not any seen or heard by the ''English'' in this country before this time; but the ''Indians'' told them that sickness would follow, and so it did, very hot, in the months of ''June'', ''July'', and ''August'' of that summer.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite book|last=Morton|first=Nathaniel |editor1-last=Higginson|year=1669|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Thatcher|editor2-first=Thomas|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newenglandsmemor00morton/page/116/mode/2up|chapter=1633|url=https://archive.org/details/newenglandsmemor00morton/page/n8/mode/1up|title=New-England's Memorial: or, A brief relation of the most memorable and remarkable passages of the providence of God manifested to the planters of New-England in America: with special reference to the first colony thereof, called New-Plimouth.: As also a nomination of divers of the most eminent instruments deceased, both of church & common wealth. Improved in the first beginning and after progress of sundry of the respective jurisdictions in those parts; in reference unto sundry exemplary passages of their lives, & the time of their death.|pages=116–118|lccn=01012090|oclc=685167252|location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]|publisher=Printed by S. G. and M. J. for John Usher of Boston|access-date=October 7, 2020|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Barton|editor-first=Benjamin Smith|year=1805|editor-link=Benjamin Smith Barton|chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433011579244&view=1up&seq=85|chapter=On the Locusts of North America: Note|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433011579244&view=1up&seq=7|title=The Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal|volume=1|page=59|lccn=sf88091541|oclc=565367549|location=Philadelphia|publisher=J. Conrad & Co.|access-date=October 7, 2020|via=[[HathiTrust]] Digital Library}}</ref><ref name=Marlatt>{{cite book|last=Marlatt|first=C.L|author-link=Charles Lester Marlatt|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada14marl/page/112/mode/1up|chapter=The Periodical Cicada in Literature|pages=112–118|url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada14marl/page/n2/mode/1up|location=Washington, D.C.|title=The Periodical Cicada: An Account of Cicada Septendecim, Its Natural Enemies and the Means of Preventing its Injury, Together with a Summary of the Distribution of the Different Broods|edition=14|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]: [[Bureau of Entomology|Division of Entomology]]: [[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]|year=1898|oclc=1039550735|access-date=July 29, 2021|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref></blockquote> (Elaborating on an observation that Marlatt reported in 1907,<ref name=Marlatt2>{{cite book|last=Marlatt|first=C.L|author-link=Charles Lester Marlatt|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada71marl/page/58/mode/1up?q=1634|chapter=Brood XIV—Septendecim|page=58|url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada71marl/page/n6/mode/1up|title=The Periodical Cicada|location=Washington, D.C.|edition=71|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Bureau of Entomology]]: [[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]|year=1907|oclc=902809085|access-date=July 26, 2021|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Gene Kritsky has suggested that Bradford's report is misdated, as Broods XI and XIV would have emerged in Plymouth in 1631 and 1634, respectively, while no presently known brood would have emerged there in 1633.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kritsky|first=Gene|date=July 1, 2001|title=Periodical Revolutions and the Early History of the "Locust" in American Cicada Terminology|journal=[[American Entomologist (Oxford University Press journal)|American Entomologist]]|volume=47|number=3|pages=186–188|doi=10.1093/ae/47.3.186|oclc=5710011450|doi-access=free}}</ref>)

Historical accounts cite reports of 15- to 17-year recurrences of enormous numbers of noisy emergent cicadas ("locusts") written as early as 1733.<ref name=Marlatt/><ref>Dudley, Paul (1733). ''Periodical Revolutions''. Additional Manuscripts 4433, Folios 4-11, Division of Manuscripts of the British Library, London. ''Cited in'' {{cite book|last=Kritsky|first=Gene|editor1-last=Hoffmann|editor1-first=Nancy E.|editor2-last=Van Horne|editor2-first=John C.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9X4663giukC&pg=PA49|chapter=John Bartram and the Periodical Cicadas: A Case Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9X4663giukC|title=America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram 1699-1777|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society|The American Philosophical Society]]|location=Philadelphia|year=2004|at=p. 49 (Reference No. 16) |isbn=978-0-87169-249-8|oclc=891409264|lccn=2003050212|access-date=July 29, 2021|via=[[Google Books]]|quote=Moreover, the first time the Society had heard about periodical cicadas was from Paul Dudley, who sent a manuscript to the Society in 1733. .... Dudley correctly noted the seventeen-year life cycle and provided evidence. However, Collinson's paper shows that he used Bartram's claim of a fifteen-year cycle in his paper.}}</ref> [[John Bartram]], a noted [[Philadelphia]] [[botany|botanist]] and [[horticulture|horticulturist]], was among the early writers that described the insect's life cycle, appearance and characteristics.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kritsky|first=Gene|editor1-last=Hoffmann|editor1-first=Nancy E.|editor2-last=Van Horne|editor2-first=John C.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9X4663giukC&pg=PA44|chapter=John Bartram and the Periodical Cicadas: A Case Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9X4663giukC|title=America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram 1699-1777|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society|The American Philosophical Society]]|location=Philadelphia|year=2004|page=44|isbn=978-0-87169-249-8|oclc=891409264|lccn=2003050212|access-date=July 29, 2021|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

