Editing Peritrich

{{short description|Subclass of ciliate eukaryotes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = 26-2-1 Vorticella patellina.jpg
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = 
| taxon = Peritrichia
| authority = [[Friedrich von Stein|Stein]] 1859
| type_species = 
| type_species_authority = 
| subdivision_ranks = Orders
| subdivision_ref =<ref>Xu, K.; Agatha, S.; Dolan, J. (2024). World Ciliophora Database. Peritrichia. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=163067 on 16 June 2024</ref>
| subdivision = 
*[[Sessilida]]
*[[Mobilida]]
| synonyms = 
| synonyms_ref = {{citation needed|date=}}
}}

The '''peritrichs''' (Latin: '''Peritrichia''') are a large and distinctive group of [[ciliate]]s.

The peritrichs were first defined by [[Friedrich von Stein]] in 1859. Initially they were considered [[spirotrich]]s, then treated as a separate category, before receiving their modern placement.

==Structure==
They are usually bell or disc shaped, with a prominent [[paroral membrane]] arising from the oral cavity and circling counter-clockwise around the anterior of the cell, accompanied by a smaller series of [[biological membrane|membranelles]]. The oral cavity is apical and funnel shaped, with a [[vacuole|contractile vacuole]] discharging directly into it.  When disturbed, the anterior of the cell can contract. The rest of the body is unciliated, except for a ''telotroch band'' circling the posterior in mobile species and stages.

==Order Sessilida==
The larger order of Peritrichia are the [[Sessilida]]. Most of these have modified posterior [[kinetosome]]s which secrete a contractile stalk.  The unattached stage, called a [[telotroch]], is mouthless.  These are common in both freshwater and marine environments, and many live attached to aquatic plants and animals. They are either solitary or produce branched colonies. A few secrete a [[Lorica (biology)|lorica]]. ''[[Vorticella]]'' is one of the best-known genera. Stalks may be as long as 2&nbsp;mm, and in some cases where they are highly contractile can be extended up to 3&nbsp;mm.
[[Image:Zoothamnium niveum.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.3|''[[Zoothamnium niveum]]'']]
==Order Mobilida==
The other peritrichs make up the order [[Mobilida]]. In these the posterior of the cell is enlarged and modified to form a complex holdfast, allowing the cell to temporarily attach to some host organism. Most live on the integument or gills of freshwater and marine invertebrates, but other hosts occur, including fish and even other ciliates, and other locations as well. Some can be pathogenic for fish.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Esch GW, Hazen TC, Dimock RV, Gibbons JW | year=1976 | title=Thermal effluent and the epizootiology of the ciliate ''Epistylis'' and the bacterium ''Aeromonas'' in association with centrarchid fish | journal = Transactions of the American Microscopical Society | volume=95 | issue=4 | pages=687–693| doi=10.2307/3225393 | jstor=3225393 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pickering|first1=A. D.|last2=Strong|first2=A. J.|last3=Pollard|first3=J.|date=1985|title=Differences in the susceptibility of brown trout, ''Salmo trutta'' L., and American brook trout, ''Salvelinus fontinalis'' (Mitchill), to infestation by the peritrich ciliate, ''Scyphidia'' sp.|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|language=en|volume=26|issue=2|pages=201–208|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1985.tb04257.x|bibcode=1985JFBio..26..201P |issn=1095-8649}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Xihan|last2=Gong|first2=Jun|title=Revealing the Diversity and Quantity of Peritrich Ciliates in Environmental Samples Using Specific Primer-based PCR and Quantitative PCR|journal=Microbes and Environments|date=7 December 2012|volume=27|issue=4|pages=497–503|doi=10.1264/jsme2.ME12056|pmid=23100023|pmc=4103560}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Safi|first1=Lucia SL|last2=Fontoura|first2=Nelson F|last3=Severo|first3=Henrique J|title=Temporal structure of the peritrich ciliate assemblage in a large Neotropical lake|journal=Zoological Studies|date=April 2014|volume=53|issue=1|pages=17–29|doi=10.1186/s40555-014-0017-3|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Hongliang|last2=Clamp|first2=John C.|last3=Shi|first3=Xinlu|title=Evolution of Variations in the Common Pattern of Stomatogenesis in Peritrich Ciliates: Evidence from a Comparative Study Including a New Description of Stomatogenesis in ''Pseudepistylis songi'' Peng et al., 2007|journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology|date=July 2012|volume=59|issue=4|pages=300–324|doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00621.x|pmid=22671977 }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Gouda|first1=Hanaa A.|title=The effect of peritrich ciliates on some freshwater leeches from Assiut, Egypt|journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology|date=November 2006|volume=93|issue=3|pages=143–149|doi=10.1016/j.jip.2006.06.005|pmid=16905145|bibcode=2006JInvP..93..143G }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Amos|first1=A.|title=Structure and coiling of the stalk in the peritrich ciliates ''Vorticella'' and ''Carchesium''|journal=Journal of Cell Science|date=January 1972|volume=10|issue=1|pages=95–122|doi=10.1242/jcs.10.1.95 |pmid=4622792}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Alvarez-Campos|first1=Patricia|last2=Fernandez-Leborans|first2=Gregorio|last3=Verdes|first3=Aida|last4=San Martin|first4=Guillermo|last5=Martin|first5=Daniel|last6=Riesgo|first6=Ana|title=The tag-along friendship: epibiotic protozoans and syllid polychaetes. Implications for the taxonomy of Syllidae (Annelida), and description of three new species of ''Rhabdostyla'' and ''Cothurnia'' (Ciliophora, Peritrichia)|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|date=October 2014|volume=172|issue=2|pages=265–281|doi=10.1111/zoj.12168|url=https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/102674/3/dani%202014.pdf|hdl=10261/102674|hdl-access=free}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*http://eol.org/pages/2909715/entries/29157118/overview
*https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20140728_Peritrichida.webm

{{Taxonbar|from=Q623256}}

[[Category:Oligohymenophorea]]


{{Ciliate-stub}}