On May 9, 1715, Andreas Sandel, the pastor of Philadelphia's "Gloria Dei" Swedish [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] Church, described in his journal an emergence of Brood X.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TP47AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA448|chapter=Extracts from the Journal of Rev. Andreas Sandel, Pastor of "Gloria Dei" Swedish Lutheran Church, Philadelphia, 1702-1719: May 9, 1715|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TP47AAAAIAAJ|title=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography|volume=30|date=January 1906|issue=117|pages=448–449|jstor=20085357|oclc=1762062|issn=0031-4587|location=Philadelphia|publisher=[[Historical Society of Pennsylvania|The Historical Society of Pennsylvania]]|access-date=October 7, 2020|via=[[Google Books]]|last1=Sandel|first1=Andreas}}</ref> [[Pehr Kalm]], a [[Finland|Finnish]] naturalist visiting Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 1749 on behalf of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]], observed in late May another emergence of that brood.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kalm|first=Peter|author-link=Pehr Kalm|year=1772|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/travelsintonorth01kalm_3/page/n10/mode/1up|chapter=Preface|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsintonorth01kalm_3/page/n6/mode/1up|title=Travels into North America; Containing Its Natural History, and a Circumstantial Account of Its Plantations and Agriculture in General, with the Civil, Ecclesiastical and Commercial State of the Country, the Manners of the Inhabitants, and Several Curious and Important Remarks on Various Subjects. Translated into English by John Reinhold Forster|edition=2nd|volume=1|pages=v–vii|isbn=978-0-665-51501-9|oclc=1042021758|lccn=02013569|location=London|publisher=Printed for T. Lowndes, No. 77, in Fleet-street|access-date=August 24, 2021|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref name="Davis">{{cite journal |last=Davis |first=J.J.|url=https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/4028/V53N03_138.pdf|title=Pehr Kalm's Description of the Periodical Cicada, Magicicada septendecim L., from Kongl. Svenska Vetenskap Academiens Handlinger, 17:101-116, 1756, translated by Larson, Esther Louise (Mrs. K.E. Doak)|journal=The Ohio Journal of Science|volume=53|date=May 1953|pages=139–140|hdl=1811/4028|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529050408/https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/4028/V53N03_138.pdf|archive-date=May 29, 2019|url-status=live}} Republished by {{cite web|url=https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/|title=Knowledge Bank|publisher=The Ohio State University Libraries and Office of the Chief Information Officer|access-date=October 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126134517/https://kb.osu.edu/|archive-date=January 26, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> When reporting the event in a paper that a Swedish academic journal published in 1756, Kalm wrote: 
{{Blockquote|The general opinion is that these insects appear in these fantastic numbers in every seventeenth year. Meanwhile, except for an occasional one which may appear in the summer, they remain underground.<br />There is considerable evidence that these insects appear every seventeenth year in Pennsylvania.<ref name=Davis/>}}

Kalm then described Sandel's report and one that he had obtained from [[Benjamin Franklin]] that had recorded in Philadelphia the emergence from the ground of large numbers of cicadas during early May 1732. He noted that the people who had prepared these documents had made no such reports in other years.<ref name=Davis/>

Kalm further noted that others had informed him that they had seen cicadas only occasionally before the insects emerged from the ground in Pennsylvania in large swarms on May 22, 1749.<ref name=Davis/> He additionally stated that he had not heard any cicadas in Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 1750 in the same months and areas in which he had heard many in 1749.<ref name=Davis/> The 1715 and 1732 reports, when coupled with his own 1749 and 1750 observations, supported the previous "general opinion" that he had cited.

Kalm summarized his findings in a book translated into English and published in London in 1771,<ref>{{cite book|last=Kalm|first=Peter|author-link=Pehr Kalm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qG0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA212|title=Travels into North America: Translated into English, By John Reinhold Foster|year=1771|volume=2|pages=212–213|location=London|publisher=T. Lowndess|access-date=10 September 2020|via=[[Google Books]]|archive-date=5 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505045020/http://books.google.com/books?id=qG0FAAAAQAAJ}}.</ref> stating:

{{Blockquote|There are a kind of ''Locusts'' which about every seventeen years come hither in incredible numbers ... In the interval between the years when they are so numerous, they are only seen or heard single in the woods.<ref name=Marlatt/><ref>{{cite book|last=Kalm|first=Peter|author-link=Pehr Kalm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qG0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA6|title=Travels into North America: Translated into English, By John Reinhold Foster|year=1771|volume=2|pages=6–7|location=London |publisher=T. Lowndess|access-date=September 10, 2020|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>}}

Based on Kalm's account and a specimen that Kalm had provided, in 1758 [[Carl Linnaeus]] named the insect ''Cicada [[wiktionary:septendecim|septendecim]]'' in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition of his ''Systema Naturae'']].<ref name=species/><ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaei |first=Caroli |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277#page/458/mode/1up |title=Systema Naturae Per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis: Insecta. Hemiptera. Cicada. Mannifera. septendecim. |year=1758 |edition=10 |volume=1 |pages=436–437 |location=[[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |access-date=2017-05-24 |via=[[Biodiversity Heritage Library|Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL)]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325030419/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277#page/458/mode/1up |archive-date=25 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Moses Bartram, a son of John Bartram, described the next appearance of the brood (Brood X) that Kalm had observed in 1749 in an article entitled ''Observations on the cicada, or locust of America, which appears periodically once in 16 or 17 years'' that he wrote in 1766. Bartram's article, which a London journal published in 1768, noted that upon hatching from eggs deposited in the twigs of trees, the young insects ran down to the earth and "entered the first opening that they could find". He reported that he had been able to discover them {{convert |10|ft|m|0}} below the surface, but that others had reportedly found them {{convert|30|ft|m|0}} deep.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bartram|first=Moses|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5lGAAAAcAAJ&q=cicada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5lGAAAAcAAJ|chapter=Observations on the cicada, or locust of America, which appears periodically once in 16 or 17 years. Communicated by the ingenious Peter Collinson, Esq.|title=The Annual Register, or a View of the History, Politicks, and Literature, for the Year 1767|location=London|publisher=Printed for J. Dodsley (1768)|pages=103–106|year=1766|oclc=642534652|access-date=2017-05-21|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

In 1775, [[Thomas Jefferson]] recorded in his "Garden Book" Brood II's 17-year periodicity, writing that an acquaintance remembered "great locust years" in 1724 and 1741, that he and others recalled another such year in 1758 and that the insects had again emerged from the ground at [[Monticello]] in 1775. He noted that the females lay their eggs in the small twigs of trees while above ground.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jefferson |first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Jefferson |title=Thomas Jefferson's garden book, 1766-1824, with relevant extracts from his other writings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yngcAAAAMAAJ&q=%22we+all+remember%22+%22a+noise%22|editor=Betts, Edward Morris|journal=Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society|volume=22|year=1775|oclc=602659598|lccn=45001776|page=68|access-date=2017-05-20|via=[[Google Books]]|quote=Dr. Walker sais he remembers that the years 1724 and 1741 were great locust years. we all remember that 1758 was and now they are come again this year of 1775. It appears that they come periodically from the ground once in 17 years. They come out of the ground from a prodigious depth. It is thought they eat nothing while in this state, laying their eggs in the small twigs of trees seems to be their only business. The females make a noise well known. The males are silent.}}</ref>

The 1780 emergence of the Brood VII cicadas (also known as the Onondaga brood) during the [[American Revolutionary War]], coincided with the aftermath of the military operation known as the [[Sullivan Expedition]] which devastated the indigenous [[Onondaga nation|Onondagan]] communities and destroyed their crops. The sudden arrival of such a substantial quantity of the cicadas provided a source of sustenance for the Onondaga people who were experiencing severe food insecurity following the Sullivan campaigns and the subsequent brutal winter.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rojas |first=Rick |date=June 22, 2018 |title=A Story of Survival Revived by the Cicadas' Loud (and Crunchy) Return |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/22/nyregion/cicadas-return-onondaga-nation.html |access-date=March 23, 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The seemingly miraculous arrival of the cicadas is commemorated by the Onondaga as though it were an intervention by the Creator to ensure their survival after such a traumatizing, catastrophic event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-14 |title=Ogweñ•yó'da' déñ'se' Hanadagá•yas: The Cicada and George Washington |url=https://www.onondaganation.org/blog/2018/ogwenyoda-dense-hanadagayas-the-cicada-and-george-washington/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Onondaga Nation |language=en-US}}</ref> 
[[File:Massospora cicadina 134742368.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|A Brood X ''Magicicada'' with abdominal ''Massospora cicadina'' infection in [[Takoma Park, Maryland]] (May 31, 2021)]]
In April 1800, [[Benjamin Banneker]], who lived near [[Ellicott City, Maryland#Milling|Ellicott's Mills, Maryland]], wrote in his record book that he recalled a "great locust year" in 1749, a second in 1766 during which the insects appeared to be "full as numerous as the first", and a third in 1783. He predicted that the insects (Brood X) "may be expected again in they year 1800 which is Seventeen Since their third appearance to me".<ref>Multiple sources:
* [https://archive.org/details/memoirbenjaminb00socigoog/page/n17/mode/1up Latrobe, pp. 11–12.]
* {{cite journal|last1=Barber|first1=Janet E.|last2=Nkwanta|first2=Asamoah|url=http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070&context=jhm|title=Benjamin Banneker's Original Handwritten Document: Observations and Study of the Cicada|journal=Journal of Humanistic Mathematics|volume=4|number=1|pages=112–122|year=2014|doi=10.5642/jhummath.201401.07|oclc=700943261|issn=2159-8118|access-date=2014-08-26|doi-access=free|archive-date=August 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827123841/http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070&context=jhm|url-status=live}} Page 115, Fig. 3: Image of page in Benjamin Banneker's Astronomical Journal, 1791-1806. Manuscript written by Benjamin Banneker (MS 2700). Special Collection. [[Maryland Center for History and Culture|Maryland Historical Society]], Baltimore, Maryland: "The first great Locust year that I can Remember was 1749. ....".</ref> Describing an effect that the pathogenic fungus, ''[[Massospora cicadina]]'', has on its [[Host (biology)|host]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cooley|first1=John R.|last2=Marshall|first2=David C.|last3=Hill|first3=Kathy B. R.|date=2018-01-23|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-19813-0.pdf|title=A specialized fungal parasite (Massospora cicadina) hijacks the sexual signals of periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada)|journal=[[Scientific Reports]]|language=En|volume=8|number=1432|page=1432|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-19813-0|pmid=29362478|pmc=5780379|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.1432C|issn=2045-2322|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|access-date=August 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830021718/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-19813-0.pdf?error=cookies_not_supported&code=8583153f-e936-4bd8-8799-7537bd673cdd|archive-date=August 30, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Banneker's record book stated that the insects:<blockquote>... begin to Sing or make a noise from first they come out of the Earth till they die. The hindermost part rots off, and it does not appear to be any pain to them, for they still continue on Singing till they die.<ref>Multiple sources:
* [https://archive.org/details/memoirbenjaminb00socigoog/page/n18/mode/1up Latrobe, p. 12.]
* {{cite journal|last1=Barber|first1=Janet E.|last2=Nkwanta|first2=Asamoah|url=http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070&context=jhm|title=Benjamin Banneker's Original Handwritten Document: Observations and Study of the Cicada|journal=Journal of Humanistic Mathematics|volume=4|number=1|pages=112–122|year=2014|doi=10.5642/jhummath.201401.07|oclc=700943261|issn=2159-8118|access-date=2014-08-26|doi-access=free|archive-date=August 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827123841/http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070&context=jhm|url-status=live}} Page 115, Fig. 3: Image of page in Benjamin Banneker's Astronomical Journal, 1791-1806. Manuscript written by Benjamin Banneker (MS 2700). Special Collection. [[Maryland Center for History and Culture|Maryland Historical Society]], Baltimore, Maryland: "I like to forget that I inform to report that if their lives are Short they are merry, they begin to Sing or make a noise from first they come out of the Earth till they die. The hindermost part rots off, and it does not appear to be any pain to them, for they still continue on Singing till they die".</ref></blockquote>

In 1845, D.L. Pharas of [[Woodville, Mississippi]], announced the 13-year periodicity of the southern cicada broods in a local newspaper, the ''[[Woodville Republican]]''.<ref name=Marlatt3/> In 1858, Pharas placed the title ''Cicada tredecim'' in a subsequent article that the newspaper published on the subject.<ref name=Marlatt3/> Ten years later, the ''American Entomologist'' published in December 1868 a paper that [[Benjamin Dann Walsh]] and [[Charles Valentine Riley]] had written that also reported the 13-year periodicity of the southern cicada broods.<ref name=Marlatt3/>

Walsh's and Riley's paper, which ''[[Scientific American]]'' reprinted in January 1869, illustrated the interior and exterior characteristics of the nymphs' emergence holes and raised turrets.<ref name=13year/> Their article, which did not cite Pharas' reports, was the first to describe the southern cicadas' 13-year periodicity that received widespread attention.<ref name=Marlatt3/> Riley later acknowledged Pharas' work in an 1885 publication on periodical cicadas that he authored.<ref name=Marlatt3/><ref>{{cite book|last=Riley|first=Charles V.|author-link=Charles Valentine Riley|year=1885|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada08rile/page/n6/mode/1up|chapter=The Periodical or Seventeen–Year Cicada And Its Thirteen-Year Race|url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada08rile/page/n2/mode/1up|title=The Periodical Cicada. An Account of Cicada Septendecim And Its Tredecim Race. With A Chronology of All Broods Known.: United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology. Bulletin No. 8|pages=5–6|location=Washington, D.C.|edition=Second|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]|oclc=868033643|lccn=unk82081627|access-date=July 26, 2021|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

[[File:Bite of Pyemotes herfsi.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Itch mite bites]] 
In 1998, an emergence contained a brood of 17-year cicadas (Brood IV) in western Missouri and a brood of 13-year cicadas (Brood XIX) over much of the rest of the state. Each of the broods are the state's largest of their types. As the territories of the two broods overlap (converge) in some areas, the convergence was the state's first since 1777.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|url=https://mdc.mo.gov/trees-plants/diseases-pests/periodical-cicadas|title=Brood History and Outlook|work=Periodical Cicadas|publisher=[[Missouri Department of Conservation]]|access-date=July 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513222227/https://mdc.mo.gov/trees-plants/diseases-pests/periodical-cicadas|archive-date=May 13, 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Uhlenbrock|first=Tom|date=19 May 1998|url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/from---and--year-cicadas-coincided-for-first/article_90a50a68-7cf3-11e0-8ecd-001a4bcf6878.html|title=From 1998: 13- and 17-year cicadas coincided for first time since 1777|location=St. Louis, Missouri|publisher=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|access-date=July 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212339/https://www.stltoday.com/news/from---and--year-cicadas-coincided-for-first/article_90a50a68-7cf3-11e0-8ecd-001a4bcf6878.html|archive-date=June 2, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2007 and 2008, Edmond Zaborski, a research scientist with the [[Illinois Natural History Survey]], reported that the oak leaf gall mite ("itch mite") (''Pyemotes herfsi'') is an ectoparasite of periodical cicada eggs. While investigating with the help of others the mysterious itchy welts and rashes that people were developing in [[Chicago]]'s suburbs after the end of a 2007 Brood XIII emergence, he attributed the event to bites by mites whose populations had quickly increased while parasitizing those eggs.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/09/30/mite-invasion-tied-to-cicada-cycle/|title=Mite invasion tied to cicada cycle|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=September 30, 2007|access-date=March 11, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311094141/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/09/30/mite-invasion-tied-to-cicada-cycle/|archive-date=March 11, 2024|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal|last=Zaborski|first=Edmond R.|date=May 20, 2008|url=https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/18258|title=2007 Outbreak of Human Pruritic Dermatitis in Chicago, Illinois Caused by an Itch Mite, Pyemotes herfsi (Oudemans, 1936) (Acarina: Heterostigmata: Pyemotidae|journal=Illinois Natural History Survey Technical Report|id=NHS Technical Report 2008 (17)|location=[[Champaign, Illinois]]|publisher=[[Illinois Natural History Survey]]|access-date=January 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128154210/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/18258|archive-date=January 28, 2024|url-status=live}} 
* {{cite web|date=May 20, 2008|last=Zaborski|first=Edmond R.|url=http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/pcitchmites_update5-23-08.htm|title=Itch Mite Update: Conclusions from "2007 Outbreak of Human Pruritic Dermatitis in Chicago, Illinois Caused by an Itch Mite, Pyemotes herfsi": Illinois Natural History Survey Technical Report 2008 (17)|location=[[Springfield, Illinois]]|publisher=[[Illinois Department of Public Health]]|access-date=January 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713193034/http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/pcitchmites_update5-23-08.htm|archive-date=July 13, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar events occurred in [[Cincinnati]] after a Brood XIV emergence ended in 2008,<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|first=Dave|last=Shetlar|date=August 29, 2016|url=https://bygl.osu.edu/node/536|title=Oak Itch Mites Attack!|work=Buckeye Yard and Garden Online|publisher=Ohio State University Extension, [[Ohio State University#Research|College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Ohio State University]]|access-date=September 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122030753/https://bygl.osu.edu/node/536|archive-date=January 22, 2024|url-status=live|quote=Folks in Northeastern Ohio complain of itchy welts on their heads, neck and upper torso. The oak itch mite, Pyemotes herfsi, has been identified as the culprit. The last time Ohio suffered an outbreak was in 2008 in the Cincinnati area. At that time, walkers, joggers and cyclists were complaining that when they followed trails that were overhung by oak trees, they would end up with itchy welts the following day. At that time, the oak itch mite had been recorded as being a periodic pest from Nebraska to Texas and eastward to Tennessee. The bites were most common in July and August, but the following summer, there were no complaints!}}
* {{cite web|date=April 30, 2008|url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/2008/04/29/cincinnati-braces-for-cicada-swarm/23763203007/|title=Cincinnati braces for cicada swarm|work=[[The Columbus Dispatch]]|location=[[Columbus, Ohio]]|access-date=September 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903212803/https://www.dispatch.com/story/news/2008/04/29/cincinnati-braces-for-cicada-swarm/23763203007/|archive-date=September 3, 2024|url-status=live|quote=Cicadas, those big, noisy, clumsy, red-eyed bugs that periodically swarm sections of Ohio, will be emerging again in just a few weeks. This year's infestation will be the heaviest in Cincinnati-area neighborhoods around and east of I-71, experts say. ... In all, the cicadas will swarm throughout south central Ohio, the entire eastern half of Kentucky and parts of 10 other states. These are the babies of the cicada family named Brood XIV. Known as 17-year cicadas, their last emergence occurred in 1991.}}
* {{cite journal|display-authors=3|first1=John R.|last1=Cooley|first2=Gene|last2=Kritsky|first3=Marten J.|last3=Edwards|first4=Marten J.|last4=Edwards|date=Fall 2011|title=Periodical cicadas Periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.): A GIS-based map of Broods XIV in 2008 and "XV" in 2009|journal=American Entomologist|volume=57|number=3|pages=144–150|doi=10.1093/ae/57.3.144 |quote=The largest section of Brood XIV was found in a contiguous region roughly occupying portions of the Ohio Valley, part of the Cumberland Plateau, and the mountains to its south and east.}}
</ref> in [[Cleveland]] and elsewhere in northern and eastern [[Ohio]] after a Brood V emergence ended in 2016,<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite news|first=Mark ([[E. W. Scripps Company#Broadcasting|Scripps National Desk]])|last=Johnson|date=August 24, 2016|url=https://www.abcactionnews.com/news/national/those-red-bites-on-your-arm-are-probably-oak-mites_|title=Those red bites on your arm might be Oak Mites|work=[[WFTS-TV|ABC Action News]]|location=[[Tampa, Florida]]|access-date=September 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526032212/https://www.abcactionnews.com/news/national/those-red-bites-on-your-arm-are-probably-oak-mites_|archive-date=May 26, 2024|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|first=Emily|last=Bamforth|date=August 24, 2016|url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2016/08/oak_itch_mites.html|title=Introducing the oak itch mite: Chigger-like bites on upper body confuse Clevelanders|work=[[The Plain Dealer#Cleveland.com|Cleveland.com]]|location=[[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]|access-date=September 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211213237/https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2016/08/oak_itch_mites.html|archive-date=February 11, 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|first=Dave|last=Shetlar|date=August 29, 2016|url=https://bygl.osu.edu/node/536|title=Oak Itch Mites Attack!|work=Buckeye Yard and Garden Online|publisher=Ohio State University Extension, [[Ohio State University#Research|College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Ohio State University]]|access-date=September 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122030753/https://bygl.osu.edu/node/536|archive-date=January 22, 2024|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|author=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/foresthealth/docs/fhh/OH_FHH_2016.pdf|title=2016 Forest Health Highlights: Ohio|access-date=September 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106134652/https://www.fs.usda.gov/foresthealth/docs/fhh/OH_FHH_2016.pdf|archive-date=January 6, 2023|url-status=live|quote=Periodical Cicadas: Brood V of the 17-year periodical cicadas emerged across much of eastern Ohio in the spring of 2016. Peak activity for the cicadas was during most of the month of June.}}</ref> in the [[Washington, D.C.]], area after a Brood X emergence ended in 2021,<ref>Multiple sources
* {{cite web|first=Jo|last=DeVoe|date=July 28, 2021|url=https://www.arlnow.com/2021/07/28/residents-abuzz-over-mysterious-bug-bites-possibly-tied-to-cicadas/|title=Residents Abuzz Over Mysterious Bug Bites Possibly Tied to Cicadas|work=[[ARLnow]]|location=[[Arlington County, Virginia]]|access-date=September 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528041800/https://www.arlnow.com/2021/07/28/residents-abuzz-over-mysterious-bug-bites-possibly-tied-to-cicadas/|archive-date=May 28, 2024|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last=Wilder|first=Drew|date=July 30, 2021|url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/northern-virginia/mysterious-nasty-bug-bites-stump-arlington-health-officials/2751051/|title=Mysterious, Nasty Bug Bites Stump Arlington Health Officials|work=[[WRC-TV|NBC4 Washington]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=March 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209041755/https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/northern-virginia/mysterious-nasty-bug-bites-stump-arlington-health-officials/2751051/|archive-date=December 9, 2023|url-status=live}} Contains a 1:38 minute video showing images and descriptions of ''Pyemotes herfsi'' bites.
* {{cite news|date=July 30, 2021|last=Silverman|first=Ellie|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/07/30/oak-mites-bite-cicadas-dc/|title=Oak-mite bites: Cicadas may have left D.C. region an itchy gift|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=January 27, 2024}}
* {{cite news|first=Steven|last=Vargas|date=August 4, 2021|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/08/03/pyemotes-oak-tree-itch-mites-cicada-washington-dc-region/5478360001/|title=Cicadas may be gone, but here come itch mites causing mysterious bites in Washington, DC, region|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|location=[[Tysons, Virginia]]|access-date=September 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811140215/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/08/03/pyemotes-oak-tree-itch-mites-cicada-washington-dc-region/5478360001/|archive-date=August 11, 2024|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|date=August 13, 2021|last=Shrewsbury|first=Paula|url=https://extension.umd.edu/resource/oak-leaf-itch-mites-and-periodical-cicada-eggs/|title=Oak Leaf Itch Mites and Periodical Cicada Eggs|work=[[University of Maryland College of Agriculture and Natural Resources#University of Maryland Extension|University of Maryland Extension]]|publisher=[[University of Maryland College of Agriculture and Natural Resources]]|access-date=January 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604234309/https://extension.umd.edu/resource/oak-leaf-itch-mites-and-periodical-cicada-eggs/|archive-date=June 4, 2023|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|first=Shen Wu|last=Tan|date=August 24, 2021|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/aug/24/oak-mites-making-dc-area-residents-itchy/|title=Oak mites making D.C.-area residents itchy; tiny bugs feed on cicadas|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=September 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001022159/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/aug/24/oak-mites-making-dc-area-residents-itchy/|archive-date=October 1, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> and again in the Chicago area after the next Brood XIII emergence ended in 2024.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite web|first1=Mike|last1=Lowe|first2=BJ|last2=Lutz|date=August 7, 2024|url=https://wgntv.com/news/cook-county/mystery-bug-bites-chicago-cicada-horticulture/|title=Mystery bug bites have some across Chicagoland itching for answers|work=[[WGN-TV|WGN9]]|location=Chicago, Illinois|access-date=September 2, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810163819/https://wgntv.com/news/cook-county/mystery-bug-bites-chicago-cicada-horticulture/|archive-date=August 10, 2024|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|first=Alex|last=Fisher|date=August 28, 2024|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/cicadas-illinois-chicago-2024/how-long-should-you-watch-for-mite-bites-in-chicago-area/3533849/|title=How long should you watch for mite bites in Chicago area?: Across the Chicago area, seemingly mysterious bug bites have been on the rise in recent weeks|work=[[WMAQ-TV|NBC 5 Chicago]]|location=Chicago, Illinois|access-date=September 2, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902004317/https://www.nbcchicago.com/cicadas-illinois-chicago-2024/how-long-should-you-watch-for-mite-bites-in-chicago-area/3533849/|archive-date=September 2, 2024|url-status=live|quote=According to cicada expert Dr. Gene Kritsky with Mount St. Joseph University, a particular mite known as the "oak leaf itch mite" can be seen in large amounts following a cicada emergence. Kritsky noted that in 2007, "people in Chicago who had oak trees in the yards, started to complain of bites after the cicada emergence." "It turned out that the oak itch mite was found in the egg nests of Brood XIII cicadas," Kritsky told NBC Chicago. That same brood was one of the two to emerge in Illinois during 2024's historic event, which Kritsky described as "biblical."}}</ref>

==Use as human food==
''Magicicada'' species are edible when cooked for people who lack [[food allergy|allergies to similar foods]]. A number of recipes are available for this purpose. Some recommend collecting the insects shortly after molting while still soft. Others exhibit preferences for emergent nymphs or hardened adults.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{YouTube|5MwiNVsnKj4|''Would you Cook and Eat Cicadas?''}}. May 16, 2021, Arlington County, Virginia: Hank Productions. Retrieved July 27, 2021. (video, 7:18 minutes)
* {{YouTube|vakJQtil8_w|''Cooking with cicadas''}}. May 24, 2021, Knoxville, Tennessee: [[WBIR-TV|WBIR Channel 10]]. Retrieved July 27, 2021. (video, 6:23 minutes)
* {{cite book|first=R. Scott|last=Frothingham|year=2013|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/20442634-cooking-with-cicadas|title=Cooking with Cicadas|isbn=978-1-4849-7638-8|oclc=892659744|publisher=FastForward Publishing|access-date=July 27, 2021|via=[[Goodreads]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727164443/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/20442634-cooking-with-cicadas|archive-date=July 27, 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|first1=Jenna|last1=Jadin|author2=University of Maryland Cicadamaniacs|url=http://www.tullabs.com/cicadaworld/cicadarecipes.pdf|year=2004|title=Cicada-Licious: Cooking and Enjoying Periodical Cicadas|publisher=Tullabs.com|access-date=July 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720131703/http://www.tullabs.com/cicadaworld/cicadarecipes.pdf|archive-date=July 20, 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://cicadainvasion.blogspot.com/2011/04/if-you-cant-beat-em-eat-em-cicada.html|title=If You Can't Beat 'Em, Eat 'em! (Cicada Recipes)|date=April 27, 2011|work=Cicada Invasion: Tracking the Outbreak of the Great East Coast Brood|location=[[Nashville, Tennessee]]|publisher=Anderson Design Group|via=[[Blogger]]|access-date=June 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219180519/http://cicadainvasion.blogspot.com/2011/04/if-you-cant-beat-em-eat-em-cicada.html|archive-date=December 19, 2020|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|first=Kari|last=Sonde|date=May 5, 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2021/05/05/cicadas-cooking-recipes/|title=Can you eat cicadas? Yes, and here's the best way to catch, cook and snack on them.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506104027/https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2021/05/05/cicadas-cooking-recipes/|archive-date=May 6, 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|first=Ximena N.|last=Larkin|date=April 28, 2021|url=https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/cooking-with-cicadas-what-to-know|title=What To Know About Cooking Cicadas Before Brood X Emerges in Your Backyard: Chef Joseph Yoon of Brooklyn Bugs shares his advice on the best way to enjoy the delicacy.|work=thrillist|publisher=[[Group Nine Media]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510194428/https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/cooking-with-cicadas-what-to-know|archive-date=May 10, 2021|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|first=Paul|last=Hunter|date=June 13, 2021|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cicada-united-states-cooking-1.6061995|title=How to cook the perfect cicada: Chef thinks the beady-eyed insects are best when they're 'extra crispy'|location=Canada|publisher=[[CBC News]]|access-date=July 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617104536/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cicada-united-states-cooking-1.6061995|archive-date=June 17, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

The insects have historically been eaten by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], who fried them or roasted them in hot ovens, stirring them until they were well browned.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Davis |first=J.J.|url=https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/4028/V53N03_138.pdf|title=Pehr Kalm's Description of the Periodical Cicada, Magicicada septendecim L., from Kongl. Svenska Vetenskap Academiens Handlinger, 17:101-116, 1756, translated by Larson, Esther Louise (Mrs. K.E. Doak)|journal=The Ohio Journal of Science|volume=53|date=May 1953|page=141|hdl=1811/4028|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529050408/https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/4028/V53N03_138.pdf|archive-date=May 29, 2019|url-status=live}} Republished by {{cite web|url=https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/|title=Knowledge Bank|publisher=The Ohio State University Libraries and Office of the Chief Information Officer|access-date=October 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126134517/https://kb.osu.edu/|archive-date=January 26, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Marlatt07>{{cite book |last=Marlatt|first=C. L.|author-link=Charles Lester Marlatt|year=1907|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada71marl/page/102/mode/1up|chapter=The Cicada as an Article of Food|url=https://archive.org/details/periodicalcicada71marl/page/n2/mode/1up|title=The Periodical Cicada|edition=71|lccn=agr07001971|oclc=902809085|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Bureau of Entomology]]: [[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]|pages=102–104|access-date=July 26, 2021|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Marlatt wrote in 1907:

{{Blockquote|The use of the newly emerged and succulent cicadas as an article of human diet has merely a theoretical interest, because, if for no other reason, they occur too rarely to have any real value. There is also the much stronger objection in the instinctive repugnance which all insects seem to inspire as an article of food to most civilized nations. Theoretically, the Cicada, collected at the proper time and suitably dressed and served, should be a rather attractive food. The larvae have lived solely on vegetable matter of the cleanest and most whole-some sort, and supposedly, therefore, would be much more palatable and suitable for food than the oyster, with its scavenger habit of living in the muddy ooze of river bottoms, or many other animals which are highly prized and which have not half so clean a record as the periodical Cicada.<ref name=Marlatt07/>}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Latrobe|first=John H. B. |author-link=John H. B. Latrobe|url=https://archive.org/details/memoirbenjaminb00socigoog/page/n7/mode/1up|title=Memoir of Benjamin Banneker: Read before the Maryland Historical Society at the Monthly Meeting, May 1, 1845|location=Baltimore, Maryland|publisher=Printed by John D. Toy|year=1845|lccn=rc01003345|oclc=85791076|access-date=February 29, 2020|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}

==Further reading==
* Wikipedia [[Cicada]] page.
* {{cite book|last=Kritsky|first=Gene|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWtCAAAACAAJ|title=Periodical Cicadas: The Plague and the Puzzle|isbn=1-883362-13-X|oclc=55627889|lccn=2004105895|publisher=[[Indiana Academy of Science]]|access-date=August 23, 2021|via=[[Google Books]]}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Magicicada}}
{{Wikispecies}}

*[http://www.cicadas.uconn.edu/ ''The Periodical Cicada Page''] Informational page about periodical cicadas that supersedes www.magicicada.org. Has maps and 3-D models.
*{{cite web|first=Melissa|last=Block|date=May 21, 2004|url=https://www.npr.org/features/feature.php?wfId=1905553|title=Roar of the Cicada: Brood X Is Above Ground and Screaming for Love|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[NPR|National Public Radio (NPR)]]|access-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308191203/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1905553|archive-date=March 8, 2016|url-status=live}}
*[http://www.cicadamania.com/cicadas/ ''Cicada Mania'']
*{{cite web|first1=Erin|last1=Dwyer|first2=Chris|last2=Simon|author2-link=Chris Simon (biologist)|date=June 14, 2013|url=http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/citizen/Simon_Dwyer_2013.pdf|title=Experimental Studies of the Biology of 13- and 17-year Periodical Cicadas: A Laboratory Exercise for University and AP Biology Laboratory Classes|location=Storrs, Connecticut|publisher=University of Connecticut: Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Department|access-date=July 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726030752/http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/citizen/Simon_Dwyer_2013.pdf|archive-date=July 26, 2021|url-status=live}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180904004815/https://viewer.gigamacro.com/ GIGAmacro] has a zoomable, very high-resolution image of the [https://viewer.gigamacro.com/view/6075c434132da3e4?x1=65000.00&y1=-30000.00&res1=126.95&rot1=0.00 male, female & nymph cicada]
*[http://www.insectsingers.com/ ''InsectSingers.com''] Recordings of species-specific songs of many North American cicada species.
*Liebhold, A.M.; Bohne, M.J.; Lilja, R.L. "[http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/docs/CicadaBroodStaticMap.pdf Active Periodical Cicada Broods of the United States]" (map). ''USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry''. 2013.
*{{cite web|first=Stephanie |date=March 2017 |last=Marcus|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/selected-internet/cicadas.html|title=Selected Internet Resources – 17-Year Periodical Cicadas|work=Science Reference Services|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308225805/https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/selected-internet/cicadas.html|archive-date=March 8, 2021|url-status=live}}
*[http://www.masscic.org/ ''Massachusetts Cicadas''] describes behavior, sightings, photos, "how to find" guide, videos and distribution maps of New England and U.S. periodical and annual cicada species including Brood X, Brood XIII, Brood XIV and Brood XIX

{{Cicada Broods}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q49664}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cicadas]]
[[Category:Edible insects]]
[[Category:Lamotialnini]]
[[Category:Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Periodic phenomena]]
[[Category:Antipredator adaptations]